Bab 10 Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas

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• menganalisis karakteristik inti atom dan radioaktivitas;

• mendeskripsikan pemanfaatan radiokativitas dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dan teknologi untuk kesejahteraan manusia.

Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu:

menunjukkan penerapan konsep Fisika inti dan radioaktivitas dalam teknologi dan kehidupan sehari-hari.

Hasil yang harus Anda capai:

Fisika Inti dan

Radioaktivitas

A. Inti Atom

B. Radioaktivitas

C. Reaksi Inti

D. Reaktor Nuklir, Bom

Nuklir, dan

Radioisotop

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Pembangunan PLTN merupakan salah satu solusi timbulnya krisis energi yang suatu saat akan dialami penduduk Bumi.

Bab

10

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A. Inti Atom

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1. Hipotesis Proton Elektron

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Tes Kompetensi Awal

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2. Hipotesis Proton-Neutron

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3. Partikel Penyusun Inti

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Contoh

10.1

Eksperimen Rutherford menyatakan bahwa inti atom memiliki diameter sekitar 10–15_{sampai 10}–14_{m. Dari}

teori kinetik dan khususnya analisis Einstein tentang gerak Browman, diameter atom memiliki ukuran sekitar 10–10_{m. Itu artinya elektron}

akan terlihat berjarak sekitar 10.000 sampai 100.000 kali lipat ukuran inti diukur dari inti atom tersebut (jika inti diibaratkan bola baseball, atom akan memiliki diameter seukuran kota yang berdiameter beberapa kilometer). Jadi, sebuah atom sebagian besar berupa ruang kosong.

Rutherford’s experiments suggested that the nucleus must have a radius of about 10–5_{to 10}–14_{m. From kinetic}

theory, and especially Einstein’s analysis of Browman movement, the radius of atoms was estimated to be about 10–10_{m. Thus the electrons}

would seem to be at a distance from the nucleus of about 10,000 to 100,000 times the radius of the nucleus itself (if the nucleus were the size of a baseball, the atom would have the diameter of a big city several kilometers across). So an atom would be mostly empty space.

Informasi

untuk Anda

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4. Stabilitas Inti

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Gambar 10.1

Isotop hidrogen

Gambar 10.2

Diagram kestabilan inti (N-Z)

Z = N

hidrogen

biasa deuterium tritium

proton neutron elektron

140 130 120 100 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0

9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0

Nomor proton (Z) Nomor neutron (N)

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5. Energi Ikat Inti

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#DJ?>;B?KCJ;H:?H?7J7IFHEJED:7DD;KJHED '7II7>;B?KCI;>7HKIDN7 C7II7QD;KJHED QIC7 IC7

C7II7QFHEJED QIC7 IC7

$KCB7>C7II7"; IC7

Gambar 10.3

Tingkat energi beberapa isotop mantap mantap tidak

mantap E

mantap mantap

neutron proton 10

12 5B

12 6C

13 6C E

(6)

7H? F;D=KAKH7D J;H>7:7F C7II7 ?DJ? >;B?KC J;HDN7J7 C7II7 ?DJ? >;B?KC 7:7B7> IC7 #D? 8;H7HJ? J;H:7F7J A;AKH7D=7D C7II7 I;8;I7H IC7 .;H@7:?DN7 A;AKH7D=7D C7II7 ?D? :?I;878A7D EB;> DKAB;ED N7D= C;C8;DJKA ?DJ? C;C;HBKA7D ;D;H=? KDJKA I7B?D= C;D=?A7J I;IK7? :;D=7D C7II7 :7D ;D;H=? C;DKHKJ ?DIJ;?D N7?JK $_{$7:? C7II7}

QC7II7FHEJEDPC7II7%C7II7;B;AJHED ;<;A C7II7 F7:7 F;C8;DJKA7D DKAB?:7 2

7:7B7>

' %

$ $ $ $ $

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' %

$ $ $ $

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:;<;A C7II7 A=

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%;J;H7D=7D

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:7DDECEH7JEC:7DDECEHC7II7 $2

C7II7?DJ?7JEC

D;H=? ?A7J ?DJ? 8;BKC :7F7J C;D==7C87HA7D A;IJ78?B7D DKAB?:7 *;HA?H77D J;DJ7D= A;IJ78?B7D ?DJ? :7F7J :?B7AKA7D :;D=7D C;C;H>7J?A7D >7H=7 ;D;H=? ?A7J H7J7H7J7 F;H DKAB;ED

#'(+2

'7II7*HEJED(;KJHED:7DB;AJHED

#'(+2

'7II7;8;H7F7#IEJEF

'3' "/3(52 '99' 93' (;KJHED

)

*HEJED

;KJHED

.H?JED

";B?KC

B<7

&?J>?KC

&? &?J>?KC

;H?BB?KC ;

EHED

7H8ED

#'(+2

'7II7;8;H7F7#IEJEF

'8:/1+2 1- 93' +%

FHEJED QP

D;KJHED QP

;B;AJHED QP

95:56 "/3(52 '99' 93'

(;KJHED D

"?:HE=;D

;KJ;H?KC

.H?J?KC

";B?KC

%7H8ED

;I?

;

.;C87=7

%HNFJED

7H?KC

/H7D?KC

/ '7II7?IEJEF

"7:7B7>IC7 .;DJKA7D;D;H=??A7J?DJ?

"@?A7C7II77JEC

"IC7:7DC7II7D;KJHEDIC7

Contoh

10.2

Sumber:Conceptual Physics,1998

Sumber:Physics for Scientist and Engineers,2000

(7)

'='( ?A;J7>K?$

"IC7$

"IC7$%IC7

5$P$_%P$

"6';0IC7

5PP6';0IC7

IC7';0IC7';0

$7:?;D;H=??A7JF;HDKAB;EDDN7

';0 ';0

-;C7A?D8;I7H;D;H=??A7JH7J7H7J7F;HDKAB;ED A;IJ78?B7DDN77A7DI;C7A?DJ?D==?A7H;D7:?F;HBKA7D ;D;H=? N7D= 8;I7H KDJKA C;C8ED=A7HDN7 !H7<?A ;D;H=? ?A7J F;H DKAB;ED J;H>7:7F DECEH C7II7 8;H87=7? ?DJ? :7F7J D:7 F;H>7J?A7D F7:7'3('8 ;H:7I7HA7D=H7<?AJ;HI;8KJ:7F7J:?I?CFKBA7D 87>M7

7 KDJKA >7H=7 N7D= A;9?B ;D;H=? ?A7JDN7 A;9?B :7D D7?A 9;F7J I;IK7? :;D=7D F;HJ7C87>7D 8 KDJKA >7H=7 :?I;A?J7H ;D;H=? ?A7J

C7AI?CKCDN7 >7CF?H J?:7A 8;HJ7C87> N7?JK ';0:7DJKHKDC;D@7:?';0KDJKA

9 KDJKA>7H=7:?7J7I;D;H=??A7JDN7JKHKD >?D==7 C;D97F7? ';0

6. Gaya Inti

!7N7?DJ?8;HI?<7JI7B?D=C;DEB7AF7:7@7D=A7K7DI7D=7JF;D:;A:7D I7B?D= C;D7H?A F7:7 @7H7A DKAB;ED N7D= 7=7A @7K> $?A7 J?:7A :;C?A?7D DKAB;ED :7B7C ?DJ? 7A7D C;DN7JK -?<7JI?<7J =7N7 ?DJ? 7DJ7H7 B7?D 7 =7N7 ?DJ? C;C?B?A? FH?DI?F :7I7H N7D= 8;H8;:7 :;D=7D =7N7 =H7L?J7I?

C7KFKD =7N7 9EKBEC8

8 =7N7 ?DJ? J?:7A 8;H=7DJKD= F7:7 CK7J7D B?IJH?A I;>?D==7 8;I7HDN7 =7N7 7DJ7H7 FHEJEDFHEJED 7J7K D;KJHED 7:7B7> I7C7

9 =7N7 ?DJ? 8;A;H@7 F7:7 @7H7A N7D= I7D=7J F;D:;A N7?JK I;A?J7H P C7J7K<;HC?

: =7N7 ?DJ? I7D=7J 8;I7H I;>?D==7 :?F;HBKA7D ;D;H=? I;8;I7H ';0 KDJKA C;C?I7>A7D :K7 8K7> ;B;AJHED

Gambar 10.4

Grafik energi ikat per nukleon terhadap nomor massa berbagai inti.

Kata Kunci

• isotop

• hipotesis proton-elektron • hipotesis proton-neutron • nomor atom

• nomor massa • nuklida • defek massa • energi ikat inti

$;B7IA7D:;D=7DI?D=A7J;<;AF;D==78KD=7DDKAB;ED J;H>7:7FC7II7?DJ?7JECN7D=J;H8;DJKA

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; :

8 -? ;

B '7II7?DJ?

'=7:7B7>IC7 '7II7DKAB;ED 8;87I7:7B7>C7II7FHEJEDIC7:7DC7II7D;KJHED

Tes Kompetensi

Subbab

A

+80'1'42'.6'*'(;1;2':/.'4

7 .;DJKA7DIKIKJC7II7DN7:;<;AC7II7 8 .;DJKA7D;D;H=??A7J?DJ?DN7

7 D;H=? ?A7J

(;7:7B7> ';0 7H?B7> C7II77JECDN7

8 '7D7A7>?DJ?N7D=B;8?>C7DJ7F &?7J7K

; 7J7K

;

7H?B7>:;<;AC7II7;D;H=??A7J?DJ?:7D;D;H=??A7J F;HDKAB;EDKDJKA7JEC

B/A, MeV per nukleon

nomor massa A

200 100

0 5 1 0

2_H 6_Li

9_Be 11_B

14_N

19_F 75As 125Te

4_He 12_C

20_Ne 35_Cl56Fe

89_Y 110_Cd 141_Pr

160_Dy 197_Au 180_Hf

209_Bi

(8)

B. Radioaktivitas

1. Sejarah Penemuan Radioaktif

!;@7B7 H7:?E7AJ?< ?D? :?J;CKA7D EB;>+48> +)7;+8+2 F7:7 I;97H7 J?:7A I;D=7@7 #7 I;:7D= C;D;B?J? I?<7J&)&()%) :7D#+&()%) F7:7=7H7CKH7D?KCN7D=:?I?D7H?:;D=7DI?D7H2 *&)&()%) # ('%(%/ )+*+ 0* ! " *("% (%)%% / $)" '+% (%)%% *+ %* "% '?I7BDN7 F7:7 H7C8KH7C8K B7BK B?DJ7I N7D= 8;HI?D7H @?A7 J;HA;D7 IEHEJ7D B7CFK

!7H7C KH7D?KC N7D= :?F;H=KD7A7D+)7;+8+2 :?B;J7AA7D F7:7 8KD=AKI7DFB7J<EI<EH;I;DI?:7D:?@;CKH:?87M7>I?D7H'7J7>7H? %;J?A7 FB7J <EI<EH;I;DI? :?9K9? 7J7K :?FHEI;I F7:7 <?BC D;=7J?< J;HDN7J7 J;H:7F7J FEB7 >?J7C I;IK7? 8;DJKA AH?IJ7BDN7 +)7;+8+2 C;DN?CFKBA7D 87>M7 H7:?7I?N7D=C;D=>?J7CA7DFB7JFEJH;J8KA7DB7>8;H7I7B:7H?97>7N7BK7H C;B7?DA7D8;H7I7B:7H?=7H7C?JKI;D:?H? )B;>I;878?JK=;@7B7?D?:?I;8KJ =;@7B7 H7:?E7AJ?< 7J7K H7:?E7AJ?L?J7I

2. Jenis-Jenis Radioaktif

7H? F;D;CK7D+)7;+8+2 87DN7A ?BCKM7D N7D= A;CK:?7D C;D;B?J? J;DJ7D= I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< ?D? I7B7> I7JKDN7 7:7B7>84+9: !;:.+8,58* *7:7 ?7 :;D=7D FEIJKB7JDN7 C;DN7J7A7D 87>M7 H7:?E7AJ?< 8KA7D >7DN7 :?I;878A7D EB;> F;HK87>7D N7D= 8;HI?<7J 7JEC?I C;B7?DA7D F;C7D97H7D H7:?E7AJ?< 8;HB7D=IKD= 8;HI7C77D :;D=7D F;HK87>7D J;HI;8KJ !;:.+8,58* C;CF;HB?>7JA7D7:7DN7:K7C797CH7:?7I?N7D=A;BK7H:7H?KH7D?KC:;D=7D 97H7 C;D=KAKH AK7J 7HKI B?IJH?A N7D= J?C8KB EB;> 7:7DN7 ?ED?I7I? K:7H7

*7:7 '8/+ ;8/+:7D IK7C?DN7 /+88+ ;8/+ C;D;CKA7D :K7 KDIKH H7:?E7AJ?< N7D= :?I;8KJ FEBED?KC :7D H7:?KC ;H:7I7HA7D J;H@7:?DN7 I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< ?D? C7A7 H7:?E7AJ?L?J7I :7F7J :?8;:7A7D C;D@7:? :K7 A7J;=EH? 7DJ7H7 B7?D

7 H7:?E7AJ?< 7B7C?7> N7?JK F;C7D97H7D I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< N7D= J;H@7:? I;97H7 IFEDJ7D 7A?87J J?:7A IJ78?BDN7 ?DJ? 7JEC

8 H7:?E7AJ?< 8K7J7D N7?JK F;C7D97H7D I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< N7D= 8;H7I7B :7H? ?DJ??DJ? IJ78?B N7D= :?=7D==K A;IJ78?B7DDN7 :;D=7D 97H797H7 J;HJ;DJK >?D==7 C;D@7:? ?DJ? N7D= J?:7A IJ78?B

-7B7>I7JK@;D?IH7:?7I?N7D=CK:7>:?I;H7F7:7B7>I?D7H7B<7

,7:?7I? B7?DN7D=C;C?B?A?:7N7J;C8KIB;8?>8;I7H:?D7C7A7DI?D7H8;J7 I;HJ7 I;8K7> F7D@7D= =;BEC87D= N7D= F;D:;A :?I;8KJ I?D7H =7CC7

D:7 :7F7J C;D=;J7>K? A7H;AJ;H?IJ?A I?D7H

I?D7H :7D I?D7H C;B7BK? F;C8?7I7D H7:?7I? :;D=7D J78KD= !' !;?=;H 'KBB;H *;H>7J?A7D '3('8 %;J?A7 IKC8K H7:?E7AJ?< :?J;CF7JA7D F7:7 I7B7> I7JK K@KD= C;:7D C7=D;J :7D J78KD= !' F7:7 K@KD= N7D= B7?D J;HDN7J7 I?D7H

:?8?7IA7DA;F?H?D=7DD;=7J?<:7DI?D7H 7A7D:?8?7IA7DA;F?H?D=7DFEI?J?< $7:? :7F7J :?I?CFKBA7D 87>M7 I?D7H

8;HCK7J7D FEI?J?<

7J7K "; I?D7H 8;HCK7J7DD;=7J?<

7J7K

; I;:7D=A7DI?D7HD;JH7B

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I?D7H 8;J7 :7D I?D7H =7CC7

a. Pemancaran Sinar Alfa(

)

'7II7 C7KFKD CK7J7D I?D7H 7B<7 ?:;DJ?A :;D=7D ?DJ? >;B?KC "; $?A7 IK7JK O7J H7:?E7AJ?< C;C7D97HA7D I?D7H 7B<7 DECEH 7JEC O7J ?JK

Gambar 10.6

Dalam medan magnet, hanya sinar

yang tidak dibelokkan. sumber radioaktif radium

sumber

magnet kuat

ratemeter P

Gambar 10.5

Pengujian pembiasan sinar

dalam medan magnet.

Sumber:Physics for ‘O’ Level,1990

(9)

7A7D 8;HAKH7D= :7H? DECEH 7JEC ?D:KADN7 :7D DECEH C7II7DN7 7A7D 8;HAKH7D= -;97H7KCKCH;7AI?F;C7D97H7D7B<7

:7F7J:?JKB?IA7D I;87=7? 8;H?AKJ

2 2

EDJE> /2

b. Pemancaran Sinar Beta( )

'K7J7D :7D C7II7 I?D7H I7C7 :;D=7D ;B;AJHED "7B ?D? A7H;D7 I?D7H 8;J7 J?:7A B7?D 7:7B7> ;B;AJHED :?8;H? B7C87D=

7J7K

; -;IK7?:;D=7D"KAKC%;A;A7B7D(ECEH'7II7:7D(ECEHJECIK7JK ?DJ??D:KAN7D=I;97H7IFEDJ7DC;C7D97HA7DI?D7H 7A7DC;D=>7I?BA7D ?DJ?7D7AN7D=DECEHC7II7DN7J;J7F:7DDECEH7JECDN78;HJ7C87>I7JK -;97H7 KCKC H;7AI? F;C7D97H7D :?JKB?I I;87=7? 8;H?AKJ

2 3

EDJE>(, :;D=7D, 7:7B7> D;KJH?DE c. Pemancaran Sinar Gamma ( )

;H8;:7 >7BDN7 :;D=7D F;C7D97H7D I?D7H

:7D I?D7H N7D= C;C7D97HA7D F7HJ?A;B 8;HCK7J7D F;C7D97H7D I?D7H 8KA7DB7> 8;H8;DJKA F7HJ?A;B J;J7F? =;BEC87D= ;B;AJHEC7=D;J?A $?A7 F7:7 F;C7D97H7D I?D7H

:7D J;H@7:? F;HK87>7D IJHKAJKH @KCB7> FHEJED :7DD;KJHEDF7:7F;C7D97H7DI?D7H J;H@7:?F;HK87>7DIKIKD7DF7HJ?A;B F7HJ?A;B F;C8;DJKA ?DJ? 7JEC -?D7H J?:7A C;C?B?A? C7II7 C7KFKD CK7J7D )B;> A7H;D7 ?JK DKAB?:7 J;H;AI?J7I? N7D= C;C7D97HA7D I?D7H J?:7A C;D=7B7C? F;HK87>7D DECEH 7JEC C7KFKD DECEH C7II7

*;C7D97H7D I?D7H :?7M7B? EB;> ?DJ? ?D:KA N7D= I;97H7 IFEDJ7D C;C7D97HA7D I?D7H :7D C;C8;DJKA ?DJ? 87HK_{N7D= 8;H7:7 :7B7C} A;7:77D;AI?J7I? -;B7D@KJDN7?DJ?87HK:7B7CA;7:77D;AI?J7I??D?I;97H7 IFEDJ7D C;C7D97HA7D I?D7H KDJKA C;D@7:? ?DJ? IJ78?B FHEI;I F;HK87>7D ?D? :?JKD@KAA7D F7:7'3('8 ,;7AI? ?DJ? F;C7D97H7D I?D7H ?D? 8?7I7DN7 :?JKB?I I;87=7? 8;H?AKJ

2 3

EDJE>

%;I?CFKB7D:7H?A7H7AJ;H?IJ?AI?D7HH7:?E7AJ?<N7?JKI?D7H

I?D7H :7D I?D7H :?JKD@KAA7D F7:7#'(+2 7N7 J;C8KI I?D7H

I?D7H :7D I?D7H C7I?D=C7I?D= :?JKD@KAA7D F7:7'3('8

– –

1,015 MeV

0,834 MeV

Gambar 10.7

Pemancaran dan dalam peluruhan 27

12Mg dan 27 13Al .

Carilah informasi mengenai pemanfaatan sinar , , dan .

Tugas Anda 10.1

sumber radioaktif

kertas

aluminium

timbal

Gambar 10.8

Daya tembus partikel , , dan .

27 12Al*

#'(+2

%7H7AJ;H?IJ?A-?D7H,7:?E7AJ?<

%;HJ7IJ?F?I %KB?JC7DKI?7 BKC?D?KCCC .?C87BJ?F?I +4/9"/4'8

!'*/5'1:/, !+'19/2'3/'. '99'

+3(/'9'4*'2'3 +*'4'-4+:

+3'36;'4 '>'#+3(;9 ;':'4

B<7 ;J7 !7CC7

#DJ?>;B?KC B;AJHED

,7:?7I?;B;AJHEC7=D;J?A

*EI?J?< (;=7J?<

.?:7A8;HCK7J7D

%;9?B ;I7H

.?:7A:?8?7IA7D ;I7H

,;D:7> .?:7A8;HC7II7

Sumber:Conceptual Physics,1998

(10)

3. Pelemahan Intensitas Sinar Radioaktif

$?A7I?D7HH7:?E7AJ?<:?B;M7JA7DF7:7I;8K7>A;F?D=:;D=7DA;J;87B7D . J;HDN7J7 ?DJ;DI?J7I I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< I;8;BKC C;B;M7J? 87>7D B;8?> 8;I7H :7H?F7:7 I;J;B7> C;B;M7J? 87>7D *;B;C7>7D ?DJ;DI?J7I ?D? C;C;DK>? F;HI7C77D

%;J;H7D=7D

AE;<?I?;D F;B;C7>7D 87>7D C

8?B7D=7DD7JKH7B

-;7D:7?DN7?DJ;DI?J7II?D7HH7:?E7AJ?<I;J;B7>C;B;M7J?A;F?D=J?D==7B I;F7HK> :7H? ?DJ;DI?J7I I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< I;CKB7

C7A7

+89'3''4 ? :7F7J :?I;:;H>7D7A7D C;D@7:?

BD BD .

P .

I;>?D==7 :?F;HEB;>

. _P

"7H=7. F7:7 +89'3''4 ? :?I;8KJ# #+ /( "0& 7J7K B7F?I7D >7H=7 F7HK>

-K7JKA;F?D=C;C?B?A?"0&9C ;H7F7A7>8;I7H?DJ;DI?J7II?D7HH7:?E7AJ?<I;J;B7> C;B;M7J?A;F?D=I;J;87B9C

'='(

?A;J7>K? "0& 9CQP_C

. 9CQP_C

"0& C

_C _C

$7:??DJ;DI?J7II?D7HH7:?E7AJ?<I;J;B7>C;B7BK?A;F?D=7:7B7>

Contoh

10.3 4. Peluruhan Radioaktif (Desintegrasi)

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:7D I;HJ7 :??AKJ? F;C7D97H7D Gambar 10.9

Pelemahan intensitas oleh bahan dengan ketebalan X.

Tokoh

Marie Curie

(1867–1934)

Marie Curie dilahirkan di Warsawa, Polandia. Nama aslinya adalah Marie Sklodowska. Ia belajar Matematika, Fisika, dan Kimia di Paris. Marie

bersuamikan Pierre Curie seorang ahli fisika juga. Mereka bekerja sama dalam meneliti radiasi yang dihasilkan oleh bahan radioaktif dan mereka berhasil menemukan unsur thorium yang bersifat radioaktif. Pada 1898, mereka menemukan dua unsur radioaktif baru, yaitu polonium dan radium. Untuk keberhasilan ini, Marie dan Pierre Curie

serta Henri Becquerel mendapat hadiah Nobel untuk bidang Fisika pada 1903. Pada 1910, Marie berhasil memisahkan radium murni dan mempelajari sifat-sifat kimianya. Untuk hasil kerja kerasnya ini, Marie kembali mendapatkan hadiah Nobel yang kedua dalam bidang kimia pada 1911. Marie

meninggal tahun 1934 akibat kanker, yang mungkin disebabkan ia terlalu lama berinteraksi dengan bahan-bahan radioaktif.

(11)

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* P

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; 7J7K ;

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:;D=7D 7AJ?L?J7I H7:?E7AJ?< C;BKHK> F7:7 M7AJK* a. Waktu Paruh

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;D=7D C;C;H>7J?A7D =H7<?A F7:7'3('8 8;H7HJ? KDJKA * % 8;HB7AK

:;D=7D

Gambar 10.10

Peluruhan inti atom

Gambar 10.11

Peluruhan unsur 23_{Na dengan}_T

1 2= jam.

N = N₀

1 2N0

N N₀

1 4N0

1 8N0

1 16N0

T 2T 3T 4T 5T

0 1 5 3 0 4 5 6 0 7 5 9 0t 2

4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 Aktivitas (103_C/menit)

(12)

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Contoh

10.4

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=7CC7

F;C7D97H7D I?D7H =7CC7 F;BKHK>7D

7B<7

(13)

F;BKHK>7D 8;J7

F;D7D=A7F7D ;B;AJHED EB;> D;KJHED DKAB?H F;D7D=A7F7D

;B;AJHED

F;D7D=A7F7D ;B;AJHED EB;> FHEJED DKAB?H F;D7D=A7F7D

;B;AJHED

F;D7D=A7F7D FEI?JHED EB;> FHEJED DKAB?H

FHEJEDCK7J7D ;B;AJHED CK7J7D P

D;KJHEDCK7J7D ;B;AJHED CK7J7D Gambar 10.12Lima jenis peluruhan radioaktif

= +

+ =

AJ?L?J7II;8K7>IKC8;HH7:?E7AJ?<8;HAKH7D=

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'='(

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* @7C

/DJKAC;D;DJKA7DM7AJKF7HK>:7F7J:?=KD7A7DF;HI7C77D

% %

C7A7%

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* *

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@7C

$7:?J;J7F7DF;BKHK>7DDN77:7B7>@7C

Contoh

10.5

Gambar 10.13

Deret uranium

4. Deret Radioaktif

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.> :7D

8;H7A>?H F7:7 ?DJ? 7JEC*8 N7D= IJ78?B )B;> A7H;D7 :?CKB7? :7H?

KH7D?KC :;H;J ?D? :?I;8KJ :;H;J KH7D?KC

(14)

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5. Pengertian Dosis Serapan

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$ A=

QP_$A=

$7:?8;I7H:EI?II;H7FC7J;H??JK7:7B7>QP_@EKB;A=7J7KQP_=H7N

Contoh

10.6

Gambar 10.14

Energi radiasi yang diserap materi bermassa m. sinar radioaktif

Kata Kunci

• radioaktivitas

• fluorisensi

• eksitasi • daya tembus • peluruhan • waktu paruh • aktivitas • dosis serap

(15)

6. Pengukuran Radioaktivitas

-?D7H N7D= :?F7D97HA7D EB;> KDIKH H7:?E7AJ?< J?:7A :7F7J :?H7I7A7D EB;> C7DKI?7 /DJKA ?JK :?F;HBKA7D 7B7J N7D= :7F7J C;D=KAKH :7D C;D:;J;AI? A;7AJ?<7D IK7JK KDIKH 7J7K KDJKA C;D=;J7>K? 7:7 :7D J?:7ADN7 I?D7HI?D7H H7:?E7AJ?<

-?D7HN7D=:?F7D97HA7DEB;>?DJ?KDIKHH7:?E7AJ?<:7F7JC;D=?EDA7D 7JEC :7H? O7JO7J N7D= :?B7BK?DN7 B7J KDJKA C;D:;J;AI? :7D C;D=KAKH A;7AJ?<7D IK7JK KDIKH :?8K7J 8;H:7I7HA7D I?<7J J;HI;8KJ ;8;H7F7 7B7J :;J;AI?I?D7HH7:?E7AJ?<7:7B7>;CKBI?<?BCFEJH;JF;D9797>!;?=;H'KBB;H A7C7H A78KJ 1?BIED :7D I?DJ?B7JEH

a. Emulsi Film Potret

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b. Pencacah Geiger-Muller

*;D9797> !;?=;H'KBB;H :?I;8KJ @K=7 F;D9797> !;?=;H ( &+%*( *;D9797> !;?=;H 7:7B7> 7B7J KDJKA C;D=KAKH A;7AJ?<7D KDIKH H7:?E7AJ?< *;D9797> !;?=;H C;HKF7A7D 7B7J :;J;AI? I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< N7D= F7B?D= 87DN7A :?=KD7A7D B7J F;D9797> !;?=;H :?JKD@KAA7D F7:7 '3('8

*;H7B7J7D ?D? J;H:?H? 7J7I I;8K7> J78KD= I?B?D:;H J;H8K7J :7H? BE=7C ? :7B7C J78KD= :?F7I7D= I;8K7> A7M7J AED:KAJEH N7D= >7BKI %7M7J ?JK 8;HJ?D:7A I;87=7? A7JE:; :7D J78KD= I;87=7? 7DE:; .78KD= ?JK :??I? :;D=7D =7I 7J7K 97CFKH7D =7I :;D=7D J;A7D7D H;D:7> 9C"=

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

c. Kamar Kabut Wilson

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Gambar 10.15

Pencacah Geiger-Muller

Gambar 10.16

Bagian-bagian alat pencacah Geiger-Muller

103 _V –

jendela tipis

gas

kawat elektrode (anode)

tabung dari logam (katode)

isolator

– +

Gambar 10.17

Kamar kabut Wilson

uap

jejak ion radioaktif (sumberR)

cahaya keping

gelas

pengisap (P)

Sumber:Conceptual Physics, 1998

Sumber:Physics for Scientist and Engineers, 2000

(16)

d. Sintilator (Detektor Sintilasi)

*H?DI?F A;H@7 I?DJ?B7JEH ) %* ##* &% &+%*( 8;H:7I7HA7D <BKEH;I;DI? O7J N7D= :?J?C8KBA7D EB;> I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< -?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< :?@7JK>A7D A; F;HCKA77D B7N7H <BKEH;I;DI? 7>7N7 N7D= :?F7D97HA7D EB;> B7N7H <BKEH;I;DI? :?@7JK>A7D A; 7J7I F;HCKA77D BE=7C I;>?D==7 F;HCKA77D BE=7C J;HI;8KJ C;D=;BK7HA7D ;B;AJHED %;CK:?7D ;B;AJHED J;HI;8KJ :?@7JK>A7D A;C87B? A; 7J7I F;HCKA77D BE=7C A;:K7 &E=7C A;:K7 C;D=;BK7HA7D ;B;AJHED B;8?> 87DN7A :7H?F7:7 ;B;AJHED N7D= A;BK7H :7H? F;HCKA77D BE=7C F;HJ7C7

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Gambar 10.18

Diagram sintilator yang dilengkapi dengan fotomultiplier

-K7JK87>7DC;C?B?A?"0&9C $?A7J;87B87>7D9C 8;H7F7?DJ;DI?J7II?D7HH7:?E7AJ?<N7D=:?I;H7FEB;>87>7D J;HI;8KJ

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K H7:?E7AJ?<N7D=C;BKHK>7:7B7> QP_{A= $?A77AJ?L?J7IKDIKHH7:?E7AJ?<?JKQ} _{GJ;DJKA7D8;I7HAEDIJ7DJ7F;BKHK>7DDN7} *;H>7J?A7DH;7AI?F;BKHK>7D8;H?AKJ

/ / *7

.;DJKA7DF7HJ?A;B:7DN7D=:?F7D97HA7D 7 -K7JKKDIKHH7:?E7AJ?<C;C?B?A?M7AJKF7HK>

C;D?J "?JKD=AEDIJ7DJ7F;BKHK>7DDN7 8 $?A7AEDIJ7DJ7F;BKHK>7DIK7JK87>7DH7:?E7AJ?<

@P_{A;@7:?7DI;AED 8;H7F7A7> M7AJK} F7HK>DN7

17AJKF7HK>:7H?H7:ED>7H? ;H7F7M7AJKN7D= :?F;HBKA7D7=7HJ;HI?I7

:7H?CKB7CKB7

partikel datang

foton

kristal sintilasi

pulsa keluaran fotomultiplier fotokatode

+400 V +800 V +1200 V +1600 V

+200 V +600 V

+1000 V +1400 V

Tes Kompetensi

Subbab

B

+80'1'42'.6'*'(;1;2':/.'4

C. Reaksi Inti

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:;D=7D 7JEC7JEC =7I D?JHE=;D :7D C;D?C8KBA7D IK7JK H;7AI? N7D= :?I;8KJDN7 H;7AI? ?DJ? "7I?B H;7AI? ?DJ? :?JKB?I :;D=7D

"; ( ) "

*;H>7J?A7D87>M7@KCB7>DECEH7JEC:7D@KCB7>DECEHC7II7HK7IA?H? I7C7 :;D=7D @KCB7> DECEH 7JEC :7D DECEH C7II7 HK7I A7D7D

$KCB7>DECEH7JECI;8;BKCH;7AI? $KCB7>DECEH7JECI;IK:7>H;7AI? $KCB7>DECEHC7II7I;8;BKCH;7AI? $KCB7>DECEHC7II7I;IK:7>H;7AI? Sumber:Physics for Scientist and Engineers, 2000

(17)

Pada setiap reaksi inti selalu berlaku hukum kekekalan berikut ini. "KAKC %;A;A7B7D 'EC;DJKC N7?JK @KCB7> CEC;DJKC I;8;BKC :7D I;IK:7> JKC8KA7D 7:7B7> I7C7

"KAKC%;A;A7B7D(ECEHJECN7?JK@KCB7>DECEH7JECI;8;BKC :7D I;IK:7> H;7AI? I7C7

"KAKC%;A;A7B7D(ECEH'7II7N7?JK@KCB7>DECEHC7II7I;8;BKC :7D I;IK:7> H;7AI? I7C7

"KAKC %;A;A7B7D D;H=? .EJ7B N7?JK ;D;H=? JEJ7B I;8;BKC :7D I;IK:7> H;7AI? I7C7

*7HJ?A;B FHEJED 1 1

P :7D :;KJHED 1 2

D @K=7 :?=KD7A7D KDJKA C;D==7D==K A;IJ78?B7D ?DJ? 7=7H ?DJ? ?JK J;HKH7? 7J7K 8;H:?I?DJ;=H7I? C;D@7:??DJ?B7?D 5)185,::7D&'2:54F7:7C;B7FEHA7D>7I?BH;7AI? ?DJ? ?D? :;D=7D FHEJED N7D= :?F;H9;F7J C;B7BK? C;:?7 B?IJH?A :;D=7D F;HI7C77D H;7AI? ?DJ?

" &? "; ";

1. Energi yang Dihasilkan dari Reaksi Inti

,;7AI? ?DJ? :7F7J :?JKB?IA7D :7B7C IK7JK F;HI7C77D

7J7K P

%;J;H7D=7D

?DJ? I7I7H7D F7HJ?A;B N7D= :?>7I?BA7D ?DJ? 87HK N7D= :?>7I?BA7D ;D;H=? N7D= :?>7I?BA7D F7HJ?A;B F;D;C87A

"7H=7 IK7JK H;7AI? ?DJ? :?:;<?D?I?A7D I;87=7? F;H8;:77D 7DJ7H7 ;D;H=?:?7C:7D;D;H=?:?7C

5$_.$P$_/$6Q';0IC7 P

%;J;H7D=7D

H;7AI? ;AIEJ;HC?A J;H:7F7J ;D;H=? N7D= :?8;87IA7D H;7AI? ;D:EJ;HC?A J;H:7F7J ;D;H=? N7D= :?I;H7F

Contoh

10.7

"?JKD=B7>>7H=7KDJKAH;7AI? &? ";

% @?A7$_DIC7

$IC7$_&?IC7$_";IC7 '='(

5$_.$P$_/$6@';0IC7

5P6IC7@';0IC7

IC7';0IC7';0

Contoh

10.8

$?A7C7II7

" IC7

"; IC7:7D

D IC7

$?A7IC7';0>?JKD=;D;H=?N7D=:?8;87IA7DF7:7H;7AI?

"; " "; D '='(

D;H=?H;7AI?I7C7:;D=7D;D;H=?H;7AJ7D:?AKH7D=?;D;H=?FHE:KA D;H=?H;7AJ7D';0';0 D;H=?FHE:KA';0';0

Kata Kunci

• energi reaksi inti • reaksi eksotermik • reaksi endotermik • reaksi berantai • reaksi fisi

Tokoh

Enrico Fermi

(1901–1954)

Fermi adalah seorang fisikawan kelahiran Itali. Setelah tahun 1939, ia pergi ke Amerika Serikat untuk bekerja dan hidup disana. Ia dikenal karena menggunakan neutron untuk menembak atom yang dapat menghasilkan isotop. Enrico Fermi

mendapat hadiah Nobel pada 1938. Pada 2 Desember 1942, reaksi rantai nuklir pertama dihasilkan oleh sebuah tim ilmuwan yang

dipimpinnya. Percobaan yang sukses ini bertempat di lapangan Squash Universitas Chicago, Amerika Serikat. Reaksi rantai bekerja menyerupai penyalaan korek api. Panas yang dihasilkan oleh gesekan pada waktu mematik korek api menyebabkan sebagian atom terbakar dan melepaskan lebih banyak panas sehingga menyebabkan reaksi terus-menerus berlangsung.

(18)

2. Pembuatan Isotop Radioaktif dari Reaksi Inti

,7:?E7AJ?< :7F7J :?FHE:KAI? C;B7BK? IK7JK H;7AI? ?DJ? FHEI;I F;C8;DJKA7D ?IEJEF 87HK N7D= H7:?E7AJ?< ?JK :?B7AKA7D :;D=7D F;D;C87A7D ?IEJEF N7D= IJ78?B :;D=7D IK7JK F7HJ?A;B -;87=7? 9EDJE> ?IEJEF H7:?E7AJ?<

K :?F;HEB;> :7H? F;D;C87A7D ?IEJEF IJ78?B

EB;> D;KJHED :;D=7D H;7AI?

D K K

3. Reaksi Berantai

*;D;C87A7D D;KJHED F7:7 KH7D?KC ?DJ? N7D= J;H8;DJKA :7H? F;D7D=A7F7D D;KJHED J;HI;8KJ J?:7A IJ78?B I;>?D==7 I;=;H7 J;H8;B7> C;D@7:? ?DJ??DJ? N7D= B;8?> H?D=7D "7I?B F;C8;B7>7D 7:7B7> I;87=7? 8;H?AKJ

D / 2; -H D D+

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; N7D= IJ78?B ;C?A?7D @K=7

-H C;D@7:? ?IEJEF

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*7:7H;7AJEHDKAB?HD;KJHED9;F7J:?A;D:7B?A7DI;>?D==7J?:7AJ;HB7BK 87DN7AD;KJHEDN7D=J;HB?87J:7B7CH;7AI??DJ? (7CKD:7B7C8EC7JEC D;KJHED9;F7J?D?J?:7AJ;HA;D:7B?I;>?D==7J;H8;DJKAB;:7A7DN7D=I7D=7J :7>IN7J

4. Reaksi Fisi

*;D;CK7DH;7AI?<?I?DKAB?H8;H7M7B:7H?;AIF;H?C;D?DJ;H7AI?D;KJHED :;D=7DKH7D?KC .?=7A;BECFEAA;H@7N7D=8;H>7I?BC;D;CKA7D<?I?DKAB?H 7:7B7>48/)5 +83/;2/+: ;88/+"'</::7D::' '.4":8'993'4 F7:7 ';H;A7C;D=7J7A7D87>M7F;D7D=A7F7DD;KJHEDEB;>IK7JK ?DJ? KH7D?KC 7A7D C;C8;H?A7D =7N7 F7:7 ;D;H=? F;HCKA77D I;>?D==7 ?DJ? 7A7D J;H8;B7> :K7 :;D=7D C7II7 I;87D:?D= %;CKD=A?D7D B7?D ?DJ? J;H;AI?J7I? :7D C;D=>7I?BA7D F;BKHK>7D =7CC7 "7B ?D? :?I;8KJ(") ) *;H>7J?A7D'3('8

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/ J?:7A IJ78?B :7D I;=;H7 J;H8;B7> C;D@7:? ?DJ??DJ? B;8?> H?D=7D N7D= IJ78?B *7I7D=7DF7I7D=7D N7D= J;H@7:? F7:7 <?I? / J?:7A C;DKD@KAA7D

F7I7D=7D N7D= A>7I J;J7F? C;HKF7A7D I7JK :7H? A;CKD=A?D7D N7D= J;H@7:? :? 7DJ7H7DN7

/ %H 7 D

/-H 7 D

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*7:7 >7CF?H I;CK7 H;7AI? <?I? J;H@7:? F;D=KH7D=7D C7II7 I;A?J7H IC7 8;H7HJ? Q B;8?> 8;I7H :7H?F7:7 C7II7 N7D= >?B7D= F7:7 I;CK7 @;D?IH;7AI?F;BKHK>7DDN7I;87=7?9EDJE><?I?_{/:;D=7DD;KJHEDB7C87J} C;D=>7I?BA7D ?DJ?_'E_:7D_{&7 '7II7 N7D= >?B7D= :7D ;D;H=? N7D=} :?>7I?BA7D :?>?JKD= I;87=7? 8;H?AKJ

U n

inti bulatan

Gambar 10.19

Diagram reaksi berantai

Gambar 10.20

Pada reaksi pembelahan inti, jumlah neutron bertambah pada setiap tingkatan. inti U-235

reaksi fisi U-235 memunculkan

2 neutron neutron pertama

reaksi fisi kedua menghasilkan 4 neutron

(19)

/ D 'E &7 D

$_K$_DP$_'E$_&7$_D $

PIC7

D;H=? <?I?DN7 ';0IC7$

';0IC7IC7 ';0

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5. Reaksi Fusi

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,;7AI? <KI? N7D= 8;HB7D=IKD= IFEDJ7D >7DN7 J;H@7:? F7:7 IK>K :7D J;A7D7DN7D=I7D=7JJ?D==? 7H7C;D=;D:7B?A7DH;7AI?<KI?J;HI;8KJIKA7H :?B7AKA7D A7H;D7 C;C;HBKA7D IK>K I;A?J7H _{% *7:7 IK>K J;HI;8KJ} I;CK7 C7J;H? 7A7D 8;H8;DJKA FB7IC7 F7D7I I;>?D==7 I7D=7J IKA7H C;D97F7? F7HJ?A;B% N7D= 9KAKF F7D7I

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Gambar 10.21

Penggabungan empat inti hidrogen membentuk inti helium disertai pelepasan energi. H 1 1 H 1 1 H 1 1 H 1 1 H 1 1 H 1 1 H 1 1 H 2 1 H 2 1 Hc 3 2 Hc 3 2 Hc 4 2 H 1 1 H–2 (deuterium) H–3 (tritium) reaksi fusi helium neutron + + + + + + Gambar 10.22

Reaksi fusi di Matahari

Gambar 10.23 ruang vakum toroid arus listrik luar medan magnetik total plasma arus plasma medan magnetik poloid medan magnetik toroid

(20)

Contoh

10.9

"?JKD=B7>;D;H=?:7B7C';0N7D=:?8;87IA7DEB;>F;D==78KD=7D:K7FHEJED:7D :K7D;KJHEDKDJKAC;C8;DJKAI;8K7>?DJ?>;B?KC ?A;J7>K?C7II7" IC7"; IC7

D IC7:7DIC7';0

'='(

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" D ";;D;H=? D;H=?I;8;BKCH;7AI?

56Q';0';0 D;H=?I;IK:7>H;7AI?

';0';0

D;H=?H;7AI? ;D;H=?I;8;BKCH;7AI?P;D;H=?I;IK:7>H;7AI? P';0

$7:?;D;H=?N7D=:?8;87IA7DI;8;I7H';0

.;DJKA7D ;D;H=? ?A7J ?DJ? -?

( N7D= C7II7DN78;HJKHKJJKHKJ7:7B7>IC7 IC7:7DIC7

*7:7H;7AI??DJ?D;KJHED:;D=7DJH?J?EDC;D=>7I?BA7D I;8K7>F7HJ?A;B7B<7 ;H7F787DN7ADN7;D;H=?N7D= :?A;BK7HA7DF7:7H;7AI??DJ?J;HI;8KJ.KB?IF;HI7C77D H;7AI?DN7 '7II7

&? IC7:7DC7II7:;KJHED

IC7

*;H>7J?A7DH;7AI??DJ?8;H?AKJ

" &? +

"?JKD=;D;H=?N7D=:?>7I?BA7D@?A7:?A;J7>K?C7II7

" IC7

&? IC7

IC7

:7DIC7';0 $7M78B7>F;HJ7DN77D8;H?AKJ

7 7=7?C7D7 H;7AI? <?I? :7F7J :?A;D:7B?A7D $;B7IA7D

8 F7 N7D= C;DN;878A7D A;HKI7A7D KDJKA C;D=7:7A7DIK7JKH;7AI?<KI?

9 F7N7D=:?C7AIK::;D=7DH7:?7I?:7D87=7?C7D7 H7:?7I? :7F7J 8;H87>7N7 I;HJ7 8;HC7D<77J 87=? C7DKI?7

.;DJKA7DD7C7F7HJ?A;B2:7H?H;7AI??DJ?8;H?AKJ?D?

&? " 2

( 2 "

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Tes Kompetensi

Subbab

C

(21)

D. Reaktor Nuklir, Bom Nuklir, dan Radioisotop

1. Reaktor nuklir

+:6@IDG CJ@A>G 696A6= I:BE6I I:G?69>CN6 G:6@H> 7:G6CI6> N6C< B:CN6C<@JI;>H>CJ@A>GN6C<I:G@:C96A>+:6@IDGCJ@A>GB:GJE6@6CHJB7:G :C:G<> H6C<6I :;>H>:C C:G<> N6C< 9>A:E6H@6C 96A6B 7:CIJ@ @6ADG 96C 96E6I 9>6B7>A 9:C<6C B:C<6A>G@6C O6I 86>G 6I6J <6H H:76<6> E:C9>C<>C B:A6AJ> 76<>6C76<>6C 96A6B G:6@IDG >IJ

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+:6@IDGCJ@A>GE:GI6B69>76C<JCDA:=,/'!-#/+'SE696

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Gambar 10.24

Perancangan dasar reaktor Nuklir air-tekan.

Gambar 10.25

Reaktor nuklir dengan moderator air sistem utama sistem kedua

bahan bakar dan moderator

pelindung

kondensor

pompa uap air

batang pengendali

air panas

turbin uap

generator

Informasi

untuk Anda

Beberapa jenis limbah reaktor nuklir bersifat radioaktif. Limbah ini meng-hasilkan radiasi nuklir mematikan yang merusak sel-sel hidup. Beberapa jenis limbah radioaktif dapat bertahan ribuan tahun. Oleh karena itu, limbah yang disimpan rapat dalam peti kemas tertutup harus dipendam di bawah tanah. Untuk menangani limbah nuklir maka orang harus menggunakan pakaian seperti terlihat pada gambar berikut.

Some kind of the nuclear reactor waste is radioactive material. This waste produce deadly nuclear radiation that damage living cells. Some kind of radioactive waste can last for thousand years. So, nuclear reactor waste placed in shielded box must be buried underground. Overcoming nuclear waste, people must wear suit like you have seen this picture.

Information for You

(22)

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C:G<> N6C< 9>=6H>A@6C E696 EGDH:H G:6@H> ;>H> 7:GJE6 E6C6H ,>HI:B Gambar 10.26

Komponen-komponen dasar sebuah reaktor atom: (1) teras reaktor; (2) elemen bahan bakar; (3) moderator; (4) batang kendali; (5) shielding; (6) pendingin.

aliran panas

aliran dingin

uap ke turbin

air dingin

pompa (1) (2)

(4) (5)

(3)

(6)

Sebuah reaktor nuklir tidak dapat meledak seperti bom atom. Akan tetapi, suatu kecelakaan pada pusat tenaga nuklir dapat menimbulkan akibat yang merusak sejumlah besar wilayah sekitarnya. Pada 1986, terjadi kecelakaan nuklir terbesar di pusat tenaga nuklir Chernobyl di Ukraina. Kecelakaan ini melepaskan zat radioaktif ke dalam atmosfer dan mengakibatkan gangguan kesehatan yang hebat pada penduduk di sekitar Chernobyl. Penduduk di Eropa pun mendapatkan dampak yang tidak kecil.

A nuclear reactor can not explode like atom bomb. But, an accident in centre of the nuclear power can cause a large destruction. In 1986, the biggest nuclear accident happened in the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, Ukraine. This accident released radioactive material to the

atmosphere and caused severe health disorder to civilians near by some European also got the serious effect.

Informasi

untuk Anda

Information for You

(1)

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Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

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Bab 8 Fisika Atom

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Tes Kompetensi Fisika Semester 2

A. Pilihan Ganda

6 6 5 7

6 4 5 3

7 3 4 7

5 6 5

B. Soal Uraian

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Tes Kompetensi Akhir

A. Pilihan Ganda

4 6 4 7

6 3 6 3

6 7 5 4

5 6 6 5

7 5 6 4

B. Soal Uraian

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Bab 10 Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas

Tes Kompetensi Awal

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Tes Kompetensi Subbab A

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Tes Kompetensi Subbab B

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Tes Kompetensi Subbab C

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(4)

Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

300

Apendiks

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(5)

Satuan-Satuan Dasar

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(6)

Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

302 Konstanta Fisika

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