Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas
257 257
• menganalisis karakteristik inti atom dan radioaktivitas;
• mendeskripsikan pemanfaatan radiokativitas dalam kehidupan sehari-hari
dan teknologi untuk kesejahteraan manusia.
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu:
menunjukkan penerapan konsep Fisika inti dan radioaktivitas dalam teknologi dan kehidupan sehari-hari.
Hasil yang harus Anda capai:
Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas
A. Inti Atom B. Radioaktivitas
C. Reaksi Inti D. Reaktor Nuklir, Bom
Nuklir, dan Radioisotop
?IJH?A C;HKF7A7D I;IK7JK N7D= I7D=7J F;DJ?D= :7B7C A;?:KF7D CE:;HD I;A7H7D= ?D? 7CF?H I;BKHK 7AJ?L?J7I C7DKI?7 C;C8KJKA7D
;D;H=? B?IJH?A ?IJH?A :?FHE:KAI? :7H? F;C87D=A?JF;C87D=A?J J;D7=7 B?IJH?A ?D:ED;I?7F;C87D=A?JB?IJH?A87DN7AN7D=8;H877D87A7HIEB7H
M7B7KFKD 7:7 I;87=?7D A;9?B N7D= C;C7D77JA7D 7?H I;87=7? F;D==;H7A JKH8?D ;HC7I7B77D N7D= J?C8KB 7:7B7 IEB7H J;HC7IKA IKC8;H :7N7
7B7CN7D=J?:7A:7F7J:?F;H877HK?I;?D==7IK7JKI77JF7IJ?7A7D78?I ?A7 7B ?D? J;H7:? D;=7H7 A?J7 7A7D 8;H7:7 :7B7C AH?I?I ;D;H=?
-7B7 I7JK IEBKI? N7D= :?J7M7HA7D 7:7B7 C;C87D=KD . ;C87D=A?J ?IJH?A .;D7=7 KAB?H F7A7 D:7 J7K 87=7?C7D7
97H7DN7 KH7D?KC 7J7K FBKJED?KC :?K87 C;D7:? ;D;H=? B?IJH?A ;D:7B7 N7D= :?7:7F? 7:7B7 C7I? 87DN7A F?7A N7D= C;D;DJ7D= A;8;H7:77D
. F7A7 D:7 J7K 7B7I7D C;H;A7 7:7 878 ?D? D:7 7A7D C;CF;B77H? J;DJ7D= ?DJ? 7JEC 8;H?AKJ H;7AI?H;7AI? N7D= J;H7:? :?
:7B7CDN7:7CF7AFEI?J?:7D:7CF7AD;=7J?F;D=;C87D=7D;D;H=?DKAB?H
Pembangunan PLTN merupakan salah satu solusi timbulnya krisis energi yang suatu saat akan dialami penduduk Bumi.
Bab
10
Sumber: Energy: Technology and Development, 1995
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A. Inti Atom
-;F;HJ? N7D= IK:7 D:7 F;B77H? F7:7 78 7JEC J;H:?H? 7J7I F7HJ?A;BF7HJ?A;B;B;C;DJ;HN7?JK?DJ?7JEC:7D;B;AJHED DJ?7JECJ;H:?H?
7J7I FHEJED :7D D;KJHED 7HJ?A;BF7HJ?A;B ;B;C;DJ;H ?D? C;C?B?A? C7II7 N7D= I7D=7J A;9?B I;?D==7 I7JK7D N7D= :?=KD7A7D 8KA7DB7 A?BE=H7C
7J7K =H7C C;B7?DA7D I7JK7D C7II7 7JEC N7D= :?:;?D?I?A7D I;87=7? I;F;H:K78;B7I A7B? C7II7 I7JK 7JEC
IC7 QC7II7I7JK7JEC
IC7Q
P
A= IC7;0
;H:7I7HA7D CE:;B 7JEC EH 7JEC J;H:?H? 7J7I ?DJ? 7JEC N7D= 8;HCK7J7DFEI?J?:7D;B;AJHEDN7D=8;HCK7J7DD;=7J? B;AJHED8;H=;H7A
8;HFKJ7H C;D=;B?B?D=? ?DJ? DJKA C;D=;J7K? I?7JI?7J IK7JK ?DJ? :?F;HBKA7D F;D=;J7K7D J;DJ7D= C7II7 IK7JK 7JEC N7D= :7F7J :?KAKH
:;D=7D IF;AJHEC;J;H C7II7
1. Hipotesis Proton Elektron
7II7IK7JK7JEC8KA7DB7C;HKF7A7DC7II7?DJ?N7D=J;HB?7JDN7J7 C;B7?DA7D C7II7 7JEC D;JH7B 7II7 IK7JK 7JEC K=7 C;D97AKF C7II7
;B;AJHEDN7D=8;H=;H7AC;D=;B?B?D=??DJ? B;A7H;D7I7JK7DC7II7A?BE=H7C J;HB7BK 8;I7H KDJKA KAKH7D C7II7 IK7JK 7JEC I;97H7 AEDL;DI?ED7B
:?J;J7FA7DI7JK7DC7II77JEC + 7CK 7CKIC7
Q
P
A= 7H?F;D=KAKH7DJ;H7:7FC7II7IK7JK7JECJ;HDN7J7 J?:7A I;CK7 KDIKH C;C?B?A? C7II7 N7D= I7C7 M7BKFKD ;D?IDN7 I7C7
DIKHKDIKH?D?B7N7D=:?I;8KJ -7B7I7JK9EDJE?IEJEFN7D=F7B?D=
I;:;H7D7 7:7B7 ?:HE=;D 7II7 7JEC ?:HE=;D 7:7B7 8;HJKHKJJKHKJ IC7
IC7:7DIC7N7D=I;97H78;HKHKJ7D:?8;H?
D7C7 + + :7D + DJ? JH?J?KC :?I;8KJ JH?JED ?DJ?
:;KJ;H?KC :?I;8KJ :;KJHED I;:7D=A7D ?IEJEF N7D= F7B?D= H?D=7D :?I;8KJ FHEJEDN7D=C;C?B?A?C7II77JEC
IC7
?A7 :?B?7J ?DJ? 7JEC 7H=7DN7 I;B7BK C;D:;A7J? A;B?F7J7D 8?B7D=7D 8KB7J:7H?C7II77JEC?:HE=;DN7AD?
IC7 7H?9EDJEJ;HI;8KJ
7JEC :;KJH?KC C;C?B?A? C7II7 A?H7A?H7
A7B? C7II7 FHEJED ?DJ? ?:HE=;D I;:7D=A7D C7II7 JH?J?KC A?H7A?H7 A7B? C7II7 FHEJED
;DN7J77D?D?F7:7CKB7DN7C;B7?HA7DIK7JK7D==7F7D87M7?DJ?7JEC J;H:?H? :7H? I;KCB7 7JEC ?:HE=;D N7D= I7B?D= C;D=?A7J
A7D J;J7F? :7H? F;D;B?J?7D B;8? B7DKJ J;HDN7J7 87M7 C7II7 ?DJ? I;B7BK B;8? 8;I7H :7H?F7:7 C7II7 7JEC ?:HE=;D -;87=7? 9EDJE 7JEC
I;D=DECEH7JECDN7D7CKDI;CK7?IEJEFDN78;HC7II7B;8?:7H?:K7 A7B? 7JEC ?:HE=;D ;DN7J77D ?D? C;DN;878A7D J?C8KBDN7 IK7JK
:K=77D 87M7 ;B;AJHED CKD=A?D :7F7J 8;H7:7 :? :7B7C ?DJ? :7D
++2;33+36+2081549+6914:451::91+80142.952952+81;:23;1;2:.4
Tes Kompetensi Awal
F7N7D=:?C7AIK::;D=7DDECEH7JEC:7DDECEH C7II7
F7N7D=:?C7AIK::;D=7D?IEJEF?IE87H:7D?IEJED ;H?A7D9EDJE?IEJEF
F7N7D=:?C7AIK::;D=7DF;BKHK7D F7N7D=:?C7AIK::;D=7DH;7AI?KI?:7DH;7AI??I?
F78;:7DN7H;7AI?DKAB?H:7DH;7AI?A?C?7
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C;D;JH7BA7D 8;8;H7F7 8K7 FHEJED D?B7 N7D= :?I;8KJ :;D=7D ?FEJ;I?I ?D? K=7 :?:KAKD= EB; IK7JK A;DN7J77D 87M7
I?D7H 8;J7 N7D= :?F7D97HA7D EB; IK7JK ?DJ? 7:7B7 F7HJ?A;B N7D= C7II7 :7D CK7J7DDN7 I7C7 :;D=7D ;B;AJHED
2. Hipotesis Proton-Neutron
7:7:K7EH7D=7B? ?I?A7:7H?;HC7D8;HD7C75:.+:7D +1+8 C;D;CKA7D IK7JK =;7B7 N7D= C;D7:? J?J?A J;H7D= :7B7C
C;D=KD=A7FA7D H77I?7 ?DJ? 7JEC ;B7BK? F;H9E877DDN7 A;:K7 7B? ?D? C;D;C87A? A;F?D= 8;H?B?KC :;D=7D F7HJ?A;B 7B7 N7D= :?F;HEB; :7H?
I7CF;BFEBED?KC ;D;C87A7D?D?J;HDN7J7C;D=7I?BA7DF7D97H7DH7:?7I? N7D= :7F7J C;D;C8KI 877D877D :;D=7D CK:7 A7H;D7 H7:?7I? J?:7A
8;HCK7J7D 5:.+ :7D +1+8 C;D=7D==7F H7:?7I? ?D? 8;HKF7 I?D7H =7CC7 7CKDJ;H:7F7JF;H8;:77D7DJ7H7:7N7J;C8KII?D7H?D?:;D=7D
:7N7 J;C8KI I?D7H =7CC7
7:7
3+9 .=1 P C;D=KIKBA7D IK7JK ?FEJ;I?I J;DJ7D= IJHKAJKH ?DJ? 7JEC 8;H:7I7HA7D F7:7 7I?B F;H9E877D
5:.+:7D+1+8 ;DKHKJ.=1 H7:?7I?N7D=:?F7D97HA7D
EB;A;F?D=8;H?B?KC7:7B7IK7JKF7HJ?A;BN7D=J?:7A8;HCK7J7DD;JH7B N7D= :?D7C7A7D D;KJHED I;HJ7 C7CFK C;D;C8KI 877D877D :;D=7D
CK:7 ;KJHED C;C?B?A? C7II7 N7D= 7CF?H I7C7 :;D=7D FHEJED :7D C;C;HBKA7D;D;H=?I;8;I7H;0KDJKA:7F7JC;D=;BK7HA7DD;KJHED
:7H? A;F?D= 8;H?B?KC -?D7H =7CC7 C;C;HBKA7D ;D;H=? I;8;I7H ;0 KDJKA C;D?C8KBA7D ;;A N7D= I7C7 :;D=7D D;KJHED
7I?B ;AIF;H?C;D C;DKDKAA7D 87M7 D;KJHED 8KA7DB7 F7HJ?A;B N7D=IJ78?B?A78;H7:7:?BK7H?DJ?7JEC ;KJHEDC;BKHKI;97H7H7:?E7AJ?
C;D7:? FHEJED ;B;AJHED :7D ?DJ? D;KJHED :;D=7D KCKH H7J7H7J7 C;D?J 7I?B F;H9E877D C;DKDKAA7D C7II7 D;KJHED I;8;I7H
IC7 7J7K I7C7 :;D=7D Q
P
A= HEJED :7D D;KJHED 7A?HDN7 :?J;H?C7 I;87=7? F7HJ?A;B :7I7H N7D= C;C8;DJKA ?DJ? 7JEC ;:K7DN7
:?I;8KJ DKAB;ED
3. Partikel Penyusun Inti
KCB7DKAB;EDN7D=J;H:7F7J:?:7B7C?DJ?IK7JK7JEC:?B7C87D=A7D :;D=7D
:7D :?D7C7A7D DECEH C7II7 :7FKD KCB7 FHEJED :?B7C87D=A7D
N7D= 8;H7HJ? DECEH 7JEC 7:? I;8K7 ?DJ? 7JEC :7F7J :?B7C87D=A7D I;87=7? 8;H?AKJ
2 P
;J;H7D=7D DECEHC7II7KCB7D;KJHED:7DFHEJED
2 B7C87D= KDIKH DECEH7JEC
KCB7 D;KJHED 1
.;DJKA7DKCB7FHEJEDD;KJHED:7DDECEHC7II7:7H?7JEC =
?A;J7K?JEC8EHEDJ;H:?H?:7H?FHEJEDDECEH7JEC:7D
DECEHC7II7 7:?KCB7D;KJHEDDN7
PD;KJHED
Contoh
10.1
Eksperimen Rutherford menyatakan bahwa inti atom memiliki diameter
sekitar 10
–15
sampai 10
–14
m. Dari teori kinetik dan khususnya analisis
Einstein tentang gerak Browman, diameter atom memiliki ukuran
sekitar 10
–10
m. Itu artinya elektron akan terlihat berjarak sekitar 10.000
sampai 100.000 kali lipat ukuran inti diukur dari inti atom tersebut jika
inti diibaratkan bola baseball, atom akan memiliki diameter seukuran
kota yang berdiameter beberapa kilometer. Jadi, sebuah atom
sebagian besar berupa ruang kosong.
Rutherford’s experiments suggested that the nucleus must have a radius
of about 10
–5
to 10
–14
m. From kinetic theory, and especially Einstein’s
analysis of Browman movement, the radius of atoms was estimated to be
about 10
–10
m. Thus the electrons would seem to be at a distance from
the nucleus of about 10,000 to 100,000 times the radius of the nucleus itself
if the nucleus were the size of a baseball, the atom would have the
diameter of a big city several kilometers across. So an atom would
be mostly empty space.
Informasi
untuk Anda
Information for You
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7:7 I;8K7 7JEC D;JH7B KCB7 ;B;AJHED;B;AJHED N7D= C;D=EH8?J :? I;A;B?B?D= ?DJ? 7JEC I7C7 :;D=7D KCB7 DECEH C7II7 B; A7H;D7
?JKCK7J7DF7:7;B;AJHEDI7C7J;J7F?8;HB7M7D7DJ7D:7:;D=7DCK7J7D I;8K7 FHEJED -?7JI?7J KJ7C7 IK7JK 7JEC :?J;DJKA7D EB; KCB7
;B;AJHEDDN7 7:? C;D;DJKA7D ;D?I 7JECDN7 D:;AI N7D= :?87=?7D
87M7 A7:7D=A7:7D= J?:7A :?JKB?I I;?D==7 ?DJ? :?JKB?I KAB?:7 :7F7J :?AB7I??A7I?A7D 8;H:7I7HA7D A;IJ78?B7D :7D
A;F7:7J7DDN7 :? 7B7C I;HJ7 8;H:7I7HA7D A;I7C77D :7D
;H:7I7HA7D A;IJ78?B7DDN7 DKAB?:7 J;H87=? C;D7:? DKAB?:7 IJ78?B :7D H7:?EDKAB?:7
7 KAB?:7 IJ78?B N7?JK DKAB?:7 N7D= C;C?B?A?
:7D J;J7F 9EDJE 8
,7:?EDKAB?:7 N7?JK DKAB?:7 N7D= C;C?B?A? :7D N7D= :7F7J
8;HK87 KAB?:7?D?J?:7AIJ78?B:7DI;97H7IFEDJ7DC;BKHKC;D7:? DKAB?:7 B7?D ,7:?EDKAB?:7 J;H:?H? 7J7I H7:?EDKAB?:7 7JEC FH?C;H
H7:?EDKAB?:7 7JEC I;AKD:;H H7:?EDKAB?:7 7JEC J;HI?;H :7D H7:?EDKAB?H
;H:7I7HA7DKCB7 :7DDKAB?:7:7F7J:?=EBED=A7DC;D7:?
?IEJEF?IEJED?IE87H:7D?IEC;H 7
IEJEF N7?JK KCB7 DKAB?:7DKAB?:7 N7D= C;C?B?A? I7C7 J;J7F?
8;H8;:7 9EDJEDN7 8
IEJEDN7?JKDKAB?:7N7D=C;C?B?A?KCB7D;KJHEDI7C7J;J7F?DECEH C7II7 8;H8;:7 9EDJEDN7
9 IE87HN7?JKDKAB?:7DKAB?:7N7D=C;C?B?A?
I7C7J;J7F?8;H8;:7 KAB?:7 ?D? KCKCDN7 C;HKF7A7D DKAB?:7DKAB?:7 9;HC?D
: IEC;H ?DJ? N7?JK DKAB?:7 N7D= C;C?B?A?
:7D I7C7 I;HJ7 I?7J A?C?7 N7D= I7C7 J;J7F? J?D=A7J ;D;H=?DN7 8;H8;:7 EDJE
- C;C?B?A? J?=7 ?IEC;H N7?JK
C C
-8 -8 -8 ;H7J?A7D 38 DJKA 7JEC ?:HE=;D 8?7I7 :?JKB?I
?I?D?DECEH7JEC:7DDECEHC7II7I7C7A7H;D7J?:7AJ;H:7F7JD;KJHED DJ? 7JEC N7D= J;H:?H? 7J7I FHEJED :7D D;KJHED :7F7J C;D;H7D=A7D
A;7:77D ?IEJEF
4. Stabilitas Inti
-J78?B?J7I ?DJ? 7JEC 8;H=7DJKD= A;F7:7 KCB7 FHEJED :7D KCB7 D;KJHED 38
C;CF;HB?7JA7DK8KD=7D7DJ7H7KCB7D;KJHED
PJ;H7:7FKCB7FHEJEDKDJKAI;CK7DKAB?:7?DJ?7JEC8;I;HJ7 ?IEJEFDN7 87?A KDJKA ?DJ? IJ78?B C7KFKD ?DJ? J7A IJ78?B :;D=7D
F;H87D:?D=7D DJKA ?DJ? 7JEC N7D= IJ78?B 8;HB7AK 7B7B 8;H?AKJ
7 DJ??DJ?7JECN7D=F7B?D=H?D=7DC;C?B?A?KCB7FHEJED:7DD;KJHED
N7D= 7CF?H I7C7 8
DJ?7JECN7D=B;8?8;H7JC;C;HBKA7DB;8?87DN7AD;KJHED:7H?F7:7 FHEJED DJ? 7JEC N7D= F7B?D= 8;H7J C;C?B?A? KCB7 D;KJHED I;A?J7H
7J7K B;8? 87DN7A 9
;87DN7A7D :7H? ?DJ? 7JEC ?JK C;C?B?A? KCB7 FHEJED :7D D;KJHED 8;HKF7 8?B7D=7D =;D7F EDJEDN7 F7HJ?A;B 7B7 :K7 D;KJHED :7D
:K7 FHEJED C;C8;DJKA AEC8?D7I? N7D= I7D=7J IJ78?B
Gambar 10.1
Isotop hidrogen
Gambar 10.2
Diagram kestabilan inti N-Z Z = N
hidrogen biasa
deuterium tritium
proton neutron
elektron
140 130
120
100 9 0
8 0 7 0
6 0 5 0
4 0 3 0
2 0 1 0
9 0 8 0
7 0 6 0
5 0 4 0
3 0 2 0
1 0 Nomor proton Z
Nomor neutron N
Sumber: Konsep Fisika Modern, 1983
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DJKA ?DJ? 7JEC N7D= J?:7A IJ78?B 8;HB7AK 7B7B 8;H?AKJ 7
;I?DJ;=H7I?9;D:;HKD=C;D=7I?BA7D?DJ?7JEC87HKN7D=B;8?:;A7J A; =7H?I IJ78?B?J7I :7D J;HKI 8;HB7D=IKD= ?D==7 J;H8;DJKA ?DJ? IJ78?B
8 DJ? 7JEC :? 7J7I =7H?I A;IJ78?B7D C;C?B?A? A;B;8?7D D;KJHED :7D
9;D:;HKD= C;BKHK :;D=7D C;C7D97HA7D F7HJ?A;B 8;J7 9
DJ? N7D= J;HB;J7A :? I;8;B7 87M7 =7H?I IJ78?B?J7I C;BKHK I;?D==7 DECEH 7JECDN7 8;HAKH7D= ;H87D:?D=7D KCB7 D;KJHED :7D
FHEJEDDN7 8;HJ7C87 8;I7H 7:7 ?DJ? 7JEC 8;H7J ?D? J;H7:? :;D=7D C;C7D97HA7D F7HJ?A;B 7B7
7:? ?A7 ?DJ? 7JEC :? I;8;B7 A?H? C;BKHK C;C7D97HA7D F7HJ?A;B 8;J7DECEH7JEC?DJ?8;HJ7C87I7JK:7DDECEHC7II7J;J7F
2 2
EDJE :7H? F;D7C877D ?DJ? 7JEC 7A?87J F;C7D97H7D 8;J7 7:7B7 -H
3 ?A7?DJ?I;8;B7A7D7DC;BKHK7A7DC;C7D97HA7DFEI?JHED ECEH
7JEC ?DJ? 8;HAKH7D= I7JK I;:7D=A7D DECEH 7JEC C7II7 J;J7F 2
2 HEJED :7D D;KJHED N7D= C;C8;DJKA ?DJ? 7JEC C;D=?AKJ? FH?DI?F
+ B7H7D=7D ? :7B7C ?DJ? 7JEC KDJKA I;J?7F J?D=A7J ;D;H=? N7D= :?F;H8EB;A7D 7DN7 :7F7J :?J;CF7J? :K7 FHEJED :;D=7D IF?D
:7D I;HJ7 :K7 8K7 D;KJHED :;D=7D IF?D
:7D -7C7 7BDN7
:;D=7D J?D=A7J ;D;H=? 7JEC J?D=A7JJ?D=A7J ;D;H=? :7B7C ?DJ? :??I? C;DKHKJ 7JKH7D J;HJ;DJK 7=7H :?F;HEB; IKIKD7D ;D;H=? C?D?CKC
-;87=7? 9EDJE :?F;HB?7JA7D :?7=H7C J?D=A7J ;D;H=? 8;8;H7F7 ?IEJEF :? 7DJ7H7DN7
:7D 38 C;CF;HB?7JA7D :?7=H7C J?D=A7J ;D;H=? N7D=
:?I;:;H7D7A7D KDJKA 8;8;H7F7 ?IEJEF 8EHED :7D A7H8ED H?DI?F ;AIBKI? C;C87J7I? KCB7 F;D=KD? I;J?7F J?D=A7J F7:7 :K7 D;KJHED 8;HIF?D
8;HB7M7D7D :7D :K7 FHEJED 8;HIF?D 8;HB7M7D7D DJ? C7DJ7F C;C?B?A? AED?=KH7I? :;D=7D ;D;H=? C?D?CKC
5. Energi Ikat Inti
7:7 87=?7D 7M7B J;B7 :?877I 87M7 ?DJ? 7JEC J;H:?H? 7J7I FHEJED :7D D;KJHED N7D= :?I;8KJ I;87=7? DKAB;ED -;7HKIDN7 C7II7 IK7JK ?DJ?
7JECC;HKF7A7DKCB7C7II7FHEJED:?J7C87C7II7D;KJHEDN7D=7:7 :? :7B7C ?DJ? J;HI;8KJ A7D J;J7F? :7H? F;D=KAKH7DF;D=KAKH7D N7D=
:?B7AKA7D C;DKDKAA7D 87M7 C7II7 IK7JK 7JEC J;HDN7J7 AKH7D= :7H? KCB7 C7II7 FHEJED :7D D;KJHED N7D= C;C8;DJKA ?DJ? J;HI;8KJ
EDJEDN7 7:7B7 ?DJ? ;B?KC DJ?;B?KCJ;H:?H?7J7I
FHEJED:7D
D;KJHED 7II7;B?KCI;7HKIDN7
C7II7
QD;KJHED
Q
IC7
IC7 C7II7
QFHEJED
QIC7
IC7 KCB7C7II7
; IC7
Gambar 10.3
Tingkat energi beberapa isotop mantap
mantap tidak
mantap E
mantap mantap
neutron proton
10 5
B
11 5
B
12 5
B
12 6
C
13 6
C E
Sumber: Konsep Fisika Modern, 1983
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262
7H? F;D=KAKH7D J;H7:7F C7II7 ?DJ? ;B?KC J;HDN7J7 C7II7 ?DJ? ;B?KC 7:7B7
IC7 D? 8;H7HJ? J;H:7F7J A;AKH7D=7D C7II7 I;8;I7H
IC7 .;H7:?DN7 A;AKH7D=7D C7II7 ?D? :?I;878A7D EB; DKAB;ED N7D= C;C8;DJKA ?DJ? C;C;HBKA7D ;D;H=? KDJKA I7B?D= C;D=?A7J I;IK7?
:;D=7D C7II7 :7D ;D;H=? C;DKHKJ ?DIJ;?D N7?JK
7:? C7II7 2
QC7II7FHEJEDPC7II7C7II7;B;AJHED ;;A C7II7 F7:7 F;C8;DJKA7D DKAB?:7 2
7:7B7 2
P 7II7 ;B;AJHED C;D:;A7J? DEB I;?D==7 +8934 ?
:7F7J :?JKB?I
2 P
D;H=?N7D=:?F;HEB;:7H?A;AKH7D=7DC7II7J;HI;8KJI;IK7?:;D=7D K8KD=7D C7II7 :7D ;D;H=? C;DKHKJ F;HI7C77D ?DIJ;?D
P ;J;H7D=7D
;D;H=? ?A7J ?DJ? EKB; A;9;F7J7D 977N7 C
I
:;;A C7II7 A= ?A7?B7D=DN7C7II7F7:7FHEI;IF;C8;DJKA7D?DJ?I7C7:;D=7DIC7
8;I7HDN7 ;D;H=? N7D= ?B7D= ;A?L7B;D :;D=7D IC7
P
A=
IC7 ;0
7II7 I;8;I7H IC7 ;A?L7B;D :;D=7D ;D;H=? ;0 7:? ;0
P :7D ;D;H=? ?A7J F7:7 DKAB?:7 2
7:7B7 5
1 P
2 6;0
IC7
P ?A7
C7A7 F;HI7C77D J;HI;8KJ :7F7J :?JKB?I 5
P P
2 6;0
IC7
P ;J;H7D=7D
;D;H=? ?A7J ?DJ? ;0 C7II7 D;KJHED IC7
C7II7FHEJEDIC7 C7II7 ;B;AJHED IC7
:7D DECEH7JEC:7DDECEHC7II7 2
C7II7?DJ?7JEC D;H=? ?A7J ?DJ? 8;BKC :7F7J C;D==7C87HA7D A;IJ78?B7D DKAB?:7
;HA?H77D J;DJ7D= A;IJ78?B7D ?DJ? :7F7J :?B7AKA7D :;D=7D C;C;H7J?A7D 7H=7 ;D;H=? ?A7J H7J7H7J7 F;H DKAB;ED
+2
7II7HEJED;KJHED:7DB;AJHED
+2
7II7;8;H7F7IEJEF
3 352
99 93
;KJHED HEJED
;KJHED .H?JED
;B?KC ;B?KC
B7 ?J?KC
?
?J?KC ?
;H?BB?KC ;
;H?BB?KC ;
EHED EHED
7H8ED 7H8ED
7H8ED
+2
7II7;8;H7F7IEJEF
8:1+2 1-
93 +
FHEJED Q
P
D;KJHED Q
P
;B;AJHED Q
P
95:56 352
99 93
;KJHED D
?:HE=;D ;KJ;H?KC
.H?J?KC ;B?KC
;
7H8ED ;I?
;
.;C87=7
K
HNFJED
H
7H?KC
H
H7D?KC 7II7?IEJEF
7:7B7
IC7 .;DJKA7D;D;H=??A7J?DJ? ?A7C7II77JEC
IC7:7DC7II7D;KJHEDIC7
Contoh
10.2
Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998
Sumber: Physics for Scientist and Engineers, 2000
Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998
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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas
263 =
?A;J7K? IC7
IC7 IC7
5 P
P 6;0
IC7
5
PP
6;0
IC7 IC7;0
IC7
;0
7:?;D;H=??A7JF;HDKAB;EDDN7 ;0
;0
-;C7A?D8;I7H;D;H=??A7JH7J7H7J7F;HDKAB;ED A;IJ78?B7DDN77A7DI;C7A?DJ?D==?A7H;D7:?F;HBKA7D
;D;H=? N7D= 8;I7H KDJKA C;C8ED=A7HDN7 H7?A ;D;H=? ?A7J F;H DKAB;ED J;H7:7F DECEH C7II7
8;H87=7? ?DJ? :7F7J D:7 F;H7J?A7D F7:7 38 ;H:7I7HA7D=H7?AJ;HI;8KJ:7F7J:?I?CFKBA7D
87M7 7
KDJKA 7H=7 N7D= A;9?B ;D;H=? ?A7JDN7 A;9?B
:7D D7?A 9;F7J I;IK7? :;D=7D F;HJ7C877D 8
KDJKA 7H=7 :?I;A?J7H ;D;H=? ?A7J
C7AI?CKCDN7 7CF?H J?:7A 8;HJ7C87 N7?JK ;0:7DJKHKDC;D7:?;0KDJKA
9 KDJKA7H=7
:?7J7I;D;H=??A7JDN7JKHKD ?D==7 C;D97F7? ;0
6. Gaya Inti
7N7?DJ?8;HI?7JI7B?D=C;DEB7AF7:77D=A7K7DI7D=7JF;D:;A:7D I7B?D= C;D7H?A F7:7 7H7A DKAB;ED N7D= 7=7A 7K ?A7 J?:7A :;C?A?7D
DKAB;ED :7B7C ?DJ? 7A7D C;DN7JK -?7JI?7J =7N7 ?DJ? 7DJ7H7 B7?D 7
=7N7 ?DJ? C;C?B?A? FH?DI?F :7I7H N7D= 8;H8;:7 :;D=7D =7N7 =H7L?J7I? C7KFKD =7N7 9EKBEC8
8 =7N7 ?DJ? J?:7A 8;H=7DJKD= F7:7 CK7J7D B?IJH?A I;?D==7 8;I7HDN7
=7N7 7DJ7H7 FHEJEDFHEJED 7J7K D;KJHED 7:7B7 I7C7 9
=7N7 ?DJ? 8;A;H7 F7:7 7H7A N7D= I7D=7J F;D:;A N7?JK I;A?J7H
P
C7J7K;HC? :
=7N7 ?DJ? I7D=7J 8;I7H I;?D==7 :?F;HBKA7D ;D;H=? I;8;I7H ;0 KDJKA C;C?I7A7D :K7 8K7 ;B;AJHED
Gambar 10.4
Grafik energi ikat per nukleon terhadap nomor massa berbagai
inti.
Kata Kunci
• isotop • hipotesis proton-elektron
• hipotesis proton-neutron • nomor atom
• nomor massa • nuklida
• defek massa • energi ikat inti
;B7IA7D:;D=7DI?D=A7J;;AF;D==78KD=7DDKAB;ED J;H7:7FC7II7?DJ?7JECN7D=J;H8;DJKA
.;DJKA7D87DN7AFHEJEDD;KJHED:7D;B;AJHED:7B7C 7JEC7JEC8;H?AKJ
7
;
:
,8
8 -?
;
C
9
B
7II7?DJ?
=
7:7B7
IC7 7II7DKAB;ED 8;87I7:7B7C7II7FHEJEDIC7:7DC7II7D;KJHED
IC7 IC7;0
Tes Kompetensi Subbab
A
+80142.6;1;2:.4
7 .;DJKA7DIKIKJC7II7DN7:;;AC7II7
8 .;DJKA7D;D;H=??A7J?DJ?DN7
7 D;H=? ?A7J
;
7:7B7 ;0 7H?B7 C7II77JECDN7
8 7D7A7?DJ?N7D=B;8?C7DJ7F
?
7J7K
?
; 7J7K ;
7H?B7:;;AC7II7;D;H=??A7J?DJ?:7D;D;H=??A7J F;HDKAB;EDKDJKA7JEC
BA, MeV per nukleon
nomor massa A 200
100 5
1 0
2
H
6
Li
9
Be
11
B
14
N
19
F
75
As
125
Te
4
He
12
C
20
Ne
35
Cl
56
Fe
89
Y
110
Cd
141
Pr
160
Dy
197
Au
180
Hf
209
Bi
238
U
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B. Radioaktivitas
1. Sejarah Penemuan Radioaktif
;7B7 H7:?E7AJ? ?D? :?J;CKA7D EB; +48 +7;+8+2 F7:7 I;97H7 J?:7A I;D=77 7 I;:7D= C;D;B?J? I?7J
:7D + F7:7=7H7CKH7D?KCN7D=:?I?D7H?:;D=7DI?D7H2
++ 0 + + ?I7BDN7 F7:7 H7C8KH7C8K B7BK B?DJ7I N7D= 8;HI?D7H ?A7
J;HA;D7 IEHEJ7D B7CFK 7H7C KH7D?KC N7D= :?F;H=KD7A7D +7;+8+2 :?B;J7AA7D F7:7
8KD=AKI7DFB7JEIEH;I;DI?:7D:?;CKH:?87M7I?D7H7J77H? ;J?A7 FB7J EIEH;I;DI? :?9K9? 7J7K :?FHEI;I F7:7 ?BC D;=7J? J;HDN7J7 J;H:7F7J
FEB7 ?J7C I;IK7? 8;DJKA AH?IJ7BDN7 +7;+8+2 C;DN?CFKBA7D 87M7 H7:?7I?N7D=C;D=?J7CA7DFB7JFEJH;J8KA7DB78;H7I7B:7H?977N7BK7H
C;B7?DA7D8;H7I7B:7H?=7H7C?JKI;D:?H? B;I;878?JK=;7B7?D?:?I;8KJ =;7B7 H7:?E7AJ? 7J7K H7:?E7AJ?L?J7I
2. Jenis-Jenis Radioaktif
7H? F;D;CK7D +7;+8+2 87DN7A ?BCKM7D N7D= A;CK:?7D C;D;B?J? J;DJ7D= I?D7H H7:?E7AJ? ?D? I7B7 I7JKDN7 7:7B7 84+9: ;:.+8,58 7:7
?7 :;D=7D FEIJKB7JDN7 C;DN7J7A7D 87M7 H7:?E7AJ? 8KA7D 7DN7 :?I;878A7D EB; F;HK877D N7D= 8;HI?7J 7JEC?I C;B7?DA7D F;C7D97H7D
H7:?E7AJ? 8;HB7D=IKD= 8;HI7C77D :;D=7D F;HK877D J;HI;8KJ ;:.+8,58 C;CF;HB?7JA7D7:7DN7:K7C797CH7:?7I?N7D=A;BK7H:7H?KH7D?KC:;D=7D
97H7 C;D=KAKH AK7J 7HKI B?IJH?A N7D= J?C8KB EB; 7:7DN7 ?ED?I7I? K:7H7
7:7 8+ ;8+ :7D IK7C?DN7 +88+ ;8+ C;D;CKA7D
:K7 KDIKH H7:?E7AJ? N7D= :?I;8KJ FEBED?KC :7D H7:?KC ;H:7I7HA7D J;H7:?DN7 I?D7H H7:?E7AJ? ?D? C7A7 H7:?E7AJ?L?J7I :7F7J :?8;:7A7D
C;D7:? :K7 A7J;=EH? 7DJ7H7 B7?D 7
H7:?E7AJ? 7B7C?7 N7?JK F;C7D97H7D I?D7H H7:?E7AJ? N7D= J;H7:? I;97H7 IFEDJ7D 7A?87J J?:7A IJ78?BDN7 ?DJ? 7JEC
8 H7:?E7AJ? 8K7J7D N7?JK F;C7D97H7D I?D7H H7:?E7AJ? N7D= 8;H7I7B
:7H? ?DJ??DJ? IJ78?B N7D= :?=7D==K A;IJ78?B7DDN7 :;D=7D 97H797H7 J;HJ;DJK ?D==7 C;D7:? ?DJ? N7D= J?:7A IJ78?B
-7B7I7JK;D?IH7:?7I?N7D=CK:7:?I;H7F7:7B7I?D7H7B7 ,7:?7I?
B7?DN7D=C;C?B?A?:7N7J;C8KIB;8?8;I7H:?D7C7A7DI?D7H8;J7 I;HJ7
I;8K7 F7D7D= =;BEC87D= N7D= F;D:;A :?I;8KJ I?D7H =7CC7 D:7 :7F7J C;D=;J7K? A7H;AJ;H?IJ?A I?D7H
I?D7H :7D I?D7H C;B7BK? F;C8?7I7D H7:?7I? :;D=7D J78KD= ;?=;H KBB;H ;H7J?A7D
38
;J?A7 IKC8K H7:?E7AJ? :?J;CF7JA7D F7:7 I7B7 I7JK KKD= C;:7D C7=D;J :7D J78KD= F7:7 KKD= N7D= B7?D J;HDN7J7 I?D7H
:?8?7IA7DA;F?H?D=7DD;=7J?:7DI?D7H 7A7D:?8?7IA7DA;F?H?D=7DFEI?J?
7:? :7F7J :?I?CFKBA7D 87M7 I?D7H 8;HCK7J7D FEI?J?
7J7K ;
I?D7H 8;HCK7J7DD;=7J?
7J7K ; I;:7D=A7DI?D7H D;JH7B
;H?AKJ ?D? 7A7D :?;B7IA7D F;C7D97H7D I?D7H 7B7 I?D7H 8;J7
:7D I?D7H =7CC7
a. Pemancaran Sinar Alfa
7II7 C7KFKD CK7J7D I?D7H 7B7 ?:;DJ?A :;D=7D ?DJ? ;B?KC ; ?A7 IK7JK O7J H7:?E7AJ? C;C7D97HA7D I?D7H 7B7 DECEH 7JEC O7J ?JK
Gambar 10.6
Dalam medan magnet, hanya sinar yang tidak dibelokkan.
sumber radioaktif
radium sumber
magnet kuat
ratemeter P
Q
Gambar 10.5
Pengujian pembiasan sinar dalam medan magnet.
Sumber: Physics for ‘O’ Level, 1990
Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998
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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas
265
7A7D 8;HAKH7D=
:7H? DECEH 7JEC ?D:KADN7 :7D DECEH C7II7DN7 7A7D 8;HAKH7D= -;97H7KCKCH;7AI?F;C7D97H7D7B7
:7F7J:?JKB?IA7D I;87=7? 8;H?AKJ
2 2
EDJE 2
b. Pemancaran Sinar Beta
K7J7D :7D C7II7 I?D7H I7C7 :;D=7D ;B;AJHED 7B ?D? A7H;D7
I?D7H 8;J7 J?:7A B7?D 7:7B7 ;B;AJHED :?8;H? B7C87D= 7J7K
; -;IK7?:;D=7DKAKC;A;A7B7DECEH7II7:7DECEHJECIK7JK
?DJ??D:KAN7D=I;97H7IFEDJ7DC;C7D97HA7DI?D7H 7A7DC;D=7I?BA7D
?DJ?7D7AN7D=DECEHC7II7DN7J;J7F:7DDECEH7JECDN78;HJ7C87I7JK -;97H7 KCKC H;7AI? F;C7D97H7D
:?JKB?I I;87=7? 8;H?AKJ 2
3 ,
EDJE ,
:;D=7D , 7:7B7 D;KJH?DE
c. Pemancaran Sinar Gamma
;H8;:7 7BDN7 :;D=7D F;C7D97H7D I?D7H :7D I?D7H N7D=
C;C7D97HA7D F7HJ?A;B 8;HCK7J7D F;C7D97H7D I?D7H 8KA7DB7 8;H8;DJKA F7HJ?A;B J;J7F? =;BEC87D= ;B;AJHEC7=D;J?A ?A7 F7:7
F;C7D97H7D I?D7H :7D J;H7:? F;HK877D IJHKAJKH KCB7 FHEJED
:7DD;KJHEDF7:7F;C7D97H7DI?D7H J;H7:?F;HK877DIKIKD7DF7HJ?A;B F7HJ?A;B F;C8;DJKA ?DJ? 7JEC -?D7H J?:7A C;C?B?A? C7II7 C7KFKD
CK7J7D B; A7H;D7 ?JK DKAB?:7 J;H;AI?J7I? N7D= C;C7D97HA7D I?D7H J?:7A C;D=7B7C? F;HK877D DECEH 7JEC C7KFKD DECEH C7II7
;C7D97H7D I?D7H :?7M7B? EB; ?DJ? ?D:KA N7D= I;97H7 IFEDJ7D
C;C7D97HA7D I?D7H :7D C;C8;DJKA ?DJ? 87HK
N7D= 8;H7:7 :7B7C A;7:77D;AI?J7I? -;B7DKJDN7?DJ?87HK:7B7CA;7:77D;AI?J7I??D?I;97H7
IFEDJ7D C;C7D97HA7D I?D7H KDJKA C;D7:? ?DJ? IJ78?B FHEI;I
F;HK877D ?D? :?JKDKAA7D F7:7 38 ,;7AI? ?DJ? F;C7D97H7D I?D7H ?D? 8?7I7DN7 :?JKB?I I;87=7? 8;H?AKJ
2 3
EDJE ;I?CFKB7D:7H?A7H7AJ;H?IJ?AI?D7HH7:?E7AJ?N7?JKI?D7H
I?D7H :7D I?D7H :?JKDKAA7D F7:7 +2 7N7 J;C8KI I?D7H
I?D7H :7D I?D7H C7I?D=C7I?D= :?JKDKAA7D F7:7 38
– –
1,015 MeV
0,834 MeV
Gambar 10.7
Pemancaran dan
dalam peluruhan
27 12
Mg dan
27 13
Al .
Carilah informasi mengenai pemanfaatan sinar
, , dan
.
Tugas Anda 10.1
sumber radioaktif kertas
aluminium
timbal
Gambar 10.8
Daya tembus partikel ,
, dan .
27 12
Al
27 12
Al
+2
7H7AJ;H?IJ?A-?D7H,7:?E7AJ?
;HJ7IJ?F?I KB?JC7DKI?7
BKC?D?KCCC .?C87BJ?F?I
+4948 51:,
+1923. 99
+39423 +4-4+:
+336;4 +3;9
;:4 B7
;J7 7CC7
DJ?;B?KC B;AJHED
,7:?7I?;B;AJHEC7=D;J?A EI?J?
;=7J? .?:7A8;HCK7J7D
;9?B ;I7H
.?:7A:?8?7IA7D ;I7H
,;D:7 .?:7A8;HC7II7
Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998
Sumber: Physics for ‘O’ Level, 1990
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266
3. Pelemahan Intensitas Sinar Radioaktif
?A7I?D7HH7:?E7AJ?:?B;M7JA7DF7:7I;8K7A;F?D=:;D=7DA;J;87B7D . J;HDN7J7 ?DJ;DI?J7I I?D7H H7:?E7AJ? I;8;BKC C;B;M7J? 877D
B;8? 8;I7H :7H?F7:7 I;J;B7 C;B;M7J? 877D
;B;C77D ?DJ;DI?J7I ?D? C;C;DK? F;HI7C77D
.
P ;J;H7D=7D
AE;?I?;D F;B;C77D 877D
C 8?B7D=7DD7JKH7B
-;7D:7?DN7?DJ;DI?J7II?D7HH7:?E7AJ?I;J;B7C;B;M7J?A;F?D=J?D==7B I;F7HK :7H? ?DJ;DI?J7I I?D7H H7:?E7AJ? I;CKB7
C7A7 +8934 ? :7F7J :?I;:;H7D7A7D C;D7:?
. .
.
BD BD
. P
. I;?D==7 :?F;HEB;
.
P 7H=7
. F7:7 +8934 ? :?I;8KJ +
0 7J7K B7F?I7D 7H=7 F7HK
-K7JKA;F?D=C;C?B?A?09C ;H7F7A78;I7H?DJ;DI?J7II?D7HH7:?E7AJ?I;J;B7 C;B;M7J?A;F?D=I;J;87B9C
= ?A;J7K? 0 9CQ
P
C .
9CQ
P
C C
C
C C
.
7:??DJ;DI?J7II?D7HH7:?E7AJ?I;J;B7C;B7BK?A;F?D=7:7B7
Contoh
10.3
4. Peluruhan Radioaktif Desintegrasi
;BKHK7D J;H7:? I;97H7 IFEDJ7D :7D J?:7A :7F7J :?AEDJHEB I;HJ7 :?F;D=7HK? EB; F;HI;DN7M77D A?C?7 :7D ?I?A7 I;F;HJ? F;D=7HK IKK
:7D J;A7D7D 7H? 7I?B F;D;B?J?7D :?F;HEB; 87M7 A;C7CFK7D IK7JK KDIKHKDJKAC;BKHK8;H8;:78;:7 :7KDIKHN7D=:7B7CM7AJKI?D=A7J
I;CK7 ?DJ?DN7 C;BKHK :7D 7:7 FKB7 N7D= C;BKHK :;D=7D B7C87J EDJEDN7I;KCB78;I7H?DJ?7JEC
:7H?IK7JKH7:?E?IEJEFN7D=C;BKHK C;C7D97HA7D F7HJ?A;BF7HJ?A;B
:7D I;HJ7 :??AKJ? F;C7D97H7D
Gambar 10.9
Pelemahan intensitas oleh bahan dengan ketebalan X.
X
Tokoh
Marie Curie
1867–1934
Marie Curie dilahirkan di Warsawa, Polandia. Nama aslinya adalah Marie
Sklodowska. Ia belajar Matematika, Fisika, dan Kimia di Paris. Marie
bersuamikan Pierre Curie seorang ahli fisika juga. Mereka bekerja sama dalam
meneliti radiasi yang dihasilkan oleh bahan radioaktif dan mereka berhasil
menemukan unsur thorium yang bersifat radioaktif. Pada 1898, mereka
menemukan dua unsur radioaktif baru, yaitu polonium dan radium. Untuk
keberhasilan ini, Marie dan Pierre Curie serta Henri Becquerel mendapat
hadiah Nobel untuk bidang Fisika pada 1903. Pada 1910, Marie berhasil
memisahkan radium murni dan mempelajari sifat-sifat kimianya. Untuk
hasil kerja kerasnya ini, Marie kembali mendapatkan hadiah Nobel yang kedua
dalam bidang kimia pada 1911. Marie meninggal tahun 1934 akibat kanker,
yang mungkin disebabkan ia terlalu lama berinteraksi dengan bahan-
bahan radioaktif.
Sumber: Science Encyclopedia, 1998
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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas
267
KCB7 H7J7H7J7 7JEC N7D= 7A7D C;BKHK :7B7C M7AJK 7:7B7
8;H87D:?D=BKHKI:;D=7DKCB77JEC I;?D==7:7F7J:?8;H?A7D:7B7C
F;HI7C77D P
:? C7D7 :?I;8KJ AEDIJ7DJ7 F;BKHK7D N7D= C;HKF7A7D A7H7AJ;H?IJ?A
:7H?IK7JKH7:?E?IEJEFJ;HJ;DJK .7D:7D;=7J?C;DKDKAA7D87M7KCB7 7JEC KDIKH ?D:KA 8;HAKH7D=
?A7 +8934 ? :??DJ;=H7I?A7D BD
:?F;HEB; ;
P ;J;H7D=7D
KCB7 ?DJ? H7:?E7AJ? CKB7CKB7 KCB7 ?DJ? H7:?E7AJ? N7D= C;BKHK F7:7 M7AJK
KCB7 N7D= C;BKHK F;H I7JK7D M7AJK 7:7B7 :?I;8KJ K=7
:;D=7D , :7H?IK7JKO7JH7:?E7AJ? +8934 ? :7F7J
K=7 :?JKB?I ;
7J7K ;
P :;D=7D
7AJ?L?J7I H7:?E7AJ? C;BKHK F7:7 M7AJK
a. Waktu Paruh
7:7 M7AJK 7AJ?L?J7I 8;HK87 C;D7:? I;J;D=7 7AJ?L?J7I CKB7CKB7 C7A7 M7AJK N7D= :?F;HBKA7D KDJKA F;BKHK7D :?I;8KJ
-+ + :7D :?I?D=A7J :;D=7D
7:? KDJKA +8934 ? C;D7:?
BD BD
I;?D==7 BD
P EDIJ7DJ7F;BKHK7D
:7F7J:?HKCKIA7D:;D=7D K8KD=7D
7DJ7H7 7AJ?L?J7I 7J7K KCB7 7JEC :;D=7D M7AJK F7HK :?BKA?IA7D F7:7 38
;D=7D C;C;H7J?A7D =H7?A F7:7 38 8;H7HJ? KDJKA 8;HB7AK
:;D=7D P
Gambar 10.10
Peluruhan inti atom
Gambar 10.11
Peluruhan unsur
23
Na dengan T
1 2
= jam. N = N
1 2
N N
N
1 4
N 1
8 N
1 16
N T
2T 3T
4T 5T
t 1 5
3 0 4 5
6 0 7 5
9 0 2
4 6
8 1 0
1 2 1 4
1 6 Aktivitas
10
3
Cmenit
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268
+8934 ? C;DKDKAA7D K8KD=7D 7DJ7H7 ?DJ? 7JEC N7D= 8;BKC C;BKHK ?DJ? I?I7
?DJ? CKB7CKB7 :7D A;B?F7J7D M7AJK
F7HK ?A7 I;J?7F HK7I :?A7B?A7D 7A7D :?:7F7JA7D
P ;J;H7D=7D
7AJ?L?J7I KDIKH I;J;B7 M7AJK 7AJ?L?J7I KDIKH CKB7CKB7
:;4 51::9 AJ?L?J7I =H7C
,7 :?DN7J7A7D I;87=7? I7JK7D H7:?E7AJ?L?J7I I;8;I7HKH?;? B;A7H;D7=H7C
,7C;D=7D:KD= 7JEC :;D=7D B7K F;BKHK7D F;H :;J?A I7C7 :;D=7D
P
C7A7 KH?; ?
:?I?DJ;=H7I?
I;AED -7JK7D - KDJKA H7:?E7AJ?L?J7I 7:7B7 ;9GK;H;B G N7D=
:?:;?D?I?A7D I;87=7? 7AJ?L?J7I :?I?DJ;=H7I?
I;AED ;D=7D :;C?A?7D ?
GG
?JKD=B7J;J7F7DF;BKHK7D:7H?F7HJ?A;BF;D=?EDN7D=C;C?B?A?M7AJKF7HKJ7KD =
?A;J7K? J7KD
;D=7DC;D==KD7A7DF;HI7C77D :?F;HEB;
J7KD
7:?J;J7F7DF;BKHK7D7:7B7
J7KD
Contoh
10.4
;BKHK7DH7:?E7AJ?C;HKF7A7DFHEI;IN7D=797AN7?JK?DJ?J;HI;8KJ C;BKHK I;97H7 J?:7A 8;HA7?J7D I7JK :;D=7D N7D= B7?DDN7 ;H?AKJ ?D?
:?F;HB?7JA7D B?C7 ;D?I F;BKHK7D H7:?E7AJ? 4:4;1
1+04 6+2;8;.4 4:41
F;BKHK7D =7CC7
F;C7D97H7D I?D7H =7CC7 F;BKHK7D
7B7 F;C7D97H7D F7HJ?A;B 7B7
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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas
269
F;BKHK7D 8;J7
F;D7D=A7F7D ;B;AJHED EB; D;KJHED DKAB?H
F;D7D=A7F7D ;B;AJHED
F;D7D=A7F7D ;B;AJHED EB; FHEJED DKAB?H
F;D7D=A7F7D ;B;AJHED
F;D7D=A7F7D FEI?JHED EB; FHEJED DKAB?H
FHEJEDCK7J7D ;B;AJHED CK7J7D P
D;KJHEDCK7J7D ;B;AJHED CK7J7D
Gambar 10.12
Lima jenis peluruhan radioaktif
= +
+ =
+ =
AJ?L?J7II;8K7IKC8;HH7:?E7AJ?8;HAKH7D= 87=?7D:7H?7AJ?L?J7I7M7BDN7:7B7C
I;B7D=M7AJK7C .;DJKA7DM7AJKF7HK:7DJ;J7F7DF;BKHK7DDN7 =
?A;J7K? 7C
DJKAC;D;DJKA7DM7AJKF7HK:7F7J:?=KD7A7DF;HI7C77D
C7A7 7C
7:?M7AJKF7HKIKC8;HH7:?E7AJ?7:7B77C DJKAC;D;DJKA7DJ;J7F7DF;BKHK7D:?=KD7A7DF;HI7C77D
7C
7:?J;J7F7DF;BKHK7DDN77:7B7
7C
Contoh
10.5
Gambar 10.13
Deret uranium
4. Deret Radioaktif
7B7C F;C7D97H7D I?D7H H7:?E7AJ? ?DJ? N7D= J;H7:? J?:7A B7D=IKD= C;D7:? ?DJ? IJ78?B :7D C7I? :7F7J C;C7D97HA7D I?D7H H7:?E7AJ? 7B
?D? 8;HB7D=IKD= I;97H7 J;HKIC;D;HKI I;?D==7 :?F;HEB; ?DJ? N7D= IJ78?B ?I7BDN7 F;BKHK7D
7A7D C;BKHK C;D7:? ?DJ? 7JEC . :7D
8;H7A?H F7:7 ?DJ? 7JEC 8 N7D= IJ78?B B; A7H;D7 :?CKB7? :7H?
KH7D?KC :;H;J ?D? :?I;8KJ :;H;J KH7D?KC
Sumber: Konsep Fisika Modern, 1983
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Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
270
:7FKD :;H;J7D F;BKHK7D :7D N7D= 8;HB7D=IKD= :7H? ?DJ?
?D:KAC;D7:??DJ?N7D=C7DJ7FI;87=7?7I?B7A?HKDJKA:;H;JKH7D?KC :?JKDKAA7D EB; 38
HEI;I F;BKHK7D H7:?E7AJ? 8;H7DJ7? C;D=?AKJ? IK7JK :;H;J H7:?E7AJ? :7 ;CF7J :;H;J H7:?E7AJ? I;F;HJ? J;H97DJKC F7:7 +2
+2
;H;J,7:?E7AJ?
D .EH?KC
. Q
8 D
;FJKD?KC F
Q ?
D H7D?KC
Q 8
D AJ?D?KC
Q 8
5358 99
+8+: 4;1
3;8 8;. .;4
85;14:6 1.8
5. Pengertian Dosis Serapan
-;F;HJ? :?;B7IA7D F7:7 7M7B 878 87M7 KDJKA C;D97F7? A;IJ78?B7DDN7I;J?7FKDIKHH7:?E7AJ?I;B7BKC;C7D97HA7DI?D7HH7:?E7AJ?
7B7C F;H7C87J7DDN7 I?D7H H7:?E7AJ? J;HI;8KJ C;C87M7 ;D;H=? ?A7 I?D7H H7:?E7AJ? ?D? C;D=;D7? IK7JK C7J;H? ;D;H=?DN7 7A7D :?I;H7F EB;
C7J;H? J;HI;8KJ ;H7J?A7D 38
7DN7ADN7;D;H=?H7:?7I?F;D=?EDN7D=:?I;H7FEB;C7J;H?F;HI7JK7D C7II7 J;HJ;DJK :?I;8KJ
-;97H7 C7J;C7J?I :?JKB?I P
;J;H7D=7D :EI?II;H7F
C7II7 C7J;H? F;DN;H7F ;D;H=? ;D;H=? H7:?7I?
-7JK7D :EI?I I;H7F :7B7C - 7:7B7 =H7N N ;D=7DN
A=H7:
-K7JKC7J;H?N7D=C7II7DN7=H7CC;DN;H7F;D;H=?H7:?7I?F;D=?ED8;HKF7I?D7H =7CC7I;8;I7H
Q
P
EKB; .;DJKA7DB78;I7H:EI?II;H7FC7J;H??JK =
?A;J7K? =H7CA=
Q
P
?JKD=8;I7HDN7:EI?II;H7F:7H?IK7JKC7J;H?N7D=C7II7DN7
=H7C?A7C7J;H? J;HI;8KJC;DN;H7F;D;H=?H7:?7I?F;D=?EDI;8;I7HQ
P
EKB;
A=
Q
P
A= 7:?8;I7H:EI?II;H7FC7J;H??JK7:7B7
Q
P
EKB;
A=7J7K
Q
P
=H7N
Contoh
10.6
Gambar 10.14
Energi radiasi yang diserap materi bermassa m.
sinar radioaktif m
Kata Kunci
• radioaktivitas • fluorisensi
• eksitasi • daya tembus
• peluruhan • waktu paruh
• aktivitas • dosis serap
Sumber: Konsep Fisika Modern, 1983
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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas
271
6. Pengukuran Radioaktivitas
-?D7H N7D= :?F7D97HA7D EB; KDIKH H7:?E7AJ? J?:7A :7F7J :?H7I7A7D EB; C7DKI?7 DJKA ?JK :?F;HBKA7D 7B7J N7D= :7F7J C;D=KAKH :7D
C;D:;J;AI? A;7AJ?7D IK7JK KDIKH 7J7K KDJKA C;D=;J7K? 7:7 :7D J?:7ADN7 I?D7HI?D7H H7:?E7AJ?
-?D7HN7D=:?F7D97HA7DEB;?DJ?KDIKHH7:?E7AJ?:7F7JC;D=?EDA7D 7JEC :7H? O7JO7J N7D= :?B7BK?DN7 B7J KDJKA C;D:;J;AI? :7D C;D=KAKH
A;7AJ?7D IK7JK KDIKH :?8K7J 8;H:7I7HA7D I?7J J;HI;8KJ ;8;H7F7 7B7J :;J;AI?I?D7HH7:?E7AJ?7:7B7;CKBI??BCFEJH;JF;D9797;?=;HKBB;H
A7C7H A78KJ 1?BIED :7D I?DJ?B7JEH
a. Emulsi Film Potret
-?D7H N7D= :?F7D97HA7D EB; KDIKH H7:?E7AJ? C;D=?EDA7D B7F?I7D ;CKBI? I;F7D7D= B?DJ7I7D N7D= :?B7BK?DN7 :? 7J7I F;HCKA77D ?BC FEJH;J
?A7 ?BC FEJH;J ?JK :?9K9? :7D :?9;J7A B?DJ7I7D I?D7H H7:?E7AJ? :7F7J :?B?7J :7D :?KAKH
b. Pencacah Geiger-Muller
;D9797 ;?=;HKBB;H :?I;8KJ K=7 F;D9797 ;?=;H + ;D9797 ;?=;H 7:7B7 7B7J KDJKA C;D=KAKH A;7AJ?7D KDIKH
H7:?E7AJ? ;D9797 ;?=;H C;HKF7A7D 7B7J :;J;AI? I?D7H H7:?E7AJ? N7D= F7B?D= 87DN7A :?=KD7A7D B7J F;D9797 ;?=;H :?JKDKAA7D F7:7
38
;H7B7J7D ?D? J;H:?H? 7J7I I;8K7 J78KD= I?B?D:;H J;H8K7J :7H? BE=7C ? :7B7C J78KD= :?F7I7D= I;8K7 A7M7J AED:KAJEH N7D= 7BKI 7M7J
?JK 8;HJ?D:7A I;87=7? A7JE:; :7D J78KD= I;87=7? 7DE:; .78KD= ?JK :??I? :;D=7D =7I 7J7K 97CFKH7D =7I :;D=7D J;A7D7D H;D:7 9C=
.78KD= :7D A7M7J :?8;H? 8;:7 FEJ;DI?7B A?H7A?H7 LEBJ KDJKA C;CF;H9;F7J?ED:7H?=7IN7D=J;H8;DJKA:?:7B7CJ78KD= -?D7HH7:?E7AJ?
N7D= C7IKA C;B7BK? ;D:;B7 J?F?I F7:7 I7B7 I7JK KKD= J78KD= 7A7D C;D=?EDA7D=7IN7D=8;H7:7:?:7B7CJ78KD= HKIB?IJH?AN7D=:?7I?BA7D
EB; ?ED N7D= J;H8;DJKA ?JK I7D=7J B;C7 A7D J;J7F? 8;:7 J;=7D=7D LEBJ7A7DC;CF;H9;F7J?ED?JK EDN7D=:?F;H9;F7J?JKC;D=?EDA7D
B7=? 7JEC7JEC =7I N7D= B7?D I;?D==7 7HKI B?IJH?A N7D= J;H7:? 9KAKF 8;I7H 7B7C M7AJK N7D= I?D=A7J 7HKI J;HFKJKI J;J7F? I;J?7F A7B? F7HJ?A;B
H7:?E7AJ? C7IKA A; :7B7C J78KD= J?C8KB FKBI7 7HKI B?IJH?A :7B7C H7D=A7?7D KBI7 ?D? :?F;HAK7J I;?D==7 :7F7J :?F7A7? KDJKA C;DN7B7A7D
H7D=A7?7D F;D9797 ;B;AJHED?A
c. Kamar Kabut Wilson
7C7HA78KJ1?BIED7:7B77B7JKDJKAC;B?7J:7DC;CEJH;JB?DJ7I7D F7HJ?A;B7B7N7D=C;B7BK?=7I B7J?JKJ;H:?H?7J7II?B?D:;HJ;HJKJKF:;D=7D
F?IJED 8;H?I? K:7H7 8;H97CFKH K7F 7?H ;DK 7J7K D?JHE=;D ;H7J?A7D 38 7:7 :?D:?D= 87=?7D :7B7C :?B;J7AA7D
KDIKH H7:?E7AJ? 7HJ?A;B 7B7 N7D= :?F7D97HA7D EB; KDIKH ?JK 7A7D
C;D=?EDA7DCEB;AKBCEB;AKB=7I:?:7B7CI?B?D:;H -;C;DJ7H7?JKF?IJED :?J7H?A A;BK7H I;?D==7 K7F ;DK J7:? 7A7D C;D:?D=?D I;97H7 J?87
J?87I;?D==78KJ?H8KJ?HK7F7?H:?:7B7CI?B?D:;HC;D7:?;DK ED?ED N7D= J;H8;DJKA I;F7D7D= B?DJ7I7D F7HJ?A;B 7B7 C;D7H?A 8KJ?H8KJ?H K7F
7?H:7D:7F7J:?B?7J7J7K:?FEJH;J?A7=7I:?:7B7CI?B?D:;H:?IEHEJ:;D=7D 977N7 B7CFK
Gambar 10.15
Pencacah Geiger-Muller
Gambar 10.16
Bagian-bagian alat pencacah Geiger-Muller
10
3
V
– +
jendela tipis gas
kawat elektrode anode
tabung dari logam katode
isolator
– +
Gambar 10.17
Kamar kabut Wilson
uap jejak ion
sumber radioaktif R
cahaya keping
gelas
pengisap P
Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998
Sumber: Physics for Scientist and
Engineers, 2000
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272
d. Sintilator Detektor Sintilasi
H?DI?F A;H7 I?DJ?B7JEH + 8;H:7I7HA7D BKEH;I;DI?
O7J N7D= :?J?C8KBA7D EB; I?D7H H7:?E7AJ? -?D7H H7:?E7AJ? :?7JKA7D A; F;HCKA77D B7N7H BKEH;I;DI? 77N7 N7D= :?F7D97HA7D EB; B7N7H
BKEH;I;DI? :?7JKA7D A; 7J7I F;HCKA77D BE=7C I;?D==7 F;HCKA77D BE=7C J;HI;8KJ C;D=;BK7HA7D ;B;AJHED ;CK:?7D ;B;AJHED J;HI;8KJ
:?7JKA7D A;C87B? A; 7J7I F;HCKA77D BE=7C A;:K7 E=7C A;:K7 C;D=;BK7HA7D ;B;AJHED B;8? 87DN7A :7H?F7:7 ;B;AJHED N7D= A;BK7H :7H?
F;HCKA77D BE=7C F;HJ7C7
;F?D=A;F?D= BE=7C N7D= :7F7J C;B?F7J=7D:7A7D ;B;AJHED J;H:7F7J :? :7B7C I;8K7 7B7J N7D= :?I;8KJ EJECKBJ?FB?;H
+ EJECKBJ?FB?;H7:7B77B7JKDJKAC;CF;HAK7JFKBI77HKIB?IJH?A HKIB?IJH?A
J;HI;8KJ 8;H7I7B :7H? J;C87A7D I?D7H H7:?E7AJ? :? 7J7I B7N7H BKEH;I;DI? KBI7 7HKI B?IJH?A A;CK:?7D :?I7BKHA7D A; 7B7J F;D97J7J I;F;HJ? F;D=;H7I
IK7H7 C;J;H IA7B7 :7D B7?DB7?D
Gambar 10.18
Diagram sintilator yang dilengkapi dengan fotomultiplier
-K7JK877DC;C?B?A?09C ?A7J;87B877D9C 8;H7F7?DJ;DI?J7II?D7HH7:?E7AJ?N7D=:?I;H7FEB;877D
J;HI;8KJ -;IK:7
7C I;F;H;D7C8;B7I 87=?7D IK7JK KDIKH
H7:?E7AJ?C7I?J;HI?I7 ?JKD=M7AJKF7HKKDIKH J;HI;8KJ
-;8K7EI?BJKB7D=8?D7J7D=:?J;CKA7DEB;I;EH7D= 7HA;EBE= -;J;B7:?J;B?J?J;HDN7J7C;D=7D:KD=I?I7
A7H8EDI;8;I7H
:?87D:?D=A7DA7H8EDF7:7 JKB7D=8?D7J7D=N7D=C7I??:KF ?A7M7AJKF7HK
A7H8EDP?JK J7KDJ;DJKA7DKCKHEI?B?JK
7II7KDIKH K H7:?E7AJ?N7D=C;BKHK7:7B7
Q
P
A= ?A77AJ?L?J7IKDIKHH7:?E7AJ??JK
Q GJ;DJKA7D8;I7HAEDIJ7DJ7F;BKHK7DDN7
;H7J?A7DH;7AI?F;BKHK7D8;H?AKJ 7
.;DJKA7DF7HJ?A;B:7DN7D=:?F7D97HA7D 7
-K7JKKDIKHH7:?E7AJ?C;C?B?A?M7AJKF7HK C;D?J ?JKD=AEDIJ7DJ7F;BKHK7DDN7
8 ?A7AEDIJ7DJ7F;BKHK7DIK7JK877DH7:?E7AJ?
P
A;7:?7D
I;AED 8;H7F7A7 M7AJK F7HKDN7
17AJKF7HK:7H?H7:ED7H? ;H7F7M7AJKN7D= :?F;HBKA7D7=7HJ;HI?I7
:7H?CKB7CKB7
partikel datang foton
kristal sintilasi
pulsa keluaran fotomultiplier
fotokatode
+400 V +800 V
+1200 V +1600 V
+200 V +600 V
+1000 V +1400 V
Tes Kompetensi Subbab
B
+80142.6;1;2:.4
C. Reaksi Inti
;7B7 H7:?E7AJ? 7:7B7 7AJ?L?J7I IK7JK ?DJ? C;D7:? ?DJ? B7?D 7D97H7D I?D7H
7DN7 C;D=KH7D=? DKAB;ED :7B7C ?DJ? :;D=7D :K7 FHEJED :7D :K7 D;KJHED :7FKD F7D97H7D I?D7H
7DN7 C;D=K87 I7JKD;KJHED:7B7C?DJ?C;D7:?FHEJED H7D=F;HJ7C7N7D=C;D=7C7J?
H;7AI??DJ?7:7B784+9:;:.+8,58 7:7;:.+8,58C;CF;B77H? =;7B7 JKC8KA7D 7DJ7H F7HJ?A;B
:;D=7D 7JEC7JEC =7I D?JHE=;D :7D C;D?C8KBA7D IK7JK H;7AI? N7D= :?I;8KJDN7 H;7AI? ?DJ? 7I?B H;7AI?
?DJ? :?JKB?I :;D=7D ;
;H7J?A7D87M7KCB7DECEH7JEC:7DKCB7DECEHC7II7HK7IA?H? I7C7 :;D=7D KCB7 DECEH 7JEC :7D DECEH C7II7 HK7I A7D7D
KCB7DECEH7JECI;8;BKCH;7AI? KCB7DECEH7JECI;IK:7H;7AI?
KCB7DECEHC7II7I;8;BKCH;7AI? KCB7DECEHC7II7I;IK:7H;7AI?
Sumber: Physics for Scientist and Engineers, 2000
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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas
273
Pada setiap reaksi inti selalu berlaku hukum kekekalan berikut ini. KAKC ;A;A7B7D EC;DJKC N7?JK KCB7 CEC;DJKC I;8;BKC
:7D I;IK:7 JKC8KA7D 7:7B7 I7C7 KAKC;A;A7B7DECEHJECN7?JKKCB7DECEH7JECI;8;BKC
:7D I;IK:7 H;7AI? I7C7 KAKC;A;A7B7DECEH7II7N7?JKKCB7DECEHC7II7I;8;BKC
:7D I;IK:7 H;7AI? I7C7 KAKC ;A;A7B7D D;H=? .EJ7B N7?JK ;D;H=? JEJ7B I;8;BKC :7D
I;IK:7 H;7AI? I7C7 7HJ?A;B FHEJED
1 1
P :7D :;KJHED
1 2
D K=7 :?=KD7A7D KDJKA C;D==7D==K A;IJ78?B7D ?DJ? 7=7H ?DJ? ?JK J;HKH7? 7J7K 8;H:?I?DJ;=H7I?
C;D7:??DJ?B7?D 5185,::7D2:54F7:7
C;B7FEHA7D7I?BH;7AI? ?DJ? ?D? :;D=7D FHEJED N7D= :?F;H9;F7J C;B7BK? C;:?7 B?IJH?A :;D=7D
F;HI7C77D H;7AI? ?DJ?
? ; ;
1. Energi yang Dihasilkan dari Reaksi Inti
,;7AI? ?DJ? :7F7J :?JKB?IA7D :7B7C IK7JK F;HI7C77D 7J7K
P ;J;H7D=7D
?DJ? I7I7H7D F7HJ?A;B N7D= :?7I?BA7D
?DJ? 87HK N7D= :?7I?BA7D ;D;H=? N7D= :?7I?BA7D
F7HJ?A;B F;D;C87A 7H=7
IK7JK H;7AI? ?DJ? :?:;?D?I?A7D I;87=7? F;H8;:77D 7DJ7H7 ;D;H=?:?7C
:7D;D;H=?:?7C 5
.
P 6Q;0
IC7
P ;J;H7D=7D
H;7AI? ;AIEJ;HC?A J;H:7F7J ;D;H=? N7D= :?8;87IA7D H;7AI? ;D:EJ;HC?A J;H:7F7J ;D;H=? N7D= :?I;H7F
Contoh
10.7
?JKD=B77H=7 KDJKAH;7AI?
? ; ?A7
D
IC7 IC7
?
IC7
;
IC7 =
5
.
P 6;0
IC7
5
P
6IC7;0
IC7 IC7;0
IC7
;0
Contoh
10.8
?A7C7II7 IC7
IC7 ; IC7:7D
D IC7 ?A7IC7;0?JKD=;D;H=?N7D=:?8;87IA7DF7:7H;7AI?
; ; D
= D;H=?H;7AI?I7C7:;D=7D;D;H=?H;7AJ7D:?AKH7D=?;D;H=?FHE:KA
D;H=?H;7AJ7D
;0
;0 D;H=?FHE:KA;0
;0
D;H=?H;7AI?
P
;0
Kata Kunci
• energi reaksi inti • reaksi eksotermik
• reaksi endotermik • reaksi berantai
• reaksi fisi • reaksi fusi
Tokoh
Enrico Fermi
1901–1954
Fermi adalah seorang fisikawan kelahiran Itali. Setelah tahun 1939, ia
pergi ke Amerika Serikat untuk bekerja dan hidup disana. Ia dikenal
karena menggunakan neutron untuk menembak atom yang dapat
menghasilkan isotop. Enrico Fermi mendapat hadiah Nobel pada 1938.
Pada 2 Desember 1942, reaksi rantai nuklir pertama dihasilkan oleh
sebuah tim ilmuwan yang dipimpinnya. Percobaan yang sukses
ini bertempat di lapangan Squash Universitas Chicago, Amerika Serikat.
Reaksi rantai bekerja menyerupai penyalaan korek api. Panas yang
dihasilkan oleh gesekan pada waktu mematik korek api menyebabkan
sebagian atom terbakar dan melepaskan lebih banyak panas
sehingga menyebabkan reaksi terus- menerus berlangsung.
Sumber: Science Encyclopedia, 1998
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Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
274
2. Pembuatan Isotop Radioaktif dari Reaksi Inti
,7:?E7AJ? :7F7J :?FHE:KAI? C;B7BK? IK7JK H;7AI? ?DJ? FHEI;I F;C8;DJKA7D ?IEJEF 87HK N7D= H7:?E7AJ? ?JK :?B7AKA7D :;D=7D
F;D;C87A7D ?IEJEF N7D= IJ78?B :;D=7D IK7JK F7HJ?A;B -;87=7? 9EDJE ?IEJEF H7:?E7AJ?
K :?F;HEB; :7H? F;D;C87A7D ?IEJEF IJ78?B K
EB; D;KJHED :;D=7D H;7AI? D
K K
3. Reaksi Berantai
;D;C87A7D D;KJHED F7:7 KH7D?KC
?DJ? N7D= J;H8;DJKA :7H? F;D7D=A7F7D D;KJHED J;HI;8KJ J?:7A IJ78?B I;?D==7 I;=;H7 J;H8;B7
C;D7:? ?DJ??DJ? N7D= B;8? H?D=7D 7I?B F;C8;B77D 7:7B7 I;87=7? 8;H?AKJ
D 2; -H D D+
IEJEF 2; :7D
-H 7:7B7?IEJEF?IEJEFN7D=J?:7AIJ78?B:;D=7D C;C7D97HA7D I?D7H
;CF7J A7B? 8;HJKHKJJKHKJ ?IEJEF 2; 7A?HDN7
8;HK87 C;D7:? ; N7D= IJ78?B ;C?A?7D K=7
-H C;D7:? ?IEJEF IJ78?B
2; :;D=7DC;C7D97HA7DI?D7H :K7A7B?8;HJKHKJJKHKJ ,;7AI?
N7D= :;C?A?7D :?I;8KJ C;HKF7A7D ;D;H=? N7D=
:?B;F7IA7D :7B7C 8;DJKA A7BEH 7:7H;7AJEHDKAB?HD;KJHED9;F7J:?A;D:7B?A7DI;?D==7J?:7AJ;HB7BK
87DN7AD;KJHEDN7D=J;HB?87J:7B7CH;7AI??DJ? 7CKD:7B7C8EC7JEC D;KJHED9;F7J?D?J?:7AJ;HA;D:7B?I;?D==7J;H8;DJKAB;:7A7DN7D=I7D=7J
:7IN7J
4. Reaksi Fisi
;D;CK7DH;7AI??I?DKAB?H8;H7M7B:7H?;AIF;H?C;D?DJ;H7AI?D;KJHED :;D=7DKH7D?KC .?=7A;BECFEAA;H7N7D=8;H7I?BC;D;CKA7D?I?DKAB?H
7:7B7 485 +83 ;2+: ;88+ : :7D :: .4:89934
F7:7 ;H;A7C;D=7J7A7D87M7F;D7D=A7F7DD;KJHEDEB;IK7JK ?DJ? KH7D?KC 7A7D C;C8;H?A7D =7N7 F7:7 ;D;H=? F;HCKA77D I;?D==7
?DJ? 7A7D J;H8;B7 :K7 :;D=7D C7II7 I;87D:?D= ;CKD=A?D7D B7?D ?DJ? J;H;AI?J7I? :7D C;D=7I?BA7D F;BKHK7D =7CC7 7B ?D? :?I;8KJ
;H7J?A7D 38 38
C;CF;HB?7JA7D ?DJ? N7D= J;H8;DJKA
J?:7A IJ78?B :7D I;=;H7 J;H8;B7 C;D7:? ?DJ??DJ? B;8? H?D=7D N7D= IJ78?B
7I7D=7DF7I7D=7D N7D= J;H7:? F7:7 ?I? J?:7A C;DKDKAA7D
F7I7D=7D N7D= A7I J;J7F? C;HKF7A7D I7JK :7H? A;CKD=A?D7D N7D= J;H7:? :? 7DJ7H7DN7
H 7
D -H
7 D
4H .;
D
:7D I;J;HKIDN7 7:7 7CF?H I;CK7 H;7AI? ?I? J;H7:? F;D=KH7D=7D C7II7 I;A?J7H
IC7 8;H7HJ? Q B;8? 8;I7H :7H?F7:7 C7II7 N7D= ?B7D= F7:7 I;CK7 ;D?IH;7AI?F;BKHK7DDN7I;87=7?9EDJE?I?
:;D=7DD;KJHEDB7C87J C;D=7I?BA7D ?DJ?
E :7D
7 7II7 N7D= ?B7D= :7D ;D;H=? N7D= :?7I?BA7D :??JKD= I;87=7? 8;H?AKJ
U n
inti bulatan
Gambar 10.19
Diagram reaksi berantai
Gambar 10.20
Pada reaksi pembelahan inti, jumlah neutron bertambah
pada setiap tingkatan. inti U-235
reaksi fisi U-235 memunculkan
2 neutron neutron
pertama reaksi fisi kedua
menghasilkan 4 neutron
Sumber: Physics for ‘O’ Level, 1990
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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas
275
D E
7 D
K D
P
E 7
D
P
IC7 D;H=? ?I?DN7 ;0
IC7
;0
IC7
IC7 ;0
7I?B F;C8;B77D ?DJ? KH7D?KC C;D=7I?BA7D D;KJHED N7D= 87HK I7CF7?D;KJHEDC7A77A7D:7F7JJ;H7:?FHEI;I?I?8;H7DJ7? ;KJHED
D;KJHED 7I?B F;C8;B77D ?DJ? 7A7D C;D=;D7?
P
N7D= B7?D :7D C;D?C8KBA7D H;7AI? N7D= I7C7 I;97H7 8;H7DJ7?
5. Reaksi Fusi
+ 7:7B7F;D==78KD=7D:K7?DJ?H?D=7DC;D7:?I;8K7?DJ? N7D=B;8?8;H7J:?I;HJ7?:;D=7DF;B;F7I7D;D;H=? D;H=?N7D=:?B;F7IA7D
B;8? 8;I7H :?87D:?D=A7D ;D;H=? N7D= :?F;HBKA7D KDJKA C;D==78KD=A7D A;:K7 ?DJ? D;H=? KI? N7D= 9KAKF 8;I7H :?F;HEB; :7H? 7J77H? :7D
8?DJ7D= N7D= C;HKF7A7D IKC8;H ;D;H=? :? 7B7C I;C;IJ7 ?D?
,;7AI? KI? C;D=K87 ?DJ? ?:HE=;D C;D7:? ?DJ? ;B?KC ;7B7 ?D? J;H7:? :7B7C AED:?I? 8?DJ7D= C;DKHKJ I?ABKI FHEJEDFHEJED H;7AI?DN7
7:7B7 I;87=7? 8;H?AKJ 7
7:7J77F7M7BH;7AI?FHEJED8;H=78KD=:;D=7DFHEJEDC;C8;DJKA :;KJ;H?KC
;0 8
;KJ;H?KC 8;H=78KD= :;D=7D FHEJED C;C8;DJKA ?DJ? JH?J?KC ;
; ;0
9 DJ?
; 8;H;7AI? C;D=7I?BA7D ;
; ; ;0
,;7AI? KI? N7D= J;H7:? :? 7J77H? 7:7B7 H;7AI? F;D==78KD=7D ?:HE=;D
C;D7:??DJ?;B?KC ; I7C8?BC;C8;87IA7D;D;H=?N7D=
I7D=7J8;I7H ,;7AI?F;D==78KD=7D?DJ?:?F;HB?7JA7DF7:738 EDJE H;7AI? KI? N7D= J;H7:? :? 7J77H? 7:7B7 I;87=7? 8;H?AKJ
; :;D=7D
;0 ;
:;D=7D ;0
; ; ;
:;D=7D ;0
EDJE B7?D :7H? H;7AI? KI? 7:7B7 8EC ?:HE=;D 7:7 CKB7DN7 8EC ?:HE=;D :?8K7J I;J7H7 :;D=7D B;:7A7D C;=7JED .. A?H7A?H7
A7B? ;D;H=? 8EC 7JEC F;HJ7C7 77D 87AK 8EC ?:HE=;D 7:7B7 ?DJ? :;KJ;H?KC :7D JH?J?KC N7D= A;CK:?7D 8;H=78KD= C;C8;DJKA ?DJ?
;B?KC
,;7AI? KI? N7D= 8;HB7D=IKD= IFEDJ7D 7DN7 J;H7:? F7:7 IKK :7D J;A7D7DN7D=I7D=7JJ?D==? 7H7C;D=;D:7B?A7DH;7AI?KI?J;HI;8KJIKA7H
:?B7AKA7D A7H;D7 C;C;HBKA7D IKK I;A?J7H 7:7 IKK J;HI;8KJ
I;CK7 C7J;H? 7A7D 8;H8;DJKA FB7IC7 F7D7I I;?D==7 I7D=7J IKA7H C;D97F7? F7HJ?A;B
N7D= 9KAKF F7D7I -7B7I7JKKI77N7D=:?B7AKA7DKDJKAC;C;H7D=A7FFB7IC7H;7AJ?
:7B7C C;:7D C7=D;J?A :?H7D97D= EB; ,KI?7 N7D= :?I;8KJ :;D=7D C;:7D C7=D;J?A 8;H8;DJKA AK; :ED7J JEHKI
Gambar 10.21
Penggabungan empat inti hidrogen membentuk inti helium disertai
pelepasan energi.
H
1 1
H
1 1
H
1 1
H
1 1
H
1 1
H
1 1
H
1 1
H
2 1
H
2 1
Hc
3 2
Hc
3 2
Hc
4 2
H
1 1
H–2 deuterium
H–3 tritium
reaksi fusi helium
neutron +
+ +
+ +
+
Gambar 10.22
Reaksi fusi di Matahari
Gambar 10.23
Tokamak ruang vakum
toroid arus listrik
luar medan
magnetik total
plasma arus
plasma medan
magnetik poloid
medan magnetik
toroid
Sumber: Physics for Scientist and Engineers, 2000
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Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
276
Contoh
10.9
?JKD=B7;D;H=?:7B7C;0N7D=:?8;87IA7DEB;F;D==78KD=7D:K7FHEJED:7D :K7D;KJHEDKDJKAC;C8;DJKAI;8K7?DJ?;B?KC ?A;J7K?C7II7
IC7 ;
IC7
D IC7:7DIC7;0 =
;HI7C77DH;7AI?F;D==78KD=7D?DJ?DN77:7B7 D
;;D;H=? D;H=?I;8;BKCH;7AI?
5
6Q;0;0 D;H=?I;IK:7H;7AI?
;0
;0 D;H=?H;7AI? ;D;H=?I;8;BKCH;7AI?P;D;H=?I;IK:7H;7AI?
P
;0 7:?;D;H=?N7D=:?8;87IA7DI;8;I7H
;0
.;DJKA7D ;D;H=? ?A7J ?DJ?
-?
N7D= C7II7DN78;HJKHKJJKHKJ7:7B7
IC7
IC7:7DIC7 7:7H;7AI??DJ?D;KJHED:;D=7DJH?J?EDC;D=7I?BA7D
I;8K7F7HJ?A;B7B7 ;H7F787DN7ADN7;D;H=?N7D= :?A;BK7HA7DF7:7H;7AI??DJ?J;HI;8KJ.KB?IF;HI7C77D
H;7AI?DN7 7II7 ? IC7:7DC7II7:;KJHED
IC7 ;H7J?A7DH;7AI??DJ?8;H?AKJ
? +
?JKD=;D;H=?N7D=:?7I?BA7D?A7:?A;J7K?C7II7 IC7
? IC7 IC7
:7DIC7;0 7M78B7F;HJ7DN77D8;H?AKJ
7 7=7?C7D7 H;7AI? ?I? :7F7J :?A;D:7B?A7D
;B7IA7D 8
F7 N7D= C;DN;878A7D A;HKI7A7D KDJKA C;D=7:7A7DIK7JKH;7AI?KI?
9 F7N7D=:?C7AIK::;D=7DH7:?7I?:7D87=7?C7D7
H7:?7I? :7F7J 8;H877N7 I;HJ7 8;HC7D77J 87=? C7DKI?7
.;DJKA7DD7C7F7HJ?A;B2:7H?H;7AI??DJ?8;H?AKJ?D? 7
? 2
8 2
9 B
2 :
;2 ?JKD=;D;H=?N7D=:?8;87IA7DF7:7H;7AI??DJ?
; D ?
;D;H=??A7:?A;J7K?C7II7
;
IC7 ? IC7
D IC7:7DIC7;0
.;DJKA7D;D;H=?N7D=:?B;F7IA7DF7:7H;7AI??I?8;H?AKJ ?D?
D H
7 D;D;H=? ?A7 :?A;J7K? C7II7
IC7 C7II7 D IC7C7II7
H IC7C7II7 7 IC7:7DIC7;0
DJKAH;7AI?8;H?AKJ 7
B D
.
J;DJKA7DDECEHC7II7 .:7D
8
2
J;DJKA7DDKAB?:7 .
9
7 2
=
J;DJKA7DB7F7HJ?A;B .
Tes Kompetensi Subbab
C
+80142.6;1;2:.4
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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas
277
D. Reaktor Nuklir, Bom Nuklir, dan Radioisotop
1. Reaktor nuklir
+:6IDG CJAG 696A6= I:BE6I I:G?69CN6 G:6H 7:G6CI6 N6C B:CN6CJI;HCJAGN6CI:G:C96A+:6IDGCJAGB:GJE66CHJB7:G
:C:G H6C6I :;H:C C:G N6C 9A:E6H6C 96A6B 7:CIJ 6ADG 96C 96E6I 96B7A 9:C6C B:C6AG6C O6I 86G 6I6J 6H H:766 E:C9CC
B:A6AJ 766C766C 96A6B G:6IDG IJ
-67JC N6C 76H6 9E66 ICCN6
B 7:G96B:I:G 96A6B
B 96C I:76A 9C9CCN6
8B + 696A6= E:G6C86C6C 96H6G
G:6IDG CJAG 6GI:6C G 7:GA6J H:766 BD9:G6IDG 96C E:C9CC JCIJ I:G6H 6A6B G:6IDG 6G 99= J6E 6G 976G6C I:G?69 996A6B
I67JCG:6IDG96C:BJ96C9E66JCIJB:C:G66CIJG7C6A6B G:6IDG 6G I:6C 6G N6C B:C6AG B:A:L6I I:G6H 9E:GI6=6C6C
7:GI:6C6C IC H:I6G
6IB G N6C B6HJ : 96A6B I67JC 7:GI:6C6CICB:BAHJ=J
Q96CB:CC6A6CCN6E696HJ=J
Q B:A6AJ E:CJ6G 6ADG N6C B:C=6HA6C J6E H:=C6 96E6I B:BJI6G H:7J6= IJG7C
6=6C 766G G:6IDG 6G GC6C 696A6= JG6CJB DH96 . N6C
I:GIJIJE96A6BI67JCE6C?6C96CH:BEI+:6H9BJA69:C6CH:7J6= C:JIGDC N6C B:CJB7J CI H:=C6 B:CN:7676C E:B7:A6=6C CI
9H:GI6 9:C6C I:GA:E6HCN6 9J6 6I6J I6 C:JIGDC :JIGDC B:C6A6B E:GA6B76I6C 7:7:G6E6 : B:C?69 :C:G I:GB6A B:A6AJ IJB7J6C
9:C6CCIBD9:G6IDG:BJ96C9I:GJH6C9:C6C;H,:A6C?JICN6A6?J G:6H7:G6CI696E6I9DCIGDAB:CJC66C76I6CDCIGDAN6CI:G7J6I
96G69BJB6I6J7DGDCN6CBJ96=B:CN:G6EC:JIGDC:I676I6C C 9B6HJ6C A:7= 96A6B : 96A6B G:6IDG A6?J G:6HCN6 9G:96B
J6EN6C:AJ6G96GIJG7C99CC6CB:C?696GDA:=DC9:CHDG96C DA:= EDBE6 H:JC9:G 9B6HJ6C :B76A : 6A6I E:CJ6G E6C6H
+:6IDGCJAGE:GI6B6976CJCDA:=,-+
SE696 9 .CK:GHI6H =86D B:G6 ,:G6I ,6BE6 H66I C I:A6=
976CJC7:G766?:CH96CJJG6CG:6IDGCJAG+:6IDGG:6IDGCJAG I:GH:7JIB:BA7:7:G6E6DBEDC:C96H6G96CI6G6CN6:A:B:C:A:B:C
76=6C 766G 76I6C :C96A BD9:G6IDG 96C E:GH6 A:B:C
Gambar 10.24
Perancangan dasar reaktor Nuklir air-tekan.
Gambar 10.25
Reaktor nuklir dengan moderator air
sistem utama sistem kedua
bahan bakar dan moderator
pelindung kondensor
pompa uap air
batang pengendali
air panas turbin uap
generator
Informasi
untuk Anda
Beberapa jenis limbah reaktor nuklir bersifat radioaktif. Limbah ini meng-
hasilkan radiasi nuklir mematikan yang merusak sel-sel hidup. Beberapa
jenis limbah radioaktif dapat bertahan ribuan tahun. Oleh karena
itu, limbah yang disimpan rapat dalam peti kemas tertutup harus
dipendam di bawah tanah. Untuk menangani limbah nuklir maka
orang harus menggunakan pakaian seperti terlihat pada gambar berikut.
Some kind of the nuclear reactor waste is radioactive material. This
waste produce deadly nuclear radiation that damage living cells.
Some kind of radioactive waste can last for thousand years. So, nuclear
reactor waste placed in shielded box must be buried underground.
Overcoming nuclear waste, people must wear suit like you have seen this
picture.
Information for You
Sumber: Physics for Scientist and Engineers, 2000
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Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
278
76=6C 766G 96C 76I6C :C96A I:GA:I6 9 96A6B HJ6IJ I:BE6I N6C 9C6B66CI:G6HG:6IDGDBEDC:CDBEDC:CI:GH:7JI9IJC?J6CE696
+
A:B:C:A:B:C76=6C766GG:6IDGCJAG7:G7:CIJ76I6C76I6C IEH6=6C766GN6C9E66E696JBJBCN6696A6=JCHJGJCHJGN6C
B:BAH;6I96E6I7:G:6HH:86G6;HBH6ACN6 .
. 96C J
D9:G6IDG7:G;JCHJCIJB:BE:GA6B76I:A6?J6CC:JIGDCC:JIGDC N6C 97:76H6C H:A6B6 EGDH:H E:B7:A6=6C CI ;H 7:GA6CHJC
:C6E6 A6?J C:JIGDC =6GJH 9E:GA6B76I ,:7J6= CI . 66C A:7=
BJ96= B:C6C6E C:JIGDC A6B76I 96GE696 B:C6C6E C:JIGDC 8:E6I 6CI:I6EC:JIGDCC:JIGDCN6C9E6C86G6CH:A6B6EGDH:HG:6H;H
7:GA6CHJC7:G:G69:C6C:A6?J6CICA:=6G:C6IJ9E:GAJ6C BD9:G6IDG D9:G6IDG N6C E6AC JBJB 9JC66C 696A6= 6G 7:G6I
,6A6=H6IJ:JCJA6CBD9:G6IDG6G7:G6I696A6=96E6I7:G;JCH H:766 E:C9CC I:G6H G:6IDG
:I6H:7J6=C:JIGDC7:G:C:GIC:AJ6G96GH:7J6=:A:B:C76=6C 766GC:JIGDCI:GH:7JIB:B6HJ6G96C7:GIJB7J6C9:C6CBDA:JA
BDA:JA 6G :JIGDC 8:E6I 66C :=A6C6C H:766C :C:GCN6 H:A6B6 B:CJB7J6IDB6IDB6GH:=C6A6?JC:JIGDCI:GH:7JIB:C?69A6B76I
6I6C :C96A 7:G;JCH JCIJ B:CN:G6E :A:7=6C C:JIGDC N6C 9=6HA6C 96G G:6H E:B7:A6=6C CI ;H H:=C6 G:6H ;H 7:G6CI6
N6CI:G?69996A6BG:6IDG96E6I9:C96A6C6I6C:C96A76H6CN6 I:G7J6I 96G 69BJB 6I6J 7DGDC
6I6C :C96A B:C?66 66G H:I6E E:B7:A6=6C CI =6CN6 B:C=6HA6CH6IJE:B7:A6=6CI6B76=6CH6?66C:JIGDCC:JIGDC96G
I6E E:B7:A6=6C B:C=6HA6C E:B7:A6=6C I6B76=6C N6C A:7= 7:H6G 96G H6IJ E:B7:A6=6C 76I6C :C96A 66C 9I:6C B6HJ : 96A6B
G:6IDG H:=C6 :A:7=6C C:JIGDC =6HA G:6H 9H:G6E DA:= 76I6C :C96A ,:76ACN6 ?6 C:JIGDCC:JIGDC 96G I6E E:B7:A6=6C
B:C=6HA6C E:B7:A6=6C I6B76=6C N6C A:7= :8A 96G H6IJ E:B7:A6=6C 76I6C :C96A H:766C 9I6G B:C?6J= I:G6H G:6IDG
H:=C6 C:JIGDC N6C 9H:G6E A:7= H:9I
CI 6IDB =6HA E:B7:A6=6C 96E6I B:C=6HA6C G696H 6G E6G6 E::G?6 9 H:I6G G:6IDG 96E6I 7:GIJ6H 9:C6C 6B6C 96G G696H C
97J6IE:GH67:IDCJCIJB:C6=6CG696HN6C9=6HA6CH:A6B6EGDH:H G:6H ;H 7:GA6CHJC
C:G N6C 9=6HA6C E696 EGDH:H G:6H ;H 7:GJE6 E6C6H ,HI:B
Gambar 10.26
Komponen-komponen dasar sebuah reaktor atom: 1 teras
reaktor; 2 elemen bahan bakar; 3 moderator; 4 batang kendali;
5 shielding; 6 pendingin. aliran panas
aliran dingin uap ke turbin
air dingin
pompa 1 2
4 5
3 6
Sebuah reaktor nuklir tidak dapat meledak seperti bom atom. Akan
tetapi, suatu kecelakaan pada pusat tenaga nuklir dapat menimbulkan
akibat yang merusak sejumlah besar wilayah sekitarnya. Pada 1986, terjadi
kecelakaan nuklir terbesar di pusat tenaga nuklir Chernobyl di Ukraina.
Kecelakaan ini melepaskan zat radioaktif ke dalam atmosfer dan
mengakibatkan gangguan kesehatan yang hebat pada penduduk di sekitar
Chernobyl. Penduduk di Eropa pun mendapatkan dampak yang tidak
kecil.
A nuclear reactor can not explode like atom bomb. But, an accident in centre
of the nuclear power can cause a large destruction. In 1986, the biggest
nuclear accident happened in the Chernobyl nuclear power plant,
Ukraine. This accident released radioactive material to the
atmosphere and caused severe health disorder to civilians near by some
European also got the serious effect.
Informasi
untuk Anda
Information for You
Sumber: Physics for ‘O’ Level, 1990
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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas
279
E:BC96=6C E6C6H BJIA6 9E:GAJ6C E696 HJ6IJ G:6IDG CJAG 6A I:GH:7JI 7:GIJ?J6C B:BC96=6C E6C6H N6C 9=6HA6C G:6H ;H 96G
BD9:G6IDGE:C9CCEGB:G:E:C9CCH:JC9:G:BC96=6CE6C6H C H6C6I E:CIC 6G:C6 E:C9CC EGB:G 76H6CN6 B:GJE66C HJ6IJ
G6C66CI:GIJIJE:C9CC9:B76A6CA6:G:6IDGH:I:A6=E6C6H N6C 976L6CN6 96G I:G6H G:6IDG 9EC96=6C : E:C9CC H:JC9:G
:G96H6G6C :JC66CCN6 G:6IDG CJAG 96E6I 97:966C B:C?69 6 +:6IDG 6N6
+:6IDG96N6696A6=G:6IDGN6C96E6IB:C=6HA6CI:C66AHIG +:6IDG96N6E696JBJBCN6B:GJE66CG:6IDGDB:GH6AH6ACN6
9B6C;66I6C JCIJ - :B76CI HIG -:C66 JAG 7 +:6IDG GD9JH HDIDE
+:6IDGEGD9JHHDIDE696A6=G:6IDGN6CB:C=6HA6CG69DHDIDE N6C 76CN6 9JC66C 96A6B 796C :9DI:G6C C9JHIG 7DAD
96C ;6GB6H 8 +:6IDG :C:AI6C
+:6IDG E:C:AI6C 696A6= G:6IDG N6C 9JC66C JCIJ E:C:AI6C 9 796C E:GI6C6C E:I:GC66C C9JHIG :9DI:G6C 96C H6CH
C9DC:H6 B:BA I6 G:6IDG E:C:AI6C 96C EGD9JH HDIDE N6C
7:G696 9 6C9JC 2DN66GI6 96C ,:GEDC +:6IDG N6C 7:G696 9 6C9JC 97:G C6B6 -G6 6G
, 92DN66GI697:GC6B6G:6IDG6GIC
H:96C6C N6C 7:G696 9 ,:GEDC 97:G C6B6 + N6C B:BA 96N6
L6II
,:E:GI I:A6= 976=6H H:7:AJBCN6 H6A6= H6IJ E:B6C;66I6C CJAG 696A6= JCIJ - :B76CI HIG -:C66 JAG
:G96H6G6C ?:CH E:C9CCCN6 696 9J6 ?:CH - N6IJ - 9:C6C HHI:B 0+ - 96C 0+
a. PLTN dengan Sistem PWR
66C - 9:C6C HHI:B 0+ 9IJC?J6C
E696 + G N6C B:C6AG B:A:L6I I:G6H G:6IDG 9E:GI6=6C6C 66G 7:GI:6C6C IC
6IB 6A C 7:GIJ?J6C B:C8:6= I:G ?69CN6 E:CJ6E6C 6G N6C 7:GHJ=J
Q 6A6B
G:6IDG 9:C6C HHI:B 0+ E6C6H N6C 9=6HA6C 96GG:6HCI96CJI:AJ6GDA:=E:C9CCEGB:G
9:C6C 86G6 9EDBE6 I:GJHB:C:GJH 96C 96AG6C B:CJ?J :C:G6IDG E:B76CI J6E H:=C6 E696
E:B76CI J6E 9=6HA6C J6E 7:GI:6C6C IC .6E7:GI:6C6CICC9JC66CJCIJB:BJI6G
IJG7C N6C 9DE:A 9:C6C :C:G6IDG AHIG =C6 9=6HA6C :C:G AHIG ,:I:A6= :AJ6G 96G IJG7C
J6E 99CC6C :B76A DA:= DC9:CH6IDG =C6 B:C?69 6G :BJ96C 9:B76A6C A6 JCIJ B:C6CJI E6C6H
:B76A b.
PLTN dengan Sistem BWR 696HHI:B0+I:6C6C6GN6CB:C6AGB:A:L6II:G6HG:6IDG
A:7=G:C96=96GE696HHI:B0+N6IJH:I6G
6IBGC9J6E6C 96A6B I67JC G:6IDG 96C 96AG6C JCIJ B:BJI6G IJG7C H:=C6
Tokoh
Otto Hann
Otto Hahn lahir di Frankfurt, Jerman. Ia mendapatkan gelar Ph.D dari
Universitas Marburg pada 1901. Hahn mempelajari beberapa unsur radioaktif,
termasuk aktinium dan thorium. Pada 1917, ia dan Lise Meitner berbagi
penghargaan atas penemuan logam radioaktif yang diberi nama protak-
tinium. Pada 1944, Hahn mendapatkan hadiah Nobel bidang kimia untuk
keberhasilannya dalam penemuan pembelahan inti. Proses pembelahan
inti itu disebut fisi nuklir. Para ilmuwan di Amerika Serikat menggunakan hasil
penemuan Hahn ini untuk membuat bom atom pada awal 1940-an. Sejak saat
itu penggunaan fisi nuklir untuk tujuan damai pun dikembangkan.
Sumber: Science Encyclopedia, 1998
Gambar 10.27
Bagan PLTN dengan sistem PWR
Sumber: Fundamental of Physics, 2001
reaktor PWR generator
pembangkit uap
pipa uap generator
kondensator pompa
pompa
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Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
280
9=6HA6C :C:G AHIG .6E E6C6H N6C B6HJ : GJ6C IJG7C C 9B6HJ6C : 96A6B DC9:CH6IDG H:=C6 7:GJ76= B:C?69 6G
:BJ96C9EDBE6:B76AB:B6HJGJ6CI:G6HG:6IDG66C- 9:C6C HHI:B 0+ 9IJC?J6C E696 +
2. Bom Nuklir
C96E6HIHJ96=H:GCB:C9:C6GHIA6=7DB6IDB6I6J7DBCJAG DBCJAGB:GJE66C7DBN6CB:CJC66C:C:G96GI:C66CJAG
DB CJAG I:G9G 6I6H 9J6 B686B N6IJ 7DB ;H CJAG 96C 7DB ;JH CJAG
DB ;H CJAG B:B6C;66I6C :C:G H6C6I 7:H6G N6C 9A:E6H6C H:HJ96= G:6H E:B7:A6=6C CI 6=6C 766G N6C 9JC66C 696A6=
JG6CJB .
6I6J EAJIDCJB J
.G6CJB 96E6I 9I:BJ6C 9 6A6B I:I6E EAJIDCJB =6CN6 96E6I 9E:GDA:= 96G G:6H ;H 9 I:G6H
G:6IDG CJAG
GCHE:G?67DB;H=6BEGH6B69:C6C-6=6C766G7:GJE6 .
6I6J J
B:B7:A6= B:C?69 7:7:G6E6 CI 7:7:G6E6 C:JIGDC
96CH:?JBA6=:C:G6GG:6HE:B7:A6=6CCN6I96I:G:C96A76=6C 766G I:GH:7JI =6GJH 7:G696 96A6B B6HH6 GIH N6IJ B6HH6 BCBJB
N6CB:CN:7676CG:6HI6I:G:C96A6B6HH676=6C766G976L6= B6HH6 GIH ?JBA6= C:JIGDC N6C 7D8DG A:7= 76CN6 96G C:JIGDC N6C
B:B7:A6= 96EJC 96A6B B6HH6 GIH G:6H E:B7:A6=6C 96E6I I:G?69 H:86G6 H:G:CI6 GICN6 L6IJ ?:96 6CI6G G:6H =6CN6 7:GDG9:
BGD9:I 6I6J BA9:I 76I G:6H E:B7:A6=6C N6C H:G:CI6 C :C:G N6C 9A:E6H6C 96E6I I:G6JBJA6H
:I6 I:G?69 A:966C H:766C 7:H6G :C:G N6C 9=6HA6C 7:GJE6:C:GC:I,:A6CIJ9=6HA6C?J6G696HE6C6HA6I6C
86=6N6 96C :BH G69D6I; 6I6 I:CI6C 96=HN6ICN6 :J6I6C 7DB ;H CJAG C I:GA=6I ?:A6H 9 DI6 GDHB6 96C 66H6 :E6C
3. Radioisotop
a. Pembuatan Radioisotop
, HDIDEN6CI96HI67A
H:A6AJ B:B6C86G6C HC6GHC6G G69D6I; JCIJ B:C?69 HDIDEHDIDE HI67A 696 JBJBCN6 G69D6I; N6C 9JC66C 96A6B 7:G766
Gambar 10.28
Bagan PLTN dengan sistem BWR
Tantangan
untuk Anda
Mengapa molekul dari uranium U–235 lebih cepat bergerak
daripada molekul U–238 pada suhu yang sama?
Tugas Anda 10.2
Apakah Anda pernah mendengar tragedi Chernobyl? Chernobyl
merupakan pembangkit listrik tenaga nuklir di Ukraina yang
mengalami kebocoran. Carilah informasi dari berbagai sumber,
mengapa kebocoran ini bisa terjadi?
Kata Kunci
• reaktor nuklir • reaktor daya
• reaktor produksi isotop • reaktor penelitian
• sistem PWR • sistem BWR
Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998
reaktor air mendidih
uap
turbin generator
pemindah panas
pompa kondensator
transformator jaringan distribusi
tenaga listrik
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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas
281
:E:GAJ6C I96 I:GH:96 9 6A6B 6G:C6 L6IJ E6GJ= 96G CJA96 6I; HJ6IJG69D6I;I96I:GA6AJA6B6A:=6G:C6IJG69DHDIDEI:GH:7JI
=6GJH 97J6I 96G CJA96 HI67A 6A6B6= 9:C6C G:6H CI 6G6 N6C 76CN6 9E66 696A6= 9:C6C B:C:B76 CI HI67A 9:C6C E6GI:A
C:JIGDC DCID= G69DHDIDE 7J6I6C JH6I :C:AI6C -:C66 JAG -696A6=
6 G
-896C
b. Penggunaan Radioisotop
:CJC66C G69DHDIDE 6CI6G6 A6C H:766 7:GJI
+ , .1,, C9DC:H6 696C -:C66 JAG 6HDC6A - H:766
A:B766 E:C:AI6C I:A6= B:A6J6C E:C:AI6C 96A6B 796C E:GI6C6C 9:C6C I:CDAD BJI6H G696H JI6H G696H 9JC66C JCIJ
B:C96E6I6C I6C6B6C 9:C6C K6G:I6H 76GJ N6C JCJA + , ,201
6A6B 796C C9JHIG G69DHDIDE 9JC66C JCIJ B:CJJG :I:76A6C B6I:G6A N6C 9=6HA6C DA:= HJ6IJ E67G H6ACN6 G696H
HC6G 7:I6 9JC66C JCIJ B:C6IJG :I:76A6C :GI6H 9 E67G :GI6H 96C HC6G 6BB6 9JC66C JCIJ B:C6IJG :I:76A6C 76?6
C9DC:H6G69DHDIDEI:A6=9JC66C96A6BI:CEDAB:GH6HG696H H6ACN696A6BKJA6CH6HA6I:H6A6B96CE:A6EH6CE:GBJ66C6NJ
+ , -- 6A6B796C=9GDADG69DHDIDE9JC66CJCIJB:CJJGA6?J
6AG6C 6I6J 9:7I 6AG6C ;AJ96 96A6B EE6 H6AJG6C I:G7J6 HJC6 H:GI6 6G 96A6B I6C6= +69DHDIDE 96E6I ?J6 9JC66C JCIJ B:C9:I:H
:7D8DG6C EE6 E:CN6AJG N6C 9I6C6B 9 96A6B I6C6= + , -1,
676C ABJ :9DI:G6C N6C B:B6C;66I6C :ADB76C :A:IGDB6C:I E:C9: H:E:GI HC6G 9H:7JI G69DAD +69DAD
9B6C;66I6C JCIJ B:CJC?6C 96CDHH E:CN6I 6A6B 9JC6 :9DI:G6C CJAG EGCHE G69DAD 9B6C;66I6C
9:C6C B:B66 HDIDE G69D6I; N6C 9HJCI6C : 96A6B IJ7J= :BJ96CHDIDEI:GH:7JI9I6C6EDA:=9:I:IDG9AJ6GIJ7J=H:=C6
9E:GDA:= 6B76G6C N6C B:CJC?J6C 9HIG7JHCN6 9 96A6B IJ7J= ,:766 8DCID= JCIJ B:C:I6=J A:I6 E:CN:BEI6C E:B7JAJ= 96G6=
E696 E:C9:GI6 E:CN6I E:CN:BEI6C E:B7JAJ= 96G6= 9JC66C G69DHDIDE C6IGJB :BJ96C ?:?6 G69D6I; I:GH:7JI 9GJCJI 9:C6C
B:CJC66C E:C8686= ::G :I6 E:CN:BEI6C E:B7JAJ= 96G6= 9IJC?J6C 9:C6C I:G=:CICN6 6AG6C C6IGJB
,:A6C 9JC66C JCIJ B:C96CDHH E:CN6I G69DHDIDE ?J6 9JC66C JCIJ I:G6E G696H -:G6E G696H 696A6= 86G6 E:CD76I6C
9:C6C B:B66 G696H -:G6E H:E:GI C 76H6CN6 9JC66C 96A6B E:CD76I6C6C:G:B7:G6CI:G6E96E6IB:CN:B7J=6CB:CJG6C
:?6A6 6I6J B:C8:6= E:CN:76G6C 6C:G 7:G6CIJC E696 ?:CH 96C HI69JB 6C:G
+ , .-1-
,:A6C96A6B796C796CN6CI:A6=9H:7JI6C96I6HG69DHDIDE ?J69JC66CJCIJB:C:CIJ6CJBJG76IJ6C;DHA96C7:C967:C96
EJG766A6 :C:CIJ6C JBJG B:BA E:G6C6C E:CIC 6CI6G6 A6C JCIJ B:C:I6=J JBJG ;DHA 96G B6H6 G7J6C I6=JC N6C A6AJ .CIJ
B:C:CIJ6C JBJG ;DHA 9JC66C G69DHDIDE 6G7DC N6C 76H6 9H:7JI G69D6G7DC
Kedua tangan ini memegang sebongkah uranium–235. Isotop dari
uranium yang digunakan sebagai bahan dalam reaktor nuklir. Uranium
merupakan salah satu logam berat, sebongkah kecil uranium ini
massanya 4,5 kg dan harganya lebih dari 200.000 dolar. Sebelum
memegang uranium, tangan harus dilindungi dengan sarung tangan
khusus.
This two hand hold a slab of Uranium-235. It is uranium isotop
used as material in nuclear reactor. Uranium is one of the heavy metal,
that small uranium slab weights 4,5 kg and the price is more than 200.000
dollars. Before holding uranium, hands must be covered by a special
handgloves.
Informasi
untuk Anda
Tugas Anda 10.3
Carilah foto-foto tentang kondisi kota dan warga Hiroshima dan
Nagasaki setelah pengeboman oleh Amerika Serikat. Diskusikanlah
bersama teman sekelas Anda tentang dampak negatif bom atom.
Diskusikan juga apakah ada dampak positif dari bom atom.
Information for You
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Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
282
HDIDE6G7DC6A6B6==6CN6B:BACDBDGB6HH66IDBI:I6E G69D6G7DCB:BACDBDGB6HH6HDIDECI:G7:CIJ96A6BE696
A6EH6C 6IBDH;:G JB 766C 6I6H ,C6G DHB 96G 6C6H6 AJ6G B:C67G66IDB6IDB96IBDH;:G766C6I6H76ICN666CI:G7:76H6C
:A:IGDCEGDIDCC:JIGDC96CE6GI:AA6C66IDBCIGD:CB:C6C6E C:JIGDC IJ 6IDB CIGD:C 66C 7:GJ76= B:C?69 6IDB H6B7A
B:A:E6H6C EGDIDC +69D6G7DC C 7:G696 9 6IBDH;:G H:766 6G7DC 9DH96 DIDHCI:HH B:CN:7676C B6HJ : 96A6B IJB7J=6C
H:=C6 E696 6=GCN6 H:AJGJ= B6=AJ =9JE 66C B:C6C9JC G69D6G7DC ,:A6C I:GJHB:C:GJH I:G7:CIJ ?J6 66C I:GJH
B:C:GJH B:C=A6C 6G:C6 B:AJGJ=
6A6B B6=AJ =9JE N6C HJ96= B6I 696G G69D6G7DC 66C 7:GJG6C I:GJH 6G:C6 B:AJGJ= ,:I6E
I6=JC 6IDB6IDB
G69D6G7DC IJ IC6A H:E6GJ= :CN6I66C C B:GJE66C 96H6G E:C:I6E6C JBJG ;DHA N6C E:GI6B6 6A 9:B76C6C DA:=
5 E696 6C
DCID= E:C6C6A6C 9:C6C B:CJC66C HDIDE 6G7DC 696A6= E:C6C6A6C JH6 H:7J6= JAJC6C E:G6B:C N6C 9I:BJ6C 9 H:7J6=
J696JI6I
Gambar 10.29
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Gambar 10.30
Karbon dapat digunakan untuk menentukan usia
sebuah gulungan perkamen yang ditemukan di sebuah
gua di Laut Mati.
:GC6=6= C96 B:C9:C6G 6I6J B:B7686 I:CI6C IJ696A6=E:G?6C?6CI:CI6CE:B76I6H6CE:CN:76G6C96CE:CJG6C6C
7DBCJAG99JC66GA6=C;DGB6H96G7:G766HJB7:GI:CI6CE:G?6C?6C I:GH:7JI:6G6B6C6H6?66=N6CI:GB6HJC:6G67:G:J6I6CCJAGJ6IA6=
IJAH6C96GC;DGB6HN6CC9696E6I6CJBEJA6CIJAH6CI:GH:7JI:E696 JGJ C96 -JAH6C N6C E6AC 76JH 66C 9EG:H:CI6H6C DA:= HHL6 N6C
7:GH6CJI6C99:E6C:A6H
Mari Mencari Tahu Tantangan
untuk Anda
Apakah radioisotop yang disuntikkan ke dalam tubuh pasien
untuk mendiagnosis penyakit, membahayakan pasien itu sendiri?
Sumber: Physics for Scientist and Engineers, 2000
Sumber: Fundamental of Physics, 2001
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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas
283
Tes Kompetensi Subbab
D
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6A6BG:6HCI7:GA6JJJB::6A6CDBDG IDB96CDBDG6HH6H:GI6JJB::6A6C
C:G96CDB:CIJB +:6H ;JH 696A6= 7:G67JCCN6 9J6 CI GC6C
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JBJGHJ6IJ76=6C96CA6CA6C
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B:B76=6H
B:B76=6H B:B76=6H
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766C766CCN6 B:B76=6H
Peta Konsep
0,1, -1310
CIIDB +69D6IKI6H
+:6HCI +:6IDGJAGDB
JAG96C+69DHDIDE
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HDIDE HD76G
HDIDC
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R CI+C6C R CI:G6I
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R :CJJG :I:76A6C76=6C
R :C9:I:H :7D8DG6CEE6
R +69DAD
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, tentu Anda telah memahami bagian-bagian penyusunan inti dan
bagaimana pengaruh rekayasa penyusun inti tersebut. Anda juga tentu telah memahami mengenai
radioaktivitas dan peluruhan serta perhitungan- perhitungan yang ada di dalamnya. Dari keseluruhan
materi yang ada pada bab ini, bagian mana yang menurut
Refleksi
Anda sulit dipahami? Coba Anda diskusikan dengan teman atau guru Fisika Anda.
Banyak sekali manfaat mempelajari Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas. Salah satunya adalah dibangunnya PLTN
yang hemat bahan bakar. Coba Anda cari manfaat lain mempelajari bab ini. Diskusikan hasilnya bersama teman-
teman Anda.
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Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas
285
Tes Kompetensi Bab 10
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I:GH:7JI696A6= 6
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6A6BL6IJ=6G 766CHJ6IJJCHJGG69D6I;
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Proyek
Semester 2
,:E:GIE6966=GH:B:HI:G6C?AN6CA6AJE6966=GH:B:HI:G:C6EC?J6 C9666CB:C96E6I6CIJ6H:6I6CH:B:HI:G:6I6CH:B:HI:GC97:G6C
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Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir
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Tes Kompetensi Fisika
Semester 2
00124 ,5,.,1.1,,. 221, J6CI6:C:GN6CI:G6C9JC996A6BHC6GJAIG6
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8 ;DIDCA:CN6E96CH:AJGJ=:C:GCN697:G6CE696
:A:IGDC 9
B6C7:H6GCI:CHI6H;DIDCB6C7:H6G:C:G C:I:A:IGDC
: :8:E6I6C:A:IGDCN6CA:E6H96GAD6B696A6=
CDA?6:C:G;DIDCA:7=:8A96G;JCH:G?6 AD6B
:GBJ66CAD6BI:GI:CIJB:BA;JCH:G?6 ?DJA: 6 DCHI6CI6 EA6C8 ?DJA: H:DC :C:G
B6HBJB;DID:A:IGDCN6C9=6HA6CDA:=86=6N6 7:G;G:J:CHO696A6=96A6B
6 9
7 :
S 8
S 5-,
,:7J6= E6GI:A N6C B:BA B6HH6 7:G:G6 9:C6C:8:E6I6C6I:I6E6CA6C8E6C?6C
:ADB76CE6GI:A696A6=
6 9
7 :
8 ,:7J6= 7:C96 B:BA HJ=J H:7:H6G Q 6
DCHI6CI6 :BHKI6H 7:C96 I:GH:7JI
CI:CHI6H G696HN6C9E6C86G6C696A6=
6 07 B
9 07 B
7 07 B
: 07 B
8 07 B
,6A6=H6IJDCH:E6IDBB:CJGJI6AIDC696A6= 6
BDA:JAI:G9G6I6H6IDB6IDB 7
B6HH6:H:AJGJ=6C6IDB7:GJ76= 8
6IDBI967:G67JC9:C6C6IDBA6CCN6 9
6IDB I96 96E6I B:B7:CIJ HJ6IJ 6I6C BDA:JA
: 6IDB96E6I9E:86=E:86=A6
:G8D766C =6B7JG6C +JI=:G;DG9 B:C=6HA6C :HBEJA6C
6 6IDB696A6=766CI:G:8A96GJCHJG
7 :A:IGDC 696A6= 766C 6IDB N6C 7:GBJ6I6C
AHIGC:6I; 8
6IDBB:BAB6HH6N6CI:GH:76GH:86G6B:G6I6 9
B6HH66IDBI:GEJH6I9HJ6IJIIN6C9H:7JI CI
: :A:IGDCB:C:AACCIE696ACI6H6CI:GI:CIJ
,6A6=H6IJBD9:A6IDBB:CJGJI-696A6=
6 :A:IGDC7:G:G69:C6CACI6H6CHI6HDC:G
7 :C:G;DIDCN6CI:GE6C86G7:G76C9CI:G76A
9:C6C 8
I96B:BABDB:CIJB6CJA:G 9
6IDBB:GJE66C7DA6E:?6A7:GBJ6I6CEDHI; :
6IDBI9696E6I9E:86=E:86=A6 :CJGJI BD9:A 6IDB D=G :A:IGDC 7:G:G6
B:C:AACCI=6CN6E696ACI6H6CI:GI:CIJ96C 7:H6GCN6BDB:CIJB6CJA:G:A:IGDCE696ACI6H6C
IJ696A6= 6
7:G76C9CI:G76A9:C6CI:I6E6CA6C8 7
7:G76C9CAJGJH9:C6CI:I6E6CA6C8 8
7:G76C9CI:G76A9:C6CI:I6E6C+N97:G 9
7:G76C9CAJGJH9:C6CI:I6E6C+N97:G :
7:G76C9CI:G76A9:C6CBDB:CIJBAC:6G
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Tes Kompetensi Fisika Semester 2
289
:GH6B66C E6C?6C :ADB76C HE:IGJB 6IDB =9GD:CB:CJGJI9:G:INB6C696A6=
6 7
8 9
: 6I:G?69IG6CHH:A:IGDC96A6BDG7I6IDB=9GD:C
;G:J:CHI:G7:H6GI:G?69?6:A:IGDCEC96= 6
96G: 7
96G
: 8
96G: 9
96G: :
96G: :G96H6G6CBD9:6IDBD=GI:I6E6C+N97:G
V B6I:G?69IG6CHH:A:IGDC96GACI6H6C
:ACI6H6C9E6C86G6C;DIDC9:C6C E6C?6C:ADB76C
6 V
S
B 7
V
S
B 8
V
S
B 9
V
S
B :
V
S
B 6DCHI6CI6+N97:G
V
BE6C?6C :ADB76CI:G7:H6G96G9:G:I6AB:G696A6=
6 P
9 P
7 P
: P
8 P
:G76C9C6C 9A6I6H L6IJ JCIJ HHI:B N6C 7:G:G6E696:8:E6I6C
89:C6CHHI:BN6C
7:G:G6E696:8:E6I6C
8696A6= 6
9 7
: 8
6B6HH696B:A:IGDC696A6=V
S
B6HH6 :A:IGDC N6C 7:G:8:E6I6C H:I:C6= A6?J G6B76I
86=6N6696A6= 6
V
S
9 V
S
7 V
S
: V
S
8 V
S
:CJGJIE:C6B6I9H:7J6=EA6C:I6969J6E:H6L6I 6CI6GH6 N6C B:C9:6ICN6 96G 6G6= N6C
7:GA6L6C6CB6HCB6HC696A6=E:H6L6IN6C :8:E6I6CCN6
896CE:H6L6IN6C:8:E6I6CCN6
8 :CJGJI EADI E:H6L6I 7:H6G :8:E6I6C E:H6L6I696A6=
6 8
9 8
7 8
: 8
8 8
,:7J6=GD:I7:G:G69:C6C:8:E6I6C
86 9A=6IDA:=E:C6B6IN6C96BE6C?6CGD:IIJ
66CB:CNJHJIH:7:H6G 6
9 7
: 8
,:7J6=BD7AH:96C7:G:G69:C6C:A6?J6C
B ?6B,:DG6CE:CJBE6CBD7AB:A:BE6G6CH:7J6=
76IJ9:C6C:A6?J6CB ?6B66G6=A:BE6G6C I:G=696EH:H:DG6CN6C96B9ECG?6A6C696A6=
6
B ?6B 9
B ?6B 7
B ?6B :
B ?6B 8
B ?6B :A6?J6CH:7J6=:A:IGDCN6CB:BAB6HH66A
B6HH696BCN6696A6= 6
9 7
: 8
,:7J6=GD:IL6IJ96B9JBB:BAE6C?6C BGD:II:GH:7JI7:G:G69:C6C:8:E6I6C
8 :CJGJI DG6C 9 JB E6C?6C GD:I I:GH:7JI H:A6B67:G:G6696A6=
6 B
9 B
7 B
: B
8 B
6A6?JE6GI:A
8E:G76C9C6CB6HH6G:A6IKHI E6GI:AIJI:G=696EB6HH696BCN6696A6=
6 96C
7 96C
8 96C
9 96C
: 96C
JBA6= EGDIDC 96C C:JIGDC N6C 696 96A6B CI
E
696A6= 6
96C 7
96C 8
96C 9
96C :
96C J6 7J6= CJA96 9A6B76C6C H:766
96C :GCN6I66CN6CI967:C6G696A6=
6 I6ECJA96B:BAEGDIDC
7 CJA961B:BAC:JIGDC
8 CJA962B:BAC:JIGDC
9 :9J6CJA96B:GJE66CHDIDE
: :9J6CJA96B:BAH;6IB6N6C7:G7:96
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Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
290
.CHJGG69D6I;696A6= 6
7:G6H6A96GJCHJG7J6I6C 7
B:B6C86G6C:ADB76CG69D 8
JCHJGN6CCICN6I96HI67A 9
JC6HJGN6CB:B6C86G6CHC6G1 :
JCHJGN6CB:BACDBDG6IDB7:H6G .GJI6C96N6DCH6HHC6GHC6GG69D6I;96GBJA6
N6CE6ACJ6I696A6= 6
6A;67:I696C6BB6 7
6A;66BB696C7:I6 8
7:I66A;696C6BB6 9
6BB67:I696C6A;6 :
6BB66A;696C7:I6 .GJI6C96N6I:B7JHHC6GHC6GG69D6I;9BJA696G
N6CE6ACJ6I96A6= 6
6A;67:I696C6BB6 7
6A;66BB696C7:I6 8
7:I66A;696C6BB6 9
6BB67:I696C6A;6 :
6BB66A;696C7:I6 ,J6IJJCHJGG69D6I;L6IJE6GJ=CN6
9:I6
B6HH676=6CG69D6I;IJBJA6BJA6G6BH:I:A6= B:CIB6HH6CN6IC6A
6 7
8 9
1 6
: 1
8 ,:I:A6=
=6GO6IG69D6I;N6C7:AJB7:G9HCI:G6H
B6H= 766C96G?JBA6=6H6ACN606IJE6GJ=O6I
G69D6I;I:GH:7JI696A6==6G 6
9 7
: 8
4 .1,5, 21,,1.1 :C6E6DI6I:GIJIJEG6E6IN6C9AJ76C96E6I
96C6EB:C9:6I7:C96=I6BH:BEJGC6 ,:7J6=A6BEJ
09=J7JC6C:HJEA6AHIG
E696I:6C6CHE:H;6H:I6H6A6G9=J7JC6C ;A6B:CH::G6B:C86E6HJ6IJHJ=JBJIA6DCHI6C
H:7:H6G 6
:G6E66=A6?J:C:G=A6C96A6B7:CIJE6C6H DA:=;A6B:CE696HJ=JC
7 6G696H96G;A6B:C96C6E
6AG696H
7:C96=I6BDE696HJ=JN6CH6B6I:CIJ6CA6= CA6J6HE:GBJ66C;A6B:C
V
S
B 6G E:GH6B66C 9: GDA: 9E:GDA:= E6C?6C
:ADB76C H:7J6= :A:IGDC N6C H:96C 7:G:G6 696A6=
CB
6 IJCA6=:8:E6I6C:A:IGDC
7 6 :C:G C:I :A:IGDC 96C966C
7:GE66=E6C?6C:ADB76C76GJCN6 -:CIJ6C ?JBA6= :A:IGDC B6HBJB N6C 96E6I
B:C:BE6IJAI 6
8 7
9 :G6E66= :C:G N6C 9E:GAJ6C JCIJ B:B
7:76H6CH:7J6=:A:IGDCCJAI96A6B96G H:7J6=6IDB:B6H3
,:7J6= EGC I:G76C 7:G:G6 : 6G6= + 9:C6C :A6?J6C
8I:G=696EJB6GEGCI:G76C
9I:B766C E:AJGJ : 6G6= M 9:C6C A6?J
8 -:CIJ6CA6=A6?JE:AJGJ?69JJGDA:=E:C6B6I9
JB7:G96H6G6C 6
G:A6IKI6H:LIDC 7
G:A6IKI6HCHI:C ,:DG6CEG67:GB6HH6
9JB667:G696
96A6BGD:IN6CB:AJC8JG
87:G6E66=B6HH6 EG6I:GH:7JI
6HH66IDB 696A6=HB6=9GD:C
HB696CC:LIDC
HB6 6
IJCB6HH6IDI6AE6GI:AE:B7:CIJCI6IDB 7
IJC 9:;: B6HH6 :I6 E6GI:A I:GH:7JI 7:GH6IJB:B7:CIJH:7J6=6IDBDH:C
8 IJC:C:G6ICIDH:C
9 IJC:C:G6IG6I6G6I6E:GCJA:DC
:G6E66=:C:GN6C97:76H6C96A6BE:AJGJ=6C HEDCI6C
234 92
.N6CB:7=6HA6CHC6G B6HH6
234 92
. HB6
-=
HB6 HB6
:G=6I6CG6;7:GJIC
5 0 100
1 0 t hari
N gram
-:CIJ6C 6
I:I6E6CE:AJGJ=6C 7
B6HH6O6IN6CIC6AH:I:A6=
=6G96A6B G6B
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291
Tes Kompetensi Akhir
00124 ,5,.,1.1,,. 221, :GD96 96C ;G:J:CH H:7J6= :ADB76C N6C
B:G6B76I 9:C6C :8:E6I6C B H 96C E6C?6C :ADB76CCN6
8B696A6=
6 H96C
O 9
H96C
O 7
H96C
O : H96CO
8 H96C
O
,:7J6=:ADB76C7:G?6A6CB:B:CJ=E:GH6B66C ,
HC S
+9:C6C+96C,96A6B8B
96C96A6BH:DCG:J:CH96CE6C?6C:ADB76C I:GH:7JI696A6=
6 O96C8B 9
O96C8B 7
O96C8B :
O96C
8B 8
O96C
8B ,:7J6= :G:I6 6E 7:G:G6 B:CC6A6C HI6HJC
6B7G9:C6C:8:E6I6C
B ?6B6E:C6L6H :G:I6 6E N6C 696 9 HI6HJC B:B7JCN6C EAJI
9:C6C;G:J:CH
O96C:8:E6I6CE:G6B76I6C 7JCN9J96G6
B HB66;G:J:CH7JCNEAJIN6C
99:C6GDA:=E:C6L6HN6C696996A6B:G:I66E 696A6=
6
O 9
O 7
O :
O 8
O J67J6=I6AN6CH6B6E6C?6CCN69I6GDA:=6N6
E:G:C6CCN6N6CH6B66HH6I6AE:GI6B66A B6HH6 I6A :9J6 -6A E:GI6B6 9:I6G6C 9:C6C
;G:J:CH
OH:96C6CI6A:9J69:I6G6C 9:C6C;G:J:CH
O6E6C?6C:ADB76CE696
I6AE:GI6B68BB66E6C?6C:ADB76CE696I6A :9J6696A6=
6
8B 9
8B 7
8B :
8B 8
8B ,J6IJ7:G6H86=6N6BDCDGDB6IHH:I:A6=B:A6AJ
H:E6H6C8:A6=H:BEIN6C?6G6CN6
BBB:B7:CIJ EDA6CI:G;:G:CHE696A6N6GN6C?6G6CN6
B96G
8:A6=I6A6?6G66CI6G66GH:A6E:9J6:EJH6I EDA6
BBB66E6C?6C:ADB76C86=6N6I:GH:7JI
696A6= 6
V
S
B 9
V
S
B 7
V
S
B :
V
S
B 8
V
S
B 696H:7J6=A6EH6CIEHI:G?69CI:G;:G:CHB6HBJB
:I69HC6GDA:=86=6N69:C6CE6C?6C:ADB76C P69:I6=JC9:H76HA6EH6CIEHI:GH:7JI
B66I:76AA6EH6CIEHI:GH:7JI696A6= 6
P 9
P 7
P :
P 8
P ,:7:G6H HC6G BDCDGDB6I 9:C6C E6C?6C
:ADB76CV
S
B96I6CI:6AJGJHE696H 6HE:IGJBDG9::9J6B:B7:CIJHJ9JIQ9:C6C
6GHCDGB6AE696HB66?JBA6=6GHH:I6E8BH 696A6=
6 9
7 :
8 ,J9JIEDA6GH6HB:BEJCN6I6C:CN6CH6B67:H6G
9:C6CC9:H76HO6I:GCN6I66CC9H:7JIJJB 6
,C:AAJH 9
G:HC:A 7
:LIDC :
G:LHI:G 8
JN:C 06GC67JCN6I6JIB7G:N6C9=6HA6CDA:=HJ6IJ
HJB7:G9I:CIJ6CDA:= 6
ICC696 7
7:CIJ:ADB76C 8
6BEAIJ9D:ADB76C 9
;G:J:CH:ADB76C :
C696C696=6GBDC :GJI696A6=E:GCN6I66CN6C7:C6GB:C:C67JCN
96C86=6N6 6
:9J6CN6696A6=:?6A6:ADB76C 7
86=6N6 696A6= :ADB76C :A:IGDB6C:I H:96C6C7JCN696A6=:ADB76CB:6C
8 86=6N6696A6=:ADB76CIG6CHK:GH6AH:96C6C
7JCN696A6=:ADB76CADCIJ9C6A 9
86=6N696E6II:GEDA6GH6HH:96C6C7JCNI96 96E6II:GEDA6GH6H
: 86=6N6 =6CN6 B:G6B76I E696 GJ6C =6BE6
H:96C6C7JCN=6CN6B:G6B76IE696B:9JB ,:JI6HI6AE6C?6C
B9:I6G6CIG6CHK:GH6A6?J
G6B76I:ADB76CIG6CHK:GH6AE696I6AI:GH:7JI
B H 66N6I:6C6CE696I6AI:GH:7JIB66B6HH6
I6A696A6= 6
9 7
: 8
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Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
292
6H:7J6=EE6DG6C6I:G7J69IJE=C6IB7JA C6966I6H:9J6B6696A6BEE666CI:G7:CIJ
6 E:GJI96C
HBEJA
7 E:GJI96CHBEJA
8 E:GJI96C
HBEJA
9 E:GJI96CHBEJA
: E:GJI96CHBEJA
6GI:A7:GB6HH696C7:GBJ6I6C7:G:G696A6B B:96C E6GI:A A6C N6C 96B 96C 7:GBJ6I6C
:GCN6I66CN6C7:C6GJCIJE6GI:AI:GH:7JI696A6= 6
6N6N6CB:C6G6=:EJH6IBJ6I6C696A6= 6N6H:CIG6A
7 :C:GEDI:CH6ACN6I:I6E
8 :C:GC:ICN6I:I6E
9 6N6N6C7::G?67J6C6N6DCH:GK6I;
: 6N6DJADB7N6CI:G?69H:7:H6G
DA696C7DA6B6HCB6HC7:GBJ6I6C
8DJADB7 96C
8DJADB76G6:9J6EJH6I7DA6
B:I:G6
:9J67DA6I:GA:I69J96G6B66:C:GEDI:CH6A7DA6 696A6=
6 V
?DJA: 7
V ?DJA:
8 V
?DJA: 9
V ?DJA:
: V
?DJA: ,6IJ6CJ6IB:96CAHIG96E6I9CN6I66C96A6B
6 C:LIDC8DJADB7
7 ?DJA: C:LIDC
8 8DJADB7 KDAI
9 KDAIB:I:G
: KDAI B:I:G
B66E6HIDGB6HCB6HCB:BEJCN66E6HI6H 9HJHJCH:E:GIE6966B76G6E6HI6H6E6HIDGN6C
96E6I B:C6CI6C G6C66C 6E6HIDG I:GH:7JI 696A6=
6 7
8 9
: J6 6L6I N6C H6C6I E6C?6C 9E6H6C K:GI6A
H:?6?6G 9:C6C ?6G6 6L6I E:GI6B6 96AG 6GJH H:7:H6G
:6I6H-I96A6B796C:9J66L6I
IJI:GA:I696CI6G6CN696C7:G?6G6
96G6L6I E:GI6B66C9JHB6C:I9IIH6B69:C6C
CDA6GJHN6CB:C6AG96A6B6L6I:9J6696A6= 6
:76L6= 9
:6I6H 7
:76L6= :
:76L6= 8
:6I6H ,:7J6=HDA:CD96N6CE6C?6CCN6 I:G9G6I6H
AAI6C ,DA:CD96 IJ 96AG 6GJH AHIG
H:=C6 B:B76CI6CC9JHB6C:I9HJ6IJII9
I:C6=HDA:CD96C96E6I9CN6I66C9:C6C
6 9
7 :
8 :H6G6N6N6C96A6BH:JI6H6L6IAJGJH7:G6GJHAHIG
996A6BHJ6IJB:96CB6C:IN6CH:G76H6B6I96 7:G6CIJCE696
6 EDHH6L6I996A6BB:96CB6C:I
7 E6C?6C6L6I
8 =6B76I6C6L6I
9 J6I6GJHCN6
: J6IB:96CB6C:ICN6
6969J67J6=6L6IH:?6?6GN6CB6HCB6HC96AG 6GJHAHIGN6CH6B67:H6GIB7JA6N6N6C7:H6GCN6
V
S
C:LIDC6G66CI6G6:9J66L6IIJB:I:G :H6G6GJH96A6BH:I6E6L6I696A6=
6 6BE:G:
9 6BE:G:
7 6BE:G:
: 6BE:G:
8 6BE:G:
+6C66C6L6I+,I:GA:I696A6BB:96CB6C:I N6CJ6IB:96CCN6
L:7:G B
96C6G6=CN6B6HJ 796C:GI6HH:E:GIE6966B76G7:GJI
A66L6I9:H:G:6C6C9:C6C:8:E6I6C B H6N6:G6AHIGC9JHN6CI:G?69696A6=
6 KDAI9:C6C6G6=96G:
7 KDAI9:C6C6G6=96G:
8 KDAI9:C6C6G6=96G:
9 KDAI9:C6C6G6=96G:
: KDAI9:C6C6G6=96G:
C
1
C
2
C
3
C
4
C
5
P
S Q
R A
B 50 cm
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Tes Kompetensi Akhir
293
,:7J6=JBE6G6CHDA:CD96B:BEJCN6C9JI6CH B:H6GAC9JH9GN6C976CI6C96A6B
JBE6G6CIJ?6696E:GJ76=6C6GJHAHIG96G BB:C?69
B96A6BL6IJ
9:IH:86G6
7:G6IJG6CH6B69:C6C 6
B 9
7 B
: 8
;H:CHH:7J6=IG6CH;DGB6IDG696A6=
6AC7:G6GI 6
J6I6GJHE696JBE6G6CEGB:G7:G76C9CJ6I 6GJHE696JBE6G6CH:JC9:G
7 I:6C6C E696 JBE6G6C EGB:G 7:G76C9C
I:6C6CE696JBE6G6CH:JC9:G 8
?JBA6=AAI6CJBE6G6CEGB:G7:G76C9C?JBA6= AAI6CE696JBE6G6CH:JC9:G
9 96N6E696JBE6G6CEGB:G7:G76C9C9:C6C
96N6E696JBE6G6CH:JC9:G :
=6B76I6C E696 JBE6G6C EGB:G 7:G76C9C =6B76I6CE696JBE6G6CH:JC9:G
66E6HIDGC9JH96CI6=6C6C9E6H6C H:86G6H:GB66;G:J:CHG:HDC6CHG6C66C96E6I
9IJGJC6C9:C6C 6
B:C:8A6C 7
B:B7:H6G6C 8
B:C:8A6C 9
B:B7:H6G6C I:6C6C E696 J?JCJ?JC G6C66C
: B:C:8A6C6GJH96A6BG6C66C
6I:I6E6CA6C8V
S
?DJA:9:I:8:E6I6C 86=6N6
V
B H96CE6C?6C:ADB76C86=6N6 PB66:C:G;DIDC86=6N6IJ696A6=
6 V
S
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AJGJH9:C6C;G:J:CH86=6N6N6C9JC66C 8
I:G76A9:C6C;G:J:CH86=6N6N6C9JC66C 9
AJGJH9:C6CCI:CHI6H86=6N6N6C9JC66C :
I:G76A9:C6CCI:CHI6H86=6N6N6C9JC66C DCHI6CI6A6C8
V
S
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S
7:G:G6 9:C6C :8:E6I6CV
B HB66E6C?6C:ADB76C 9:GDA:CN6696A6=
6 V
S
CB 9
CB 7
V
S
CB :
V CB
8 CB
6G=6HAE:G8D766CDBEIDC:;:DBEIDC996E6I 76=L6
6 86=6N6B:GJE66C:ADB76C:A:IGDB6C:I
7 86=6N6B:CNBE6C996A6BB:96CB6C:I
8 86=6N6B:CNBE6C996A6BB:96CAHIG
9 86=6N6 B:BEJCN6 BDB:CIJB 96C 7:GH;6I
H:E:GIE6GI:A :
86=6N6 B:BEJCN6 BJ6I6C 96C 7:GH;6I G69D6I;
:GCN6I66CN6CB:CN6I66C76=L6T6IDBI:GHJHJC H:E:GIHJHJC6CI6I6HJGN6UB:GJE66CE:GCN6I66CN6C
9:BJ66CDA:= 6
:BDGIJH 9
+JI=:G;DG9 7
6AIDC :
D=G 8
-=DBHDC 6
-= B:B6C86G6CHC6G B66CDBDGB6HH6
96CCDBDG6IDBCIN6C9=6HA6C696A6= 6
96C 9
96C 7
96C :
96C 8
96C 6:C:GIDI6A:A:IGDC6IDB9JAI696A6=S
B66:C:GIDI6A:A:IGDC9JAI696A6= 6
9 7
: 8
A6:A:IGDC6IDB=9GD:C7:GEC96=96GACI6H6C :ACI6H6CB6666C9E6C86G6C;DIDC
6DCHI6CI6+J97:G
V BB66E6C?6C
:ADB76C;DIDCN6C9E6C86G6CCN6696A6= 6
V
S
B 9
V
S
B 7
V
S
B :
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S
B 8
V
S
B ,:I6E9:I9B6I6=6GI:G?69E:GJ76=6CV
B6I:GB:C?69:C:GG696HA6A6?J86=6N696A6B K6JB696A6=
V
8B H96N6N6C9E6C86G6C B6I6=6G696A6=
6 V
L6II 9
V L6II
7 V
L6II :
V L6II
8 V
L6II DHIJA6ICHI:CN6C7:C6G696A6=
6 B6HH67:C96I96DCHI6C
7 L6IJ96B96CL6IJ7:G:G6I96H6B6
8 E6C?6C96B96CE6C?6C7:G:G6I96H6B6
9 :8:E6I6C86=6N696A6BK6JBN6C9E6C86G6C
DA:=HJB7:G96B96CHJB7:G7:G:G6696A6= H6B6
: H:BJ6=JJBH6696A6=I96H6B6JCIJ
H:AJGJ=:G6C668J6CN6CA:B76B ,6IJ G6B B6HH6 7:GJ76= B:C?69 :C:G C:G
I:GH:7JI9JC66CJCIJB:C6C6I6GH:IC B6
B H
V B H6GN6C96E6I
96C6I696A6=H:76CN6 6
V B
9 V
B 7
V B
: V
B 8
V B
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,:7J6=GD:IE6C?6C
B:I:G96C7:G6I
IDC B:CC6A6C JB 9:C6C :8:E6I6C B:C9:6I
:8:E6I6C86=6N6:CJGJII:DGG:A6IKI6HCHI:C 96E6I9:BJ66CDA:=DG6CJB76=L6
6 B6HH6GD:I
IDCE6C?6CGD:I
B:I:G
7 B6HH6GD:I
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B:I:G
8 B6HH6GD:I
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9 B6HH6GD:I
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: B6HH696CE6C?6CGD:II:I6E
IDB 6 B:BEJCN6
6 EGDIDC:A:IGDC96CC:JIGDC
7 EGDIDC:A:IGDC96CC:JIGDC
8 EGDIDC:A:IGDC96CC:JIGDC
9 EGDIDC:A:IGDC96CC:JIGDC
: EGDIDC:A:IGDC96CC:JIGDC
6HH6CI
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HB6
96C
HB66HB6
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6AE=6B:C?699J69:JIGDC696A6= 6
: 9
: 7
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: 8
: 6HJ6IJC:JIGDC96A6BHJ6IJCI7:GJ76=B:C?69
EGDIDCB66CIIJB:B6C86G6C 6
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E6GI:A6BB6 9
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9:JIGDC ,J6IJJCHJGG69D6I;B:BEJCN6L6IJE6GJ=
9:IA6B6HH676=6CG69D6I;H:BJA6G6BB66 H:I:A6=B:CI76=6CN6CI:GIC6A696A6=
6 G6B
9 G6B
7 G6B
: G6B
8 G6B
4 .1,5, 21,,1.1 696E:G8D766C:A9:9JC66CH:JI6H7:C6CN6C
E6C?6CCN6B96CB6HH6CN6
G6B67:76CN6C 9JC66CE696E:G8D766CIJ
G6B
B H
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J6:A6HBCJB96A6BCN6H6B6N6IJ
8B :A6H N6CH6IJ9H6G
96C96I6HCN69HBCN6
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BDCDGDB6I?JBA6=:ADB76CHC6G996A6B:9J6 :A6HH6B6IJCA6=I:76AA6EH6CBCN6
,J6IJ HJB7:G 7JCN II 9:C6C 96N6 L6II B:B6C86G6C :ADB76C 7JCN 7:GJE6 :ADB76C
H;:GH 7DA6 CI:CHI6H 6B76C E:C9:C6G6C H6B6 9:C6C
S
0 B -:CIJ6CI6G6;CI:CHI6H7JCN
N6C99:C6GDA:=E:C9:C6GN6C7:G?6G6
B:I:G 96GHJB7:G
,:7J6= 6E6HIDG B:BEJCN6 6E6HI6H H:7:H6G BGD;6G69 6 I:G96E6I J96G6 9 6CI6G6 :EC
:ECCN696C
BGD;6G69696CI6G6:EC :ECCN69I:BE6I6CA:B76G6CEDGH:A:CI:CIJ6C
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,:7J6=E6GI:AN6C7:GBJ6I6C 7:G:G696A6B
B:96CB6C:I=DBD:C
S
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6GG6C66CAHIG7DA676AH:E:GIE6966B76G 9:I6=J
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96N6E696G6C66C
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7:96EDI:CH6A6CI6G696C KDAI
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V
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B H96C:8:E6I6C 86=6N69J96G6
V
B H96CDCHI6CI6A6C8 V
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7 :8:E6I6C:A:IGDCN6CI:GA:E6H96GAD6B
8 :C:G;DID:A:IGDCN6CI:GA:E6H96GAD6B
9 ;G:J:CHBCBJB:ADB76C:A:IGDB6C:I
66G:A:IGDCI:GA:E6H96GAD6B ,J6IJ7:G6H:A:IGDC9I6B76=6CE6966H=9GD:C
9=6HA6C E:B6C86G6C HE:IGJB N6C 7:G6H6A 96G IG6CHH
::6966C6:C:G6I:A:IGDC
E696IC6I96H6GH6B69:C6C
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6A6BG:6H 19A:E6H6CH:?JBA6=
:C:G696E:GH6B66CG:6HI:GH:7JII:CIJ6CJCHJG 6E66=1
,:7J6= E6GI:A 7:G:G6 9:C6C A6?J 9:C6C:8:E6I6C86=6N66
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6 =J7JC6C6CI6G6B6HH696B96CB6HH67:G:G6
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295 Bab 1 Gejala Gelombang
Tes Kompetensi Awal 7A?4393633:97F3D3K39?7D3?43F
7;E97A?439 3
47D63E3D=3 EG?47DK3 97A?439 ?7=3;= 63
97A?43977=FDA?397F;= 4
47D63E3D=33D3:E;?B39397A?439FD3EH7DE363
97A?439A9;FG6;3
Tes Kompetensi Subbab A 7D63E3D=3 EG?47DK3 6;4763=3 ?736; 97A?439
?7=3;=6397A?43977=FDA?397F;=GFG=B773E3 ;:3F3
7D63E3D=33D3:97F3DK36;4763=3?736;
97A?439 FD3EH7DE3 63 97A?439 A9;FG6;3 GFG= B773E3;:3F3
O 3D7377D9;K3?3=;3G:63D;EG?47D?3=;47D=GD39 O 3D73=7633?33GF?3=;B767=
3
B79GD39377D9;K33633: 4
77D9;97A?439K3?736;
3F3G
=3;77D9; 3I3K3
Tes Kompetensi Subbab B 3
E;
O 4
?
5
7F3=E;?BG=7 3633:.
? 7F3=B7DGF=7 3633:.?
3
?
4
.
? ??
?
. ?
Tes Kompetensi Subbab C
5? N
3 L
4 L
3 L
4 L
5 L
Tes Kompetensi Bab 1 A. Pilihan Ganda
6 5
3 5
5 4
5 6
3 6
5 5
3
B. Soal uraian 63
63 3
5? 4
D36
3
O
O
5? 4
?E
5
,
5?E 6
P
O
E 3
D36 4
5? 3
L 4
L 5
L
Bab 2 Gelombang Elektromagnetik
Tes Kompetensi Awal 7A?43977=FDA?397F;=3633:97A?439K39EG?47DK3
47D3E363D;97F3D3?763;EFD;=63?763?397F;= 757B3F353:3K36;DG39:3?B33633:P
?E
Tes Kompetensi Subbab A F7D87D7E;53:3K33633:B7DB36G36G397A?43953:3K3
K39=A:7D7K3;FG8D7=G7E;63476383E7K3E3?3
?
P
O
?
Tes Kompetensi Subbab B
? D36
Tes Kompetensi Subbab C
O N
Tes Kompetensi Bab 2 A. Pilihan Ganda
4 6
4 5
5 6
5 4
B. Soal uraian
M P
O
Bab 3 Gelombang Bunyi
Tes Kompetensi Awal 7A?439?7=3;=
G6;AEA;=3633:D7F398D7=G7E;3F3D3LE3?B3; L;8D3EA;=3633:D7F398D7=G7E;4GK;6;43I3:
L63GFD3EA;=3633:D7F398D7=G7E;6;3F3E
L G=397A?439K396;B353D=3B7?353DD36;AF7D?3EG=
97A?43977=FDA?397F;=
Tes Kompetensi Subbab A ,G?47D 4GK; 3633: 97F3D3 K39 ?7;?4G=3 97F3D3
?7D3?43FB363?76;G? -;63==3D73F;63=363?76;G?97F3DK3
3633633:4GK;K39F7D3FGDE7639=367E3:3633:4GK; K39F;63=F7D3FGD
Tes Kompetensi Subbab B ,
?E
, ?E
,
3
P E3?3E33
Tes Kompetensi Subbab C ?E
3D73?73G;B76793D3K36;3?3?BG?797F3:G;4763 K393636;:363B3K3
3
8D7=G7E;F7F3B 4
B33997A?439F7F3B
5
57B3FD3?43F97A?439F7F3B 6
3?B;FG6A?7?47E3D
Kunci Jawaban
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Tes Kompetensi Subbab D ;8D3=E; 97A?439 4GK; 3633: B7D;EF;I3 B7?47A=3
97A?4394GK;=7F;=3?73G;573:3F3G?G=397A?439 F7D:339E7439;3
L
Tes Kompetensi Subbab E
L 5?
5?
Tes Kompetensi Subbab F
6 6
Tes Kompetensi Bab 3 A. Pilihan Ganda
4 3
5 6
6 5
7 6
4 5
7 6
5
B. Soal uraian ,
?E