FOREIGNIZATION AND DOMESTICATION IN THE CULTURALLY-BOUND EXPRESSIONS IN KAYAM’S PARA PRIYAYI NOVEL AND THEIR TRANSLATED EXPRESSIONS IN ZHUKOV’S JAVANESE GENTRY NOVEL.

FOREIGNIZATION AND DOMESTICATION IN THE CULTURALLY-BOUND EXPRESSIONS IN KAYAM’S PARA PRIYAYI NOVEL AND

THEIR TRANSLATED EXPRESSIONS IN ZHUKOV’S JAVANESE GENTRY NOVEL

A THESIS

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature

By Selvia Fitriani

1221141043

ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY

v MOTTO

When you want to give up, remember why you started.

-Anonymous -

vi

DEDICATION

To :

vii

ACKNOWLEGMENTS

Alhamdulillahirobbil’alamin, first of all, I would like to express my deepest

gratitude and praise to Allah SWT who gives me all His blessing till I can finish this thesis. I would also like to thank all of those who have supported and guided me in the process of writing this thesis.

1. Mr and Mrs Sutrisno, my parents who always give support and everything to me, I cannot thank enough for everything you both give to me.

2. My particular thanks to my first supervisor, Drs. Asruddin Barori Tou, MA. Ph.D., who has guided me during writing this thesis. The greatest thanks also goes to my second supervisor, Andy Bayu Nugroho, SS., M.Hum., who has given me valuable time, suggestions, and guidance in the process of accomplishing this thesis.

3. My academic consultant, Bapak Rachmat Nurcahyo, SS, MA who has given guidance and encouragement,

4. my best friend, Dwi Indrati who always helps and supports me in any condition,

5. all my beloved family in ―rumah peraduan‖ , who taught me how valuable this life, and

6. my friends English Literature of 2012 who cannot be mentioned one by one, especially my classmates in class B and my classmates in Translation concentration.

ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

A THESIS ... i

APPROVAL SHEET ... ii

RATIFICATION SHEET ... iii

PERNYATAAN ... iv

MOTTO ... v

DEDICATION ... vi

ACKNOWLEGMENTS ... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix

LIST OF TABLES ... xii

LIST OF FIGURES ... xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ... xiv

ABSTRACT ... xv

CHAPTER I ... 1

A. Background of the Problem ... 1

B. Focus and Formulation of the Problem ... 3

C. Objectives of the Research ... 5

D. Significance of the Research ... 5

CHAPTER II ... 7

LITERATURE REVIEW AND ANALYTICAL CONSTRUCT ... 7

A. Theoretical Review ... 7

1. Translation ... 7

a. Notions of Translation ... 7

b. Types of Translation ... 8

c. Translation Process ... 9

d. Translation Techniques ... 11

2. Culture ... 13

x

b. Culturally-Bound Expressions ... 14

3. Meaning ... 15

a. Notions of Meaning ... 15

b. Types of Meaning ... 16

c. Meaning Equivalence ... 17

4. Foreignization and Domestication ... 18

a. Foreignization ... 19

b. Domestication ... 19

5. About the Novel ... 20

6. Relevant Studies ... 21

B. Conceptual Framework ... 24

C. Analytical Construct ... 35

CHAPTER III ... 36

A. Type of Research... 36

B. Data and Sources of Data ... 36

C. Instruments of Research ... 37

D. Techniques of Data Collection ... 40

E. Techniques of Data Analysis ... 40

F. Trustworthiness of Data ... 41

CHAPTER IV ... 43

A. Findings ... 43

1. Foreignization and Domestication of the Culturally-Bound Expressions 43 2. Degree of Meaning Equivalence of the Translation of the Culturally-Bound Expressions ... 45

B. Discussion ... 48 1. Foreignization and Domestication of the Culturally-Bound Expressions

xi

2. Degree of Meaning Equivalence of Foreignization and Domestication of

the Culturally-Bound Expressions ... 62

CHAPTER V ... 68

A. Conclusions ... 68

B. Suggestions ... 69

References ... 71

APPENDIX ... 74

xii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Classification of Translation Techniques proposed by Molina and Albir ... 12 Table. 2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Foreignization ……… 20 Table. 3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Domestication ……….... 21 Table. 4 Degree of Meaning Equivalence of Culturally-Bound Expressions .... 33 Table. 5 Table of the Data Analysis ... 38 Table. 6 Foreignization and Domestication of the Culturally-Bound

Expressions ... 44 Table.7 Degree of Meaning Equivalence ....………. 45 Table. 8 The Frequency of Translation Techniques and Meaning

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Translation Process by Nida and Taber ……….. 10 Figure 2. Analytical Construct ……….... 36

xiv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Ada : Adaptation SL : Source Language

Bor : Borrowing Sub : Substitution

Cal : Calque TL : Target Language

Com : Compensation Tra : Transposition

Des : Description Var : Variation

Dis :Discursive Creation Dm : Different Meaning Est : Establish Equivalent Eq : Equal Meaning

Fe : Fully Equivalent

Gen : Generalization

LiA : Lingustic Amplification LiC : Lingustic Compression Lit : Literal Transaltion

Mod : Modulation

Nm : No meaning Non Eq : Non Equal Par : Particularization Pe : Partly Equal Red : Reduction

xv

FOREIGNIZATION AND DOMESTICATION IN THE CULTURALLY-BOUND EXPRESSIONS IN KAYAM’S PARA PRIYAYI NOVEL AND

THEIR TRANSLATED EXPRESSIONS IN ZHUKOV’S JAVANESE GENTRY NOVEL

By: Selvia Fitriani 12211141043

ABSTRACT

This research has two objectives. First is to describe the foreignization and domestication of the culturally-bound expressions in Umar Kayam‘s Para Priyayi Novel represented in Zhukov‘s Javanese Gentry translated Novel. Second is to describe the meaning equivalence of the translation of the culturally-bound expressions in Umar Kayam‘s Para Priyayi Novel as represented in Zhukov‘s Javanese Gentry translated Novel.

This research apllied translation techniques proposed by Molina and Albir to describe the realization of the culturally-bound expressions. The reseacher used qualitative approach, yet to suport providing the data the reseacher also provided several data in quantitave way. The data of this research are culturally-bound expressions found in the Para Priyayi novel and their translation in Javanese Gentry novelin the form of words and phrases.

The findings of this research show that foreignization and domestication found in the culturally bound expressions in this study are represented by some techniques which are closely related to the foreignization and domestication. Foreignization is indicated by four techniques found consisting of amplification, description, borrowing and literal translation represented in 187 (63.84%) data, while there are four techniques found to be domestication which are adaptation, generalization, discursive creation and reduction which represented in 106 (36.16%) data. Then, in a matter of meaning equivalence degree of culturally-bound expressions, almost of the data are transferred equivalently. There are 201 (68.61%) considered as fully equivalent meaning and there are 68 (23.21%) considered as partly equivalent meaning. However, there are also culturally-bound expressions considered as non equivalent in less number. There are only 18 (6.15%) data considered as different meaning and there are 6 (2.03%) considered as no meaning. In terms of meaning equivalence, the meaning of culturally-bound expressions are highly transfered (91.31%) in target text.

Keywords: culturally-bound expressions, foreignization, domestication, meaning equivalence

1 CHAPTER I INRODUCTION

A. Background of the Problem

Translation cannot be separated from every part of human life. It has a significant role in communication, especially to the people who have different language. The difference of the languages will also deal with the difference of the culture. Therefore, translation here appears as the bridge to solve that problem. Translation and translating of cultural problem have also already occurred since long time ago and those seem continually happen.

Meanwhile, the culture itself is an identity that cannot be separated from one territory. As sequence, the identity of one nation can be seen from its culture. There are many ways to see the variety of culture and one of them is in the form of literature. Even only in written text, the magnificent message of the culture can be delivered neatly through the combination of words. From literature people do not only learn the valuable message from the certain culture but also can see the personality of one nation.

Translating literary work has crucial dilemma especially in translating literary work which contains a great quantity of culturally-bound expressions. Indonesian has great culture in the form of literary works that have not yet been recognized internationally. To translate literary works in a foreign language, the translators need great capability. They are not only required to master the language but also the culture. The translator has to consider what to deliver to the target readers.

Translating Indonesian literary works such as novel to foreign languages holds such an important impact. In addition, translating Indonesian literary works is able to tell the avid readers that there is a beautiful nation called Indonesia, there is also a chance to promote its culture to the international world. Promoting Indonesian culture to other foreign readers has its way to promote the country as a whole. One exact example is the purpose of Yayasan Lontar Jakarta which has a goal to promote Indonesia through its literary works.

One of the projects of Yayasan Lontar is a novel entitled Para Priyayi which is translated in English as Javanese Gentry by Vladilav Zhukov. This novel contains very thick culturally-bound expressions. This novel tells about the life of several noble men. The setting of the novel took place in 1900s in Java at that time. Therefore, this novel is like a story of several people with their condition and life problems in their culture which is written in a Javanese way.

The great quantity of Javanese expressions influences the high rank of the culture gap. It also impacts the essence of the translated text which is a crucial point in translation scope. Referring to those points, it challenges the researcher to analyze the novel. This novel shows the life of indigenous of Javanese people at that time, not only the name of the things written which are totally Javanese but also the conversation and the style of this novel. For Indonesian readers who are not native of Javanese, it might cause some confusion with some parts of this novel, and there is a possibility for foreign readers to encounter some difficulties while reading this novel. Beside that problem, the researcher also wants to find out further whether the ideology that is adopted by the translator is in line with

promoting cultural goals of the institution or not. The chosen ideology that the translator adopted holds an important impact for the literary itself whether it is foreignization or domestication. It holds an important point in deciding towards what kind of direction the translation will be. Foreignization is the way to choose author as the orientation, on the other hand domestication is the way to leave the author because the translator chooses the target readers as the main orientation (Venuti, 1995).

Finally, the researcher wants to analyze foreignization and domestication in the culturally-bound expressions in Umar Kayam‘s Para Priyayi in the English version entitled Javanese Gentry. Later, the researcher also wants to look up the degree of the meaning equivalence in the culturally-bound expressions this novel represented in its English version.

B. Focus and Formulation of the Problem

The Para Priyayi novel greatly deals with culturally-bound expressions. There are many culturally-bound expressions in this novel especially in terms of Javanese culture can easily be found. Highly culturally-bound expressions provided are the product of Javanese culture. It can be in expression of greetings,

items or even the specific terminology for something. The example is ―klepon”

which is translated to ―klepon, steamed rice-cakes with a center of palm sugar”, the translator adds the extra definition that ―klepon” with ―steamed rice-cakes with a center of palm sugar‖. Foreign readers may get confused if there is no more explanation about “klepon”. It is a fact that Javanese people have a complicated system in their language usage depending on the situation and

participants in the dialogue. As sequence, the great quantity of culturally-bound expressions should get more attention from the researcher.

To gain the sense of the transferred message especially in a novel, a translator has the consideration to choose the way whether it is foreignization or domestication. The foreignization or domestication will bring the tendency to keep the source culture or to give easier ways to target readers. It will also have influences such as to reduce the essence of source text or to lose the fully understanding of target readers depending on the selected way from the translator. Thus, to deliver the message of culturally-bound expressions, meaning equivalence is also needed to examine whether it is equivalent or not. Meaning equivalence has a significant influence in the essence of the translated text. If the meaning is equal, the target readers will also get both good understanding and good information.

Based on the problem formulation gathered, this research concerns to analyze the representation of foreignization and domestication in the culturally-bound expressions. Then, this research also analyzes the degree of meaning equivalence of the translated of culturally-bound expressions.

Therefore, the problems of this study are formulated as follows.

1. How are foreignization and domestication of the culturally-bound expressions

in Kayam‘s Para Priyayi novel represented in Zhukof‘s Javanese Gentry translated novel?

2. What is the degree of meaning equivalence of the translation the

culturally-bound expressions in Kayam‘s Para Priyayi novel as represented in Zhukof‘s Javanese Gentry translated novel?

C. Objectives of the Research

Based on the formulation of the problem, the objectives of this study are: 1. to describe the foreignization and domestication of the culturally-bound

expressions in Kayam‘s Para Priyayi novel represented in Zhukof‘s Javanese Gentry translated novel, and

2. to describe the degree of meaning equivalence of the translation of the culturally-bound expressions in Kayam‘s Para Priyayi novel as represented

in Zhukof‘s Javanese Gentry translated novel.

D. Significance of the Research

The research contributes some avails as follows. 1. Theoretically

The researcher provides information about foreignization and domestication of the culturally-bound expressions translation techniques especially in literary work.

2. Practically a. Reader

Hopefully, by reading this research the readers are able to understand and improve their knowledge about translation especially in translating culturally-bound expressions.

b. Other researchers

This research provides some information about the culturally-bound expressions that may useful for the other researchers to do the research in this subject. Moreover, it also can be used as the one of the references.

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW AND ANALYTICAL CONSTRUCT

A. Theoretical Review

In this chapter, the researcher provides theories that are closely related to the study. Then, the related theory is eliminated as substance of this study. Furthermore, the analytical construct draws how this research examined.

1. Translation

a. Notions of Translation

According to Munday (2012: 155), translation is a constant evaluative process: it encompasses the checking of possible TT equivalent against the ST and against each other in a process of refinement that leads to the selection of single equivalent. Also Brislin in El-Shafey (2012: 3) states that

translation is a general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language to another, whether the language is in written or oral form, whether the languages have established orthographies or not; or whether one or both languages is based on signs, as with signs of the deaf. It means that translation is a process of transfering meaning from SL into TL, and the process commonly known as translating. Newmark (1988: 5) then states that translating is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. It means that translating is a process of transferring meaning from source language to the target language. It has a purpose to deliver the message from the author to the target reader. The product of

translation has to bring the essential meaning from the source text to the target text.

Furthermore, Nida and Taber (1982: 12) state that translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning secondly in terms of style. In this case, they state that good product of translation is the product which contains the closest natural equivalent in the target language. It can be in the form of meaning firstly, and in the form of style secondly. Relating to the natural equivalent, Catford (1965: 20) also adds that translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).

Finally, meaning in translation holds the significant effect in the product of translation. It means that the key of the translation is primary in the essence of meaning. Through good meaning, the message from the source language finely delivers to the target readers. In other words, translation is a process that conserves the source language meaning into the target language equivalently, so the product of translation can be politely accepted by target readers.

b. Types of Translation

Jakobson (in Venuti, 2000: 114) categorizes the types of translation into intralingual translation, interlingual translation, and intersemiotic translation. 1) Intralingual translation or rewording is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language. Intralingual translation is paraphrasing or rewording the text of the same language. It has purpose to explain or to clarify something becomes clearer.

2) Intersemiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems. Intersemiotic translation or transmutation involves transferring the original core to the core in different medium. It can be from the written text to panting, music, etc. The translator transfers the meaning to others media.

3) Interlingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language. Interlingual translation involves at least two languages. This type is commonly measured in translation and the translator usually gets difficulties in looking for equivalent meaning since the language engages the different characteristics, structures, and culture. Jakobson states (in Venuti, 2000:114) that on the level of interlingual translation, there is ordinarily no full equivalent between code-units, while messages may serve as adequate interpretations of alien code-units or message. It means that in the transferring one language to other language, there will be lack of the style or the message.

c. Translation Process

Hatim and Munday (2004: 6) define translation as ―the process of transferring a written text from source language (SL) to target language (TL)‖. It means that translation is a process with the whole activity which is done by the translator when he or she transfers a message from the source language to the target language. Moreover, Bell (1991: 1) states translation could refer to the process to translate or activity rather than the tangiable object, otherwise knowing as translating. Therefore, translation can be mentioned as the product with the process before. Translation is also not only about changing the words, phrases, or

sentences from the source text to the target text, but also it needs process and takes moderates times. There are several steps that have to be done to translate. The process according to Nida and Taber (1982:33) are analysis, transfer and restructuring. The figure and the explanations are below.

Figure 1. Translation Process according to Nida 1) Analysis

Analysis of the source language text is the first step for translator in the process of translation. The translator has to know semantic knowledge and socio-cultural aspect of both languages. It is crucial to know about that because it is closely related with the content of the text. The process of analyzing in term of linguistic means that translator analyzes the language style, structures, idiom, etc. On the other hand, the analyzing process in the term socio cultural also takes the important part because translating is not only translate one language to another language but also it contains translated meaning in every aspect.

2) Transfer

In this step, translator begins to translate the source text to the target text. The translator also has to try to look for the equivalent meaning.

3) Restructuring

Restructuring is the final step of the translation. In this step, the translator can revise and arrange the more appropriate statement in the target text.

Lederer (in Munday, 2008 :63 ) mentions several steps in process of the translation. They are reading and understanding, deverbalization, re-expression. However in the end, Jean Deisle comes up with idea and adds that three stages with one stage called verification.

1) Reading and understanding using linguistic competence and world knowledge to grasp the sense of the ST. The linguistic components need to be understood by reference, so the translator can explicitly and implicitly deliver the meaning like the author wants.

2) Deverbalization. It is an essential intermediate phase if the translator is to avoid transcoding and calque.

3) Re-expression. It is the step when the TT is constituted and given from based on the deverbalized understanding of sense.

4) Verification. It is the step when the translator revisits and evaluates the TT.

d. Translation Techniques

According to Molina and Albir in their journal (2002 : 509-511), they state that translation technique is a procedure to analyze and classify how translation equivalence works. There are eighteen techniques to translate a text according to them. The techniques are showed in the table below.

Table 1. Classification of Translation Techniques Proposed by Molina and Albir

Techniques Description

Adaptation To replace a ST cultural element with one from the target culture

Amplification To introduce details that are not formulated in the ST. Borrowing To take a word or expression straight from another

language

Calque Literal translation a foreign word or phrase; it can be lexical or structural.

Compensation To introduce a ST element of information or stylistic effect in another place in the TT because it cannot be reflected in the same place as in the ST.

Description To replace a term or expression with a description of its form or/and function

Discursive creation To establish a temporary equivalence that is totally unpredictable out of context.

Establish equivalent To use a term or expression recognized (by dictionaries or language in use) as an equivalent in the TL.

Generalization To use a more general or neutral term. Linguistic

amplification

To add linguistics element Linguistic

compression

To synthesize linguistic elements in the TT.

Literal Translation To translate a word or an expression word for word Modulation To change the point of view, focus or cognitive category

in relation to the ST, it can be lexical or structural. Particularization To use more precise or concrete

Reduction To supress a ST information item in the TT.

Substitution To change linguistic elements for paralinguistics elements (intonation, gesture)

Transposition To change gramatical category

Variation To change paralinguistic elements (intonation, gestures) that affect aspects of lnguistic variation.

However, in the end they say that translation techniques are not the only categories available to analyze a translated text, but coherence, cohesion, thematic progression and contextual dimensions also intervene in the analysis.

Then, Harvey (in Ordudari, 2007) states that defining culture-bound terms (CBTs) as the terms which"refer to concepts, institutions and personnel which are

specific to the SL culture". Thus, he puts forward the following four major techniques for translating culture bound-terms which are functional equivalent, formal equivalent or linguistic equivalence, transcription or borrowing, and descriptive or self-explanatory translation.

Besides that, Baker (1992) also provides several ways to translate expressions from SL into TL which are called as translation strategies. The strategies are translations by a more general word, translation a more neutral, translation by cultural substitution, translation using a loan word, translation by paraphrase using a related word, translation by paraphrase using unrelated words, translation by omission, and translation by illustration.

2. Culture

a. Notions of the Culture

There are several definitions considering what culture is actually. Firstly, according to Gohrin (in Nord, 2001) the definition of culture is below.

Culture is whatever one has to know, master or feel in order to judge whether or not a particular form of behavior shown by members of a community in their various roles conforms to general expectation, and in order to behave in this community in accordance with general expectations unless one is prepared to bear the consequences of unaccepted behavior. (Gohring in Nord, 2001)

It means that culture is specifically owned by some members in one community. According Meriam Webster Dictionary.Com, culture is a particular society that has its own beliefs, way of life, art, etc. It means that culture has enormous scopes not only limited about the name of traditional food or ceremony, or another name of thing, but it also consists of many aspects in human such as the way of life, concept, and belief.

A culture is the entire setting of norms and conventions an individual as a member of his society must know in order to be ‗like everybody‘ – or to be able to be different from everybody (Vermeer in Nord, 2001: 33). Furthermore, Newmark (1988: 94) defines culture as the way of life and its manifest that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its mean of expression. It means that culture can express how one culture influences life in this earth. Culture may speak and show how one territory be like. It shows that there is an existence culture in the certain place. Translators interpret source culture phenomena in the light of their own culture-specific knowledge of that culture, from either the inside or the outside, depending on whether the translation is from or into the translator‘s native language-and-culture.( Nord, 2001:34)

b. Culturally-Bound Expressions

Harvey in his journal (2000) provides definition of culturally-bound expressions which he calls it as culture-bound terms. He states that culture-bound terms as the terms which refer to concepts, institutions and personnel which are specific to the source language culture‖. It means that culturally-bound expressions have specific terminology in one certain source language culture.

Baker (1992: 21) also mentions on his work about culturally bound expressions which she calls it as culture specific concept. She provides the culture specific concept as follow.

The SL word may express a concept which is totally unknown in the TL. The concept in question may be abstract or concrete; it may relate to a religious belief, a social custom, or even a type of food. Such concepts are often referred as culture-specific.

Then, according to Newmark (1988: 96), culturally-bound expressions, which are called ‗culturalwords‘ are easy to detect since they are associated with particular language and cannot be literally translated. Newmark (1988:85) categorizes them as ecology, material, culture, social culture, social organization and gestures and habit.

According to Armelino in Balfaqeeh (2009), classification of culturally-bound expressions are divided into three categories: 1) historical, 2) social and 3) religious. Historical expressions consist of several sub-categories including literary expressions. It is true that allusions are included in the idioms above, but allusion exists in the grey area between idioms and culturally-bound expressions. Social expressions include environmental expressions like a place that served liquor would violate his parole‗. Religious expressions include expressions related to any religion other than Islam like servant of Potiphar‗ and Jeez Louise‗.

3. Meaning

a. Notions of Meaning

Nida and Taber (1982 : 12) state that translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, firstly in the terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. It means that equivalent meaning has a significant role in translation. The most important thing according to the Nida and Taber in translation is delivering the message or the meaning source language to the target language. Then they define that there are two kinds of meaning which are referential meaning and connotative meaning.

Referential that is known as denotation meaning deals with the words as symbol or sign. Meanwhile, connotative is the meaning behind from such expression.

According Nugroho on his journal entitled Meaning and Translation (2007), translation is basically conveying the meaning language to another language. He states that the process of rendering meaning involves some aspects as addiction, grammatical structure, communication setting, and cultural context of the ST. He also mentions that meaning of a word is not only determined by the referring of the object or idea, but it is also governed by the use of the words or phrases in certain way, context, and effects.

b. Types of Meaning

Nida (1964) categorizes meaning into two types that are referential meaning and connotative meaning. Referential meaning is a word or symbol which refers to the something real such as an object, abstract thing, or relation. It is denotatively referring to something. On the other hand, there is connotative meaning which involves different meaning depend on the context, situation and even the emotion. In other words, connotative meaning is the meaning which not directly denotes from the utterance yet there is something behind on it. In this research, researcher tries to analyze kind of that meaning in the scope of the culturally-bound expressions provided in the novel.

Meanwhile, according to Catford (1965: 35), there are two types of translation called as formal meaning and contextual meaning. Formal meaning considers as the formal relation in the language. It mostly deals with the grammatical relation such the relation between different rank, term in system, and

elements of the structure. Then, contextual meaning deals with the constitution of the range situational elements.

Haliday and Hasan (1985: 44) also divide three types of meaning in translation. They are ideational meaning, interpersonal meaning, and textual meaning. Ideational meaning consists of two branches of meaning that are logical and experimental. The logical metafunction refers to the grammatical resources for building up grammatical units into complexes, for instance, for combining two or more clauses into a clause complex. The experiential function refers to the grammatical resources involved in construing the flux of experience through the unit of the clause. The interpersonal metafunction relates to a text's aspects of tenor or interactivity. Like field, tenor comprises three component areas: the speaker/writer persona, social distance, and relative social status. The textual metafunction relates to mode; the internal organization and communicative nature of a text.

c. Meaning Equivalence

Cited from Vinay and Dalbelnet (in Venuti, 2000), equivalence-oriented translation is a procedure which 'replicates the same situation as in the original, whilst using completely different wording. Equivalence is static, result-oriented concept describing a relationship of equal communicative value between to texts or on lower ranks, between words, phrases, sentences, syntactic structures and so on (Nord 2001:36).

According to Nida (1964), there are two different types of equivalence that is formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. Formal equivalence consists of

TL item which represents the closest equivalent of a source language word or phrase. Then, dynamic equivalent is defined as a translation principle according to which a translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original in such a way that TL wording does upon the source audience.

According to Bell (1991), there are 2 types of meaning. They are equivalent meaning and non equivalent meaning. Equivalent meaning has two types of degree which are fully equivalent and partly equivalent. On the other hand, non equivalent meaning also has two types of degree which are different meaning and no meaning.

Equivalence in translation has a significant role in a case delivering sense or meaning from SL into TL. The concept about equivalence also has various conceptions according to scholars. Some of them mentions it in clearly way and some of them just mentions in a glance. Indeed, the conceptions of equivalence according to them are based on specific purpose, types, and context of the text.

4. Foreignization and Domestication

According to Venuti (1995) in his book, The Translator’s Invisibility in 1995, there are two choices to translate a text from SL to TL. It is whether the translator chooses the way to keep the author as his orientation or leaves the author because the translator chooses the target reader as the main orientation. Generally speaking, domestication designates the type of translation in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers, while foreignization means a target text is produced

which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original (Shuttleworth & Cowie, 1997:59).

a. Foreignization

Foreignization is one of the translation tendency that invites the readers to enter scope of SL cultures. Foreignization tries to keep an exotic atmosphere for target-language readers, and makes them feel the difference between languages and cultures (Wang, 2014). Foreignization is oriented to the source language culture. It implies and attempts to preserve the culture of the source text. Therefore, different culture may feature confusion to the target readers. In this case, foreignized translation becomes an obstacle for less educated readers because the text is difficult to understand.

Table 2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Foreignization

Advantages Disadvantages

The target text readers can understand the culture of the Source Language.

The target text readers may feel unfamiliar with some terms of the Source Language.

The target text gives the taste of the Source Language culture to the target text readers.

The target text sometimes sounds complex and unnatural.

Intercultural learning may happen. Some negative aspects in the Source Language may easily influence the target text readers.

b. Domestication

Venuti (1995) claims that domestication is not rendering the message, the source language text into target text. Domesticated translation adapts the source

text to the target text culture. Its aim is to make target language readers easier to understand. The traditional principle of translation is the ―smooth translation‖, namely ―domestication‖, the translation can be read and understood easily, the crabbed incoherent phenomenon does not exist, and it is just like the original (Yang, 2014: 2). It means that this strategy offers target readers easiness both to read and to understand translated language. Moreover, domestication is chosen due to a belief that the target text should be equal with the culture of the target readers. Domestication oriented to target language and focuses on the taste and expectation of the readers who want to get translation based on their own culture.

Table 3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Domestication

Advantages Disadvantages

The target text readers can easily understand the target text.

The aspects in the Source Language are often faded.

The target text sounds natural and communicative.

The target text readers cannot interpret the text because the interpretation has been done by the translator.

Cultural assimilation may happen. The target text readers do not get knowledge of the source language. 5. About the Novel

Para Priyayi is a novel written by Umar Kayam. This novel tells about the story of each member of Soedarsono‘s family. There was a young boy called Soedarsono who lived in a small village in Wanagalih. He and his parents came from poor farmer family. His parents expected that one day he turned to be a noble man. They did not want him be a farmer like them in his future time. Because of that, his parents did not allow him to get close with the farming world.

His parents did not work on their own field, yet they worked in Ndoro Seten‘s field. The good relation between them and field‘s owner was guiding their dreams come true. Soedarsono got a formal education because of Ndoro Seten‘s kindness.

A few years later Soedarsono got the first job, and he changed his name into Sastrodarsono. Then, he married a beautiful woman, named Ngaisah. From their marriage, they had 3 children, Noegroho, Hardjojo, and Soemini. As time goes by, they grew older and they lived with their own family.

Besides growing up their children, Sastrodarsono and Ngaisah also raised their nephews. One of them called Soenandar. He tended to be a naughty boy. When he grew up turning to be a man, he impregnated woman in village and then left her. He died after joined the group of rubber. After his child was born, Soedarsono took and treated him like his grandchild. He sent the boy to school like gentries do. The name of that boy was Lantip.

Time flies till Lantip grew up to be a diligent and wise person. He turned his willingness to solve Hardjojo‘s daily problem. Also, he kindly helped the son of Noegroho, Gus Hari. His life was dedicated to help the Soedarsono‘s family. At the end of the story, the tale ended with the death of the Soedarsono, the founder of his gentry family of Soedarsono. In his funeral, Lantip was pointed as a person who gave a speech because of his merit to the Soedarsono family.

6. Relevant Studies

The first relevant study is written by Siregar et al (2015) with the title Domestication and Foreignization In The Process Of Translation of the 8th Habit

by Stephen R. Covey into Bahasa Indonesia. There are two aims of the study which are to analyze any kind of culture-specific items of ST along with TT used in the process of translating the target-language cultural values of the ST into TT and to explain the process of the translation of domestication and the foreignization as the way they are. Furthermore, the objectives of this study are: 1) to find out the translation ideology; and 2) to find out the realization of translation method from source text to target text.

The result shows that for domestication, there are 14% in the form of word, 28% in the form of phrase, and 58% in the form of clause, while for foreignization, there are 25(83.3%) in the form of words, and 5 (16.7%) in the form of phrases. The conclusion shows that the domestication strategy is frequently used in the process of the translation of the 8th Habit from Effectiveness to Greatness by Stephen R. Covey.

Secondly, there is a relevant study from Maharani (2008) with the title Foreignization and Domestification of Culturally-specific Terms in Sophie Kinsellas’s and Siska Yunita’s I’ve Got Your Number Bilingual Translation Text. There are three objectives, they are categorizing the cultural bound, categorizing the expression terms in what kind of cultural term, and identifying degree of the meaning equivalence of those culturally bound expression.

The result shows that there are 210 culturally-spesific terms found that are categorized as geographical, historical, society, and cultural categories. Foreignization is often used rather than domestication found in the translational

text. Finally, most of the culturally-specific terms are transferred equivalently. There is only one datum which considers as not equivalent.

Finally, the last relevant study comes from Listyaning R (2017) Address Terms in Umar Kayam’s Para Priyayi and their translated Expressions in Vladislav Zhukof’s Javanese Gentry Novel. The objective of this research are to describe the types of address terms found in Umar Kayam‘s Para Priyayi novel and their translated expressions in Vladislav Zhukov‘s Javanese Gentry novel, to describe the techniques of translation applied by the translator in translating address terms in Umar Kayam‘s Para Priyayi novel and their translated expressions in Vladislav Zhukov‘s Javanese Gentry novel, and to describe the meaning equivalence of the translation of address terms in Umar Kayam‘s Para Priyayi novel and their translated expressions in Vladislav Zhukov‘s Javanese Gentry novel.

The result shows that there are 102 data of the address terms which are divided into pronouns of address, names, kinship terms, and titles. Then the most frequently used technique is borrowing, it is about 58.82% from the total data. The study shows that the meaning equivalence is occurred in 56 data which means it tends to be equal.

Thus, compared with this study, there is similarity in the case of the finding the culturally-bound expressions in the source text which is represented in the target text. All previous studies and this study are trying to find culturally-bound expressions. The first and the second relevant studies try to describe how ideologies tendency are represented. However, in each research on the studies

above and this research itself use different techniques and different conceptual framework. The object of this research is also obviously different with two studies before. Meanwhile, in the third relevant study there is similarity of object analyzed, the Para Priyayi Novel. Then, address terms are actually part of the culturally-bound expressions, because of that the address terms are excluded from the data on this research.

B. Conceptual Framework

This study focuses on analyzing culturally-bound expressions in Para Priyayi Novel by Umar Kayam which is translated into Javanese Gentry by Vladislav Zhukov in English version. Firstly, the conception of the translation chosen comes up from Munday (2012: 155). He states that translation is a constant evaluative process in which it encompasses the checking of possible TT equivalent against the ST and against each other in a process of refinement that leads to the selection of single equivalent. It means that translation is a process that conserves the source language meaning into the target language equivalently, so the product of translation can be politely accepted by target readers. Translation also is rendering at least two languages or commonly scholar called as interlingual translation. This concept is chosen from the conception of Jakobson (in Venuti, 2000). This research is under the point of interlingual translation, the bilingual translation. It involves two languages those are Bahasa Indonesia and English language.

Then, this study is limited anaylizing the culturally-bound expressions only in Para Priyayi Novel by Umar Kayam which are represented in Javanese

Gentry by Vladislav Zhukov in English version. The culturally-bound expressions are kind of difficult words to translate. They have specific essence meaning in each source language area. Harvey states that culturally-bound expressions as the terms which refer to concept, institutions and personal which are specific to the source language culture (2000: 2). It means that culturally-bound expressions only exist in one certain culture. Even if the expression may exist in others culture, it is probably mentioned in different way or different expressions. There are many kinds of culturally-bound expressions such as name of material thing and people, name of ecological aspect, concept, etc. The examples of the culturally-bound expressions in Indonesia or Javanese especially are the words ―keris‖ and ―dipan‖. Both expressions may only exist in Java, yet there is possibility that those things also exist in other places but in different name. Then, in TL the word ―keris‖ is translated into ―sword‖ and the word ―dipan”is translated into ―rocking chair‖. In the first example, the translator tries to generalize that expression. Later in second example, the translator tends to give the explanation about how ―dipan‖ looks alike. Lastly, the researcher wants to underline that address term are excluded from the data on this research because those had already analyzed by other researcher.

In this study, the representation of the culturally-bound expressions from the SL to TL are examined by some translation techniques which are proposed by Molina and Albir (2002: 509-511). As they stated that translation technique is as procedure to analyze and classify how translation equivalence works. In process of translating, there are two possibilities occurred. First, the translator will choose

to keep the SL culture essence or second the translator will tend to take the side of target readers. It is commonly said as foreignization and domestication. Then, those translation techniques are classified into two parts which are foreignization and domestication. The classification of those techniques is based on the characteristic of each technique which tends to foreignization or domestication. In this research the conception of foreignization and domestication proposed by Venuti (1995) is chosen since he states that there are two possibilities ways to translate. Foreignization is oriented to the SL and it attempts to preserve the culture of the source text. On the other hand, domestication is oriented to target language and focuses on the taste and expectation of the readers who want to get translation based on their own culture.

Foreignization is a ideological tendency in which the translator chooses to keep SL. The target readers are given the taste of the SL culture while they read the target text. The techniques which have tendency to foreignization are amplification, borrowing, calque, description, literal translation, and transposition. 1. Amplification is a translation technique in which translator tends to give more information about what certain expressions. It is applied to inform details the source expression. In the target language, the translator will give more information about the certain expression the word Ramadhan is translated into ―Ramadhan, the Muslim month of fasting.‖ In this example, the translator gives more explanation about Ramadhan by giving coma after the word of Ramadhan. 2. Borrowing is a translation technique in which the expression is directly taken from SL. This technique works by directly borrow the expression from the source

expression and rewrites that expression into target expression again. It can be pure (without any …) or it can be naturalized (to fit the spelling rules in the target language). For example the word “klepon” is purely translated into ―klepon‖ in Javanese Gentry. In this example, klepon does not exist in target language so the translator directly borrows the source expression, and still translate that word to klepon too.

3. Calque is a translation technique in which when words or phrases of the source language are translated literally. It is a special kind of borrowing whereas a language borrows an expression from of another, but then translates literally each of its elements. For example: the word ―honey moon‖ is translated into bulan madu. In this example, the word honey obviously is translated to madu, and moon is translated to bulan. Then, the meaning of the translation borrows the source of expression. Both honey moon and bulan madu have same meaning as special occasion after marriage by go to somewhere.

4. Description is a translation technique in which the translators tend to give description of the SL expression. It is applied by replacing a term or expression with a description of its form or/and function. For example, ketupat is translated into ―Indonesian traditional food eaten on the celebration of Eid al-fitr‖. In this case, the ketupat is directly translated to the description of itself. It is translated as the function of the ketupat itself.

5. Literal Translation is a translation technique in which literally translates the expressions from SL to TL. It occurs when a word or an expression is translated into word for word. It is the direct transfer of a source language text. For example,

Seorang pemimpin agama yang hebat is translated into ―a great religious leader.‖ Simply, this example expression is translated literally from word to word.

6. Transposition is a translation technique dealing with grammar. It occurs related to the change in the grammar from the source language into target language. For example is the change from verb into noun or plural into singular, such as ―plastic toys‖ is translated into mainan plastic. In this example the plural expression of plastic toys is translated to singular of mainan plastic.

Meanwhile, domestication is ideological tendency which the translator chooses the target readers as the main figure. The text focuses on the taste and expectation of the readers who want to get translation based on their own culture. The target readers are easily understand the target text and text itself has natural essence for them. The techniques which are closely related to domestication are adaptation, compensation, discursive creation, established equivalent, generalization, linguistic amplification, linguistic compression, literal translation, particularization, reduction, substitution, modulation, and variation.

1. Adaptation is a translation technique in which the translator tries to replace a cultural expression from source expression into expression existed in the target culture. The example is the word kerisis translated into ―sword‖ in English. Keris is one kind of weapon in Indonesia which has same function as sword, yet it has different shape. To make the target readers easily understand, keris is presented in another form, sword.

2. Compensation is a translation technique that introduces a source text element of information or stylistic effect in another place in the target text because

it cannot be reflected in the same place as in the source text. For example: tikar is translated into ―sleeping mat‖. Tikar here does not have similar single word in English language. In the target language, tikar is translated into sleeping mat which has same meaning as that function.

3. Discursive creation is a translation technique in which the translator creates new term in TL. It establishes a temporary equivalence that is totally unpredictable out of context. It usually happens in the translation of title. For example, Sukreni Gadis Bali is translated into ―The Rape of Sukreni.‖ This example does not have certain rules to adapt, it happens because the translator wants to attract the readers to read. In this case, the translator translates the title related to the glance of story inside.

4. Established Equivalent. This translation technique is for the same situation using a completely different phrase. It can be rendered by two texts using completely different stylistics and structural methods. For example, mereka seperti pinang dibelah dua is translated into ―they are as like as pens.‖ In this example, the translator chooses the proverb which has similar meaning as the source text.

5. Generalization is a translation technique which uses more general or neutral term in the target language. For example, the word becak is translated into ―vehicle‖. Becak is actually one kind of vehicle in Indonesia. It happens because the translator wants to give easiness to the target readers.

6. Linguistic Amplification is a translation technique that adds linguistic elements. This is often used in oral consecutive interpreting and dubbing. For

example, the expression of ―just kidding‖ is translated as cuma main-main saja, bukan beneran instead of using an expression with the same number, hanya bercanda. In this case, the translator translates the expression of just kidding into Cuma main-main saja, bukan beneran to give the extra linguistic context.

7. Linguistic Compression is a translation technique that synthesizes linguistic elements in the target text. This is often used in simultaneous interpreting and in subtitling. For example, to translate the English question, ―yes, then?‖ with ―lalu?‖ in Bahasa Indonesia, instead of using a phrase with the same

number of words, ―ya, kemudian?‖. In this case, the translator wants to pursue the context as suitable as possible.

8. Literal Translation is a translation technique in which the expression is translated word to word. It occurs when a word or an expression is translated into word for word. It is the direct transfer of a source language text. For example, Seorang pemimpin agama yang hebat is translated into ―a great religious leader.‖ Simply, this example expression is translated literally from word to word.

9. Particularization is a translation technique where a translator uses a more precise or concrete term in the target text. For example: ―land transportation‖ is translated into mobil in Indonesia. In this example expression, the translator specifies the term of ―land transportation‖ is translated into mobil as the target expression. Mobil itself is one kind of land transportation in the country of the target expression.

10. Reduction is a translation technique in which the translator tends to reduce the information from the SL. It suppresses a source text information item

in the target text. For example: ―Ramadhan, the moslem month of fasting‖ is translated into Ramadhan. This example takes the main expression only to translate the expression. The translator ignores the extra information of Ramadhan, so only single word of Ramadhan is chosen to provide in target text. 11. Substitution is a translation technique that changes linguistic elements for paralinguistics elements or vice versa. For the example, the Arabic gesture of putting your hand on your heart is translated into ―thank you.‖ In this example, the translator uses the interpretation of that gesture which means as thank to someone else.

12. Modulation is a translation technique that changes the point of view, focus or cognitive category in relation to the source text; it can be lexical or structural. For example ―I broke my leg‖ is translated into ―kakiku patah”. In this case, the expression of I broke my leg is not acceptable in target language culture, so the translator changes the point of view of that expression become noun expression, ―kakiku patah”.

13. Variation is a translation technique which is dealing with gesture. It is applied to change linguistic or paralinguistic elements (intonation, gestures) that affect aspects of linguistic variation. It can be the changing of textual tone, style, social dialect, geographical dialect, etc. For example to introduce or change dialectal indicators for characters when translating for the theater, changes in tone when adapting novels for children, etc.

After the adopted techniques analyzed, the researcher analyzes the degree of meaning equivalence of the culturally-bound expressions. Meaning is the main

essence of the expressions. It contains the message from author which should deliver to the readers. Then to gain the good transferred meaning, the meaning itself should be equivalent from SL which translated to TL. Meaning equivalence is static, result-oriented concept describing a relationship of equal communicative value between to texts or on lower ranks, between words, phrases, sentences, syntactic structures and so on (Nord 2001:36). The equivalence of target translational text holds important essence to delivering the message. In this research, the researcher adopts Bell‘s theory (1991:6). According to him, texts in different languages can be equivalent in different degree, it can be fully equivalent or partly equivalent. Besides fully and partly equivalent, he also divides there is no equivalent meaning. No equivalent meaning contains different meaning and no meaning.

Table 4. Degree of Meaning Equivalence of Culturally-Bound Expressions Meaning Degree of Meaning

Equivalence Descriptions

Equivalent

Fully Equivalent Meaning

When both culturally-bound expressions in the SL and TL features are same

Partly Equivalent Meaning

The culturally-bound expressions are translated properly yet there is still thin lack of it. It can be in the form of decreasing and increasing

meaning.

Non Equivalent

Different Meaning Culturally-bound expressions are translated differently

No Meaning The culturally-bound expressions are not translated in TL

1) Fully Equivalent Meaning

Fully equivalent meaning is when the expression from the ST translated properly into TT.

For example :

SE : Makan kacang dan minum wedang cemoe. TE : Eat peanuts, sip glasses ofwedang cemoe.

From the example above, the phrase wedang cemoe is translated into wedang cemoe, it means that the expression fully translated by fully adopted the source expression.

2) Partly Equivalent Meaning

Partly equivalent meaning is when the expression from ST translated into TT yet there is still the lack of it. It can be in the decreasing meaning or increasing meaning. For example:

SE : Celana kolor komprang hitam

TE : There are familiar black short trousers.

From the example above, there is a missing part. The translator translates the komprang into general short trousers, in fact “kolor komprang” itself has certain meaning. That kind of trouser usually uses in the leisure time, not in common situation.

3) Different meaning

Different meaning occurs when the expression from ST is translated differently in the TL.

SL :..memasang tarub, memasang kursi…

TL : They set up the marquee and the seating in the ground of the residence.

From the example above, the target expression is translated in different meaning. The source expression has different meaning compared to target expression because it refers to the something different.

4) No meaning

No meaning expression occurs when the expression from the ST is not translated into TT.

SE: Bahkan sebaliknya akan memperkokoh semangat saya untuk menjunjung keluarga Sastrodarsono. Mikul Duwur mendhem jero, menjunjung tinggi-tinggi keharuman nama keluarga, menanam dalam-dalam aib keluarga. TE: I would uphold the name of Sastrodarsono and strive to inter any dishonor to

it.

In this example, there is no target expression translated from the source expression.

C. Analytical Construct

English Text : Javanese Gentry Non Equal Meaning Equivalent Meaning Meaning Equivalence Translation Techniques Culturally-bound expressions  Different Meaning  No Meaning  Fully Equivalent  Partly Equivalent Bahasa Indonesia Text :

Para Priyayi Translation Interlingual 1.Amplification 2. Borrowing 3. Calque 4. Description 5. Literal Translation 6. Transposition

1.Adaptation 2. Compensation 3. Discursive Creation 4. Established Equivalent 5. Generalization

6. Linguistic Amplification 7. Linguistic Compression 8. Literal Translation 9. Particularization 10. Reduction 11. Substitution 12. Modulation 13. Variation Foreignization Domestication Realization

Intralingual Intersemiotic

Bilingual Multilingual

36 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

A. Type of Research

This research applies descriptive qualitative approach. To support presentation of the data, this research also uses quantitative research approach. The data is provided in the number and frequency in percentage, but then it is explained later in descriptive explanation. According to Vanderstoep and Jhonson (2009:7) qualitative research produces narratives or textual description of the phenomena under study. Thus, qualitative research emphasizes describing phenomena of the research. In this case the culture expression phenomena arise in common, especially in term translating culturally bound expression.

Then, Vanderstoep and Johnston (2009: 167) describe that the purposes of qualitative research are more descriptive than predictive. It has aim to describe the research clearly according to the final result of the study. There is no prediction at all in the describing research since the early collecting data, processing the data, until the result of the data.

B. Data and Sources of Data

The sources of the data are the original and the translated texts of Umar

Kayam‘s Para Priyayi Novel and Vladislav Zhukov‘s Javanese Gentry Novel. The original novel is published by Pustaka Utama Grafiti and the English version is published by Yayasan Lontar. The data are culturally bound expressions found

in the Para Priyayi and their translation in Javanese Gentry. The data are in the form of words and phrases which represent culturally-bound expressions.

C. Instruments of Research

In this research, the researcher is the main instrument of this research. The researcher has to collect the data and obviously has responsibility to analyze the data collected until the research is done. The secondary instrument is data sheet and parameter of the degree meaning equivalence.

Table 5. Table of the Data Analysis

C

ode

Source Expression

Translation Techniques

Meaning Equivalence

Target Expression Foreignization Domestication Eq Non Eq

Amp Bor Cai Des Lit Tra Ada Com Dis Est Gen LiA LiC Lit Par Red Sub Tra Var Fe Pe Dm Nm

01/

PP

.01

/JG.01

Celana kolor komprang hitam dari kain kastup…

 

There are familiar black short

Code : Domestication:

Code 1 : 01/PP01/JG01 Ada : Adaptation

01 : number of data Com : Compensation

PP01 : Para Priyayi page 1 Dis :Discursive Creation Meaning Equivalence:

JG01: Javanese Gentry page 1 Est : Establish Equivalent Eq : Equal Meaning

Gen : Generalization Fe : Fully Equivalent

Foreignization : LiA : Lingustic Amplification Pe : Partly Equal

Bor : Borrowing LiC : Lingustic Compression Non Eq : Non Equal

Cal : Calque Lit : Literal Translation Dm: Different Meaning

Des : Description Par : Particularization Nm : No meaning

Lit : Literal Translation Red : Reduction

Tra : Transposition Tra : Transposition

Var : Variation Mod: Modulation

D. Techniques of Data Collection

In collecting the data, the researcher conducted deep observation and applied some steps to collect the data. These are the following steps.

1. The sources of the data were observed by reading the original and the translated version of the novel carefully for several times.

2. The data from the original version and translated version were noted carefully.

3. The data gathered were sorted in the suitable categories.

E. Techniques of Data Analysis

In the analyzing of the data the researcher seizes on several steps described as follows.

1. Collecting of the data

In this research, the researcher read carefully and wrote down the data which are found in the two data sources, Para Priyayi and Javanese Gentry. The researcher only collected the data which relates with culturally-bound expressions.

2. Categorizing and Classifying of the data

After the data were collected, the data were categorized to the proper categories. Then, the next step was classifying the data. The researcher classified the data into proper categories provided. The words and phrases found as the data were classified into categories that employ the theories of translation techniques which lead to be foreignization and domestication, also finally into meaning equivalence.

3. Analysing of the data

In this step, the data counted carefully to make sure that all the data have examined. The researcher also rechecked the data whether it is already proper to the certain category or not. In this step, the researcher used deep analysis concerning on representation of the culturally-bound expressions looked up by adopting techniques and meaning equivalent.

4. Reporting of the findings

The last step was reporting the findings and the discussions of the findings.

F. Trustworthiness of Data

According to Given (2008: 896), the concept of trustworthiness is important in qualitative research, because it provides the researcher with a set of tools or parameters by which they can illustrate the worth of his/her research. Trustworthiness also offers the ensuring quality of the data finding. The technique which enriches trustworthiness is triangulation. Denzin (in Given, 2008 : 892) also mentions four types of triangulation that are triangulation in methods of data collection, investigator, theory, data sources. This research uses only two of four triangulation methods types. They are investigator triangulation and triangulation of data sources.

In this research, the researcher conducted the research with the investigator triangulation invited respondents to make comment on the research findings. Through this strategy, the researcher also considers to another insight which has beneficial to provide the integrity of the result of the research. In this case, the respondents are expected to have adequate knowledge of translation studies. They

were student from English Literature. Their contributions validated the credibility of the data.

Then the triangulation of data sources has purpose to increase the credibility of the research findings by considering from evidences taken from variety of sources. In this research, the former data sources were from the original novel of Para Priyayi and its English translation. Later the theories, journals, books, postgraduate/undergraduate thesis, papers, reliable dictionaries (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary), and some written online sources related to the research were checked.

43 CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

A. Findings

This research discovers 288 culturally-bound expressions in the source novel. The findings are served by using tables as the research problems formulated.

1. Foreignization and Domestication of the Culturally-Bound Expressions

This research finds that there are several techniques proposed by Molina and Albir were used by the translator to translate culturally-bound expressions in Javanese Gentry translated novel from the original text of Para Priyayi novel. There are only eight techniques found in this research, they are amplification, borrowing, description, literal translation, adaptation, generalization, reduction, and discursive creation.

Then, the techniques which are closely related to the foreignization found are amplification, borrowing, description, and literal translation. On the other hand, the techniques which are closely related to domestication are adaptation, generalization, reduction, and discursive creation.

Table 6. Foreignization and Domestication of the Culturally-Bound Expressions

Translation Techniques Frequency Percentage Foreignization

Amplification 34 11.80%

Borrowing 44 15.28%

Description 105 36.47%

Literal Translation 1 0.34%

Total Foreignization 63.84%

Domestication

Adaptation 60 20.84%

Generalization 33 11.45%

Reduction 7 2.43%

Discursive Creation 4 1.39%

Total Domestication 36.16%

Total 288 100%

The table shows that the most frequently used technique is description with 105 data (36.47%), followed by adaptation with 60 data (20.84%), borrowing with 44 data (15.28%), amplification with 34 data (11.80%), generalization with 33 data (11.45%), reduction with 7 data (2.43%), discursive creation with 4 data (1.39%), and the last one is literal translation with one datum (0.34%).

The table also shows that the number of foreignization is higher rather than the domestication. It indicates that the translated novel tends to be foreignized. It is in line with the purpose of Yayasan Lontar which is translated this novel. The aim to promote Indonesian literature by translating is successfully done by the translator. The translator likely chooses to preserve the source language culture.

2. Degree of Meaning Equivalence of the Translation of the Culturally-Bound Expressions

Transferring meaning or message from source text into target text is the most important part in translation. The essence of the message is the key for the target reader to understand that. Thus, this study finds that the translator successfully translates the culturally-bound expressions from the source text of Para Priyayi Novel into Javanese Gentry translated novel.

Table 7. Degree of Meaning Equivalence

No Degree of Meaning Frequency Percentage

1

Equivalent Meaning

Fully Equivalent Meaning 197 68.41%

Partly Equivalent Meaning 67 23.26%

2

Non Equivalent Meaning

Different Meaning 18 6.25%

No Meaning 6 2.08%

Total 288 100%

The table shows that fully equivalent meaning has the higher number with 197 data (68.41%), followed by partly equivalent meaning with 68 data (23.26%), followed by different meaning with 18 data (6.25%), and the last is no meaning with 6 data (2.08%).

Table 8. The Frequency of Translation Techniques and Meaning Equivalence

Meaning Equivalent Fully Equivalent Meaning

Partly Equivalent Meaning

Different Meaning

No meaning

Total Translation

Techniques

Amplification 32 2 0 0 34

Borrowing 43 1 0 0 44

Description 81 23 1 0 105

Literal Translation 1 0 0 0 1

Adaptation 36 14 10 0 60

Generalization 2 23 7 1 33

Reduction 0 2 0 5 7

Discursive Creation 2 2 0 0 4

Total 197 67 18 6 288

The table shows the number of meaning equivalence in translation techniques used. It can be seen that fully equivalent meaning is noted as the highest number with 197 data. The fully equivalent meaning is mostly can be reached by the description technique (81 data). Besides the description technique, borrowing technique also tends to be fully equivalent meaning. It can be seen that from 44 data, the 43 data belong to fully equivalent meaning.

Partly equivalent meaning is noted as the second rank after the highest one, fully equivalent meaning. There are 67 data noted as partly equivalent

meaning. The techniques which lead to be partly equivalent meaning are description, generalization, and adaptation. There are 23 data from description technique, 23 data from generalization technique, and 15 data from adaptation technique.

Different meaning is noted as the third rank from the meaning categories. There are 18 noted as the different meaning. The adaptation technique contributes as the common technique which leads to be different meaning (10 data). It is followed by generalization technique (7 data) and description technique (1 data). No meaning is noted as the lowest rank. There are only 6 data noted as the no meaning. It is composed by 5 data from reduction technique and one datum from generalization technique.

It also can be seen that the description, amplification, borrowing and adaptation have tendency to be equivalent (fully and partly equivalent meaning). The techniques of adaptation and generalization are noted as the techniques which have variety of possibilities. The reduction technique though has tendency to be no meaning and it also can be noted as one of lowest data found with 7 data. It is followed by discursive creation with 4 data, and the last is literal translation with one datum.

B. Discussion

1. Foreignization and Domestication of the Culturally-Bound Expressions

a. Foreignization

Foreignization is way which translator chooses to keep source language culture essence. In this study, the techniques which are closely related to be foreignization are amplification, borrowing, description and literal translation.

1) Amplification

In this study there are 34 or 11.80% data found as an amplification technique. Amplification is applied to inform details the source expression. The example can be seen below.

SL : Yang masih Nampak gagah dan kokoh adalah pendopo kabupaten dan alun-alun.

TL: This is the old pendopo, the open sided audience hall where regents used to meet the kabupaten’s assembled dignitaries.

(05/PP.02/JG.03) ―Pendopo Kabupaten” is a certain old type of building in Javanese culture. It is open sided hall, and the function of ―pendopo” itself depends on where it is located. Thus, in this case the location of ―pendopo” is around the office of Kabupaten. Because of that, the function of ―pendopo kabupaten” turns to be a place to meet between officers in kabupaten itself. The translator clearly combines

the translated expression between keeps to provide the word ―pendopo” and gives it extra information based on the condition and function itself. The meaning is translated clearly through the addition of that information which causes the target readers have to learn new thing. It means that the translator successfully uses amplification technique. Other case relating to amplification is can be seen below.

SL : Hanya bertahun-tahun kemudian waktu Pakde itu terdengar kabarnya menjadi bas ketoprak keliling.

TL : We heard that he had become the manager, the bas, of just such traveling troupe dealing in old sagas and pseudo-history.

(29/PP.06/JG.09)

The ―bas ketoprak keliling” is represented into ―the manager, the bas, of just such traveling troupe dealing in old sagas and pseudo-history”. The word

“bas” actually has the connotative meaning as the main part, so in this case the phrase “bas ketoprak” has meaning as someone or something that really has the main role in this“ketoprak” group. In the target language also, the translator translates clearly those combination of words. The word bass is directly borrowed and it is also given the definition too, the manager. Then the translator also gives the extra information about the about ―ketoprak” mean. It means that the translator offers something new to the target readers. They are forced to

understand what cultural expressions ―bas ketoprak‖ through those additional information. It indicates that the translator prefers to keep the essence of the SL. The last example can be seen below.

SL : Saya pergi merantau jauh sekali.

TL : He had gone on a rantau, gone aboard somewhere distant to seek his fortune.

(37/PP.11/JG.16)

“Merantau” is a term for going abroad for seeking the better condition for future life. The reason the translator choose amplification is to make it clear to target readers what ―merantau” means. The translator in this case gives the extra information after certain word. It means that the translator tries to preserve SL culture.

2) Borrowing

This technique is worked by directly borrow the expression from the source expression and rewrite that expression into target expression. In this study there are 44 or 15.28% data found as borrowing technique. The example can be seen below.

SL : Makan kacang dan minum wedang cemoe.

TL : Eat peanuts, sip glasses of wedang cemoe.

(18/PP.04/JG.06) ―Wedang cemoe” is one kind of drink composed by coconut milk, small pieces of bread, ginger etc. The translator keeps ―wedang cemoe” to foreign readers because it only exists in one certain area, Java. The translator chooses the

169 C ode Source Expression Translation Techniques Meaning Equivalence

Target Expression Foreignization Domestication Eq Non Eq

Amp Bor Cai Des Lit Tra Ada Com Dis Est Gen LiA LiC Lit Par Red Sub Mod Var Fe Pe Dm Nm

279/ PP .21 8/ JG. 26 6

Wah kok banyak buah kontol jembutan yang masak.

 

What a lot of hairy dicks have gone ripe there suddently?

280/ PP .23 4 /JG. 28 5

Pastilah itu bukan hanya karena beliau teratur minum jamu Jawa saja.

 

I knew that she regularly dosed herself with the usual herbal tonics, ....

281/ PP .24 5/ JG. 297

―Waktu embahmu putrid saya bawa ke rumah Kedungsimo , kami dihidangkan

pepes cabuk.‖

 

―When I brought her home to my parents in Kedungsimo, they served us

a meal of steamed black sesame seeds and grated coconut wrapped in a banana leaf.‖

170 C ode Source Expression Translation Techniques Meaning Equivalence

Target Expression Foreignization Domestication Eq Non Eq

Amp Bor Cai Des Lit Tra Ada Com Dis Est Gen LiA LiC Lit Par Red Sub Mod Var Fe Pe Dm Nm

282/ PP .24 5/ JG. 297

Embah putrimu mengira akan mendapat semacam pepes botok teri.

 

Embah putrid had expected find something else together – steamed anchovies, perhaps --

283 /PP .25 6 /JG. 311

Kami juga diwajibkan Bapak dan ibu untuk belajar memainkan alat gamelan seperti gambang dan gender.

 

We two werw also obliged to learn to play such gamelan instruments as the xylophone and metalophone.

284/ PP .25 6 /JG. 311

Kami juga diwajibkan Bapak dan ibu untuk belajar memainkan alat gamelan seperti gambangdan gender.

 

We two werw also obliged to learn to play such gamelan instruments as the xylophoneand metalophone.

171

C

ode

Source Expression

Translation Techniques

Meaning Equivalence

Target Expression Foreignization Domestication Eq Non Eq

Amp Bor Cai Des Lit Tra Ada Com Dis Est Gen LiA LiC Lit Par Red Sub Mod Var Fe Pe Dm Nm

285/

PP

.25

6/

JG.

317

Bahkan dalam waktu yang tidak terlalu lama ia sudah diikutsertakan dalam berbagai pagelaran tari di Puro Mangkunegaraan.

 

He became very quicly an excellent dancer as well, and was included in a number of presentations held in the Mangkunegaraan court.

286/

PP

.25

9/

JG.

315

Yang dia tekuni adalah ketoprak dan

ludruk serta gamelan pinggiran.

 

What occupied him, from this period on, were the presentations of traveling troupe, the semi-historical fare of folk teather and gamelan of the social margins.

172

C

ode

Source Expression

Translation Techniques

Meaning Equivalence

Target Expression Foreignization Domestication Eq Non Eq

Amp Bor Cai Des Lit Tra Ada Com Dis Est Gen LiA LiC Lit Par Red Sub Tra Var Fe Pe Dm Nm

287/

PP

.26

1

/JG.

316

Tujuan kami adalah warung, sesungguhnya lebih tepat emperan warung, gudeg Yu Marsinem.

 

Our goal was he stall of Yu

Marsinem, if you could call it a stall: it was really just an awning-covered porch attached to a building. There, a famous Yogya specialty, the gudeg, could be had : a concoction of young jackfruit cooked with spices in coconut milk.

288/

PP

.29

8/

JG.

361

Saya duduk di lincak panjang di beranda, di depan , memandang ke jalan.

 

I sat on the veranda, on the low bamboo bench where I could look out on the road beyond the yard.

TOTAL

34 44 0 105 1 0 60 0 4 0 33 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 197 67 18 6