SYNTACTICAL INTERFERENCE AND TRANSLATION QUALITY OF TRANSLATED TEXT PHYTOCHEMICAL METHODS: A GUIDE TO MODERN TECHNIQUES OF PLANT ANALYSIS.
SYNTACTICAL INTERFERENCE AND TRANSLATION QUALITY OF TRANSLATED TEXT “PHYTOCHEMICAL METHODS: A
GUIDE TO MODERN TECHNIQUES OF PLANT ANALYSIS”
A THESIS
Submitted to English Applied Linguistics Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Degree of MAGISTER HUMANIORA (M.Hum)
By
MAITRI RAHMADHANI Reg.Number: 8106112013
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTIC STUDY PROGRAM POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN MEDAN
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i ABSTRACT
Maitri Rahmadhani. 8106112013. “Syntactical Interference and Translation Quality of Translated Text of Phytochemical Methods: a Guide to modern Techniques of Plant Analysis.” English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Postgraduate school State University of Medan, 2012.
The objectives of this research are (1) to describe the types of translation interference occurred as well as the types of translation procedures applied in the translated text and (2) to explain the quality of the translated text of “Phytochemical Methods: a Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis”. This research uses qualitative research method especially the applied theory. The source of the data is a pharmacy text entitled “Phytochemical Methods: a Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis” as the ST and its translation version entitled “Metode Fitokimia: Penuntun Cara Modern Menganalisis Tumbuhan” as the TT. The data are analysed based on Bogdan and Biklen’s stages/steps; searching the data, arranging the data and interpreting. The validity of the data is taken by applying investigator triangulation i.e. by assessing the analysis to two key informants; a proffessional translator and a pharmacy expertise.
Based on the analysis, it is found that there are: (1) 106 data are translated by applying single translation procedure, 32 data are translated by applying couplet translation procedure and 2 data are analysed by applying triplet translation procedure, most of the data are translated by applying modulation as the translation procedure, (2) from 18 translation procedures applied by the translator, only two of them are oriented to the source text, while the rest are oriented to the target text, (3) in the case of the translation quality, this translated textbook is considered has average quality and fairly good to be used as additional textbook but not as a guidance book since 46.9 % data are accurate, 38.6 % are less accurate, 14.5 % are inaccurate based on its accuracy. Based on its acceptability, 20.3 % data are acceptable, 64.1 % are less acceptable and 7.6 % are unacceptable. Based on readability, 29. 7 % data have high readability, 57.2 % have middle readability and 13.1 % have low readability.
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ii ABSTRAK
Maitri Rahmadhani. 8106112013. “Syntactical Interference and Translation Quality of Translated Text of “Phytochemical Methods: a Guide to modern Techniques of Plant Analysis.” Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Negeri Medan, 2012.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) untuk mendeskripsikan jenis gangguan dan prosedur penerjemahan yang digunakan pada teks terjemahan dan (2) untuk menjelaskan kualitas teks tejemahan berjudul “Phytochemical Methods: a Guide to modern Techniques of Plant Analysis.” Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif khususnya terap-teori. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah buku teks farmasi berjudul “Phytochemical Methods: a Guide to modern Techniques of Plant Analysis” sebagai Teks Sumber dan terjemahannya berjudul “Metode Fitokimia: Penuntun Cara Modern Menganalisis Tumbuhan” sebagai Teks Sasaran. Data kemudian dianalisis berdasarkan empat tahapan teori Bogdan and Biklen; mencari data, menyusun data dan mnginterpretasikan data. Validitas data pada penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan triangulasi yaitu dengan menilai analisis penelitian ini yang dilakukan oleh dua orang informan kunci; yaitu seorang penerjemah profesional dan seorang pakar farmasi dan apoteker. Berdasarkan analisis yang telah dilakukan, ditemukan bahwa: (1) ada 106 data diterjemahkan dengan menggunakan prosedur penerjemahan tunggal, 32 data diterjemahkan dengan menggunakan prosedur penerjemahan kuplet dan 2 data diterjemahkan dengan menggunakan prosedur penerjemahan triplet, kebanyakan diantara data tersebut diterjemahkan dengan menggunakan prosedur penerjemahan modulation, (2) dari 18 prosedur penerjemahan yang digunakan oleh penerjemah, hanya dua diantaranya yang berorientasi pada teks sumber, sedangkan yang lainnya berorientasi pada teks sasaran, (3) dalam hal kualitas terjemahan, buku teks terjemahan merupakan buku teks terjemahan berkualitas sedang dan cukup baik untuk digunakan sebagai buku teks tambahan tetapi tidak cukup baik untuk digunakan sebagai buku teks panduan (utama)karena 46 % data diterjemahkan secara akurat, 38.6 % kurang akurat dan 14.5 % tidak akurat berdasarkan tingkat keakuratannya. Berdasarkan tingkat keberterimaannya, 20.3 % data berterima, 64.1 % data kurang berterima dan 7.6 % data tidak berterima. Berdasarkan keterbacaannya, 29.7 % data memiliki keterbacaan tinggi, 57.2 % data memiliki keterbacaan sedang dan 13.1 % data memiliki keterbacaan rendah.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This Piece of academic achievement is really the product of hardship and endurance of many challenges in life. On top of everything a very sincere gratitude is rendered to Allah for everything that has been poured to the writer in completing her academic studies and thesis. Apart from that, many people for sure, have assisted her in some ways, though not all names can be mentioned here but some deserve her very special attention. The following people should be given the credits.
First. Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M. Hum, being the first adviser, should be addressed and thanked with deep appreciation because of much of her valuable time have been given in terms of comments, corrections, and suggestions for shaping the contents of this thesis.
Second. Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed., TESP, being the second adviser, a special debt of gratitude is conveyed in regard to his ideas, attentions, and suggestions in forming the contents of this thesis. He has been so kind and helpful in many cases.
Third. Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M. Hum, head and secretary of English Applied Linguistic Study Program and Farid as the administration staff for completing the administrative procedures.
Fourth, Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd, Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.d and Prof. D.P. Tampubolon, Ph.D, the reviewers and examiners for the valuable suggestions and brilliant idea to be included in this thesis.
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Fifth. A very special expression of gratitude is directed to the writer’s beloved parents; Muhammad Rusdan Sadar and Sufiati Basri, the writer’s brothers; Isdarto, Amd and M. Adlin Shalliya, S.Pd.I, the writer’s sisters; Efi Winarti, Am.Pd and Ernita for their endless love, support and care.
The final words are addressed to all that have shared their valuable insight in making this thesis as it should be. May Allah SWT, The Almighty, be with us always.
Medan, December 27th 2012 The writer,
MAITRI RAHMADHANI Reg.Number: 8106112013
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v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
TABLE OF CONTENT v
ABBREVIATIONS vii
FIGURES viii
TABLE ix
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study 1
1.2 The Problem of the Study 5
1.3 The Objective of the Study 5
1.4 The Significance of the Study 5
1.5 The Scope of the Study 6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Theoretical Framework 8
2.1.1 Translation 8
2.1.2 The Translation Process 12
2.1.3 The Translation Interference 15
2.1.3.1 Syntactic Interference 17
2.1.3.2 Lexical Interference 19
2.1.3.3 Cultural Interference 20
2.1.3.4 Third Language Interference 20
2.1.4 The Translation Procedures 22
2.1.5 The Translation Methods 28
2.2 Unit of Translation 30
2.3 Syntax 30
2.3.1 English Syntax 30
2.3.2 Bahasa Indonesia Syntax 40
2.4 Scope of Pharmacy text 54
2.5 Translation Quality Assessment 58
2.6 Previous Research 59
2.7 Conceptual Framework 67
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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3.2 Instrument of the Data 71
3.3 Data Analysis 71
3.3.1 Searching the Data 71
3.3.2 Arranging the Data 72
3.3.3 Interpreting the Data 73
3.4 Investigator Triangulation 74
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Translation procedures and Syntactical
Interference 75
4.2 Translation Quality 161
4.3 Findings 167
4.4 Discussion 169
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION, IMPLICATION AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusion 174
5.2 Implications 175
5.3 Suggestions 176
REFERENCES 178
APPENDICES
Appendix 1 181
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ix TABLE
Table 1 Characteristics of text-types ... ...56
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viii FIGURES
Figure 1 Map of disciplines interfacing with Translation Studies...9
Figure 2 Nida’s three-stage system of translation...12
Figure 3 Bell’s model of the translation process ...14
Figure 4 The translation methods...28
Figure 5 Reiss’s text-types and text varieties...55
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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
The arbitrariness of language is a cause for the variations among languages. Speakers of different languages mix the sounds of those languages differently to make the words which refer to objects / concepts; they mix the words in different ways to make structural patterns. It makes translation is needed to transfer information and knowledge from one community in one country to another country. In an attempt to translate the message of Source Language into the Target Language, the translator must understand SL and TL structures, have the Writing skills in the target language, the knowledge of National characteristics where the language is spoken, and need to consider different culture of both languages.
When we are talking about translation, of course there are two senses relates with it. The first of two senses relates to translation as a process which focuses on the role of the translator in taking the original or source text (ST) and turning it into a text in another language (the target text: TT), the second to the product which centers on the concrete translation the product produced by the translator.
Translation is a phenomenon that has a huge effect on everyday life. Every year, many books have been translated into several languages in the world. One of
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them is from English into Bahasa Indonesia. It is not surprising that the needs of translation product increases nowadays. Translation itself is not only a linguistic act, it is also a cultural one. It is said to be so because translation always involves both language and culture as it cannot be separated. Translators should pay great attention to the differences in kind and degree of conventionalization in the source and target cultures when transferring a text from one culture to another.
Take an example in our country, the translation practice plays an important role, especially in academic fields. Translation enables the university students easily access to new information from the textbooks that have been translated into Bahasa Indonesia. Most of textbooks used by the university students are written in English. It leads the translating activities increase as well as the needs of using the translation version in academic community. Some experts try to translate those textbooks into Bahasa Indonesia with or without coordination with the linguists.
In translating the ST into TT, the translator always faces several problems. One of them is the occurrence of interference. Interference is occurred simply because every language in the world possesses different characteristics and structures. It is also happened because of the linguistic and cultural gaps between languages.
The notion of interference that can easily be seen in a cultural text brought this investigation i.e. to investigate whether the interference also happened in the translated scientific text as pharmacy textbook. It is a new phenomenon in translation since there is no researches have investigated the interference in such a scientific text as pharmacy textbook.
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Since pharmacy textbook is considered as informative text which is emphasizing the accurate information, it is needed be investigated whether the phenomenon of interference occurred in such a scientific text as pharmacy textbook or not. It is simply because this text is widely used by expertise in pharmacy as well as by the pharmacy students in a university. It means that these texts must be translated with no serious mistakes. If the interference disturbs the translator in translating the scientific texts, moreover, if it is causing the translator mistranslated these kind of text, the meaning of the ST will be distorted. This situation will then lead the reader to misinterpret the meaning.
The example of translation practices in pharmacy is the translation of pharmacy textbooks from English into Bahasa Indonesia. One of them is the translation of “Phytochemical Methods: a Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis” into “Metode Fitokimia: Penuntun Cara Modern Menganalisis Tumbuhan.” This book is considered as an important textbook for pharmacy students at University of Sumatera Utara, especially for those seventh semester students whom are intended to conduct their thesis.
But there is something unnatural in translating the ST into the TT. It is started with title of the book. Lexically and semantically, the title should be Metode Fitokimia: Sebuah Panduan Cara Moderen Analisis Tumbuhan. By translating Plant Analysis into Menganalisis Tumbuhan, the translator uses Newmark’s translation procedures i.e. transposision. It is the changing of one part of speech for another such as from verb to noun, from noun to adjective, from noun to verb, and so on. Although this procedure is the commonest structural change taken by the translator, but for such a sensitive and serious text as
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pharmacy it should not be happened. Not only that, the translator also eliminates the word a in which can be translated into sebuah as its equivalence.
The unnatural equivalence in the title of the book becomes the starting point in choosing that textbook as the primer data of this research. Relating to this phenomenon, the assumption in our society which more or less stated that medicines from abroad is more effective and clinically tested qualified than those medicines produced by our country becomes the first reason to conduct this thesis. It is assume that this situation happened not because of the unqualified pharmacists but the textbooks which read by them have wrong interpretation because of the distorted meaning from the ST in the TT which means that the translated textbooks have bad quality.
To solve the problems during translating process, such as interference, several methods and procedures of translation are applied by the translator. He should choose and decide the best translation methods and procedures to find the best equivalence for the translated text. In this way, he has minimized the percentage of inaccurateness in the translated text.
As it has mentioned previously that the translated text of “Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis” is used by the seventh semester students of USU, it is necessary to evaluate the quality of this translated text. So, this thesis is aimed to describe the translation procedures and translation interference occurred in the translated text of “Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis” and to evaluate the quality of that translated text. The evaluation of the quality of the translation is
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based on the theory of translation quality assessment which consist of three main parts i.e. accuracy, acceptability and readability. It is simply to prove whether this translated text is appropriate for the readers or not.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
Based on the background of the study, the problems of the study are: 1. What syntactical interference and translation procedure applied in the
translated text of “Phytochemical Methods: a Guide to Modern
Techniques of Plant Analysis”?
2. How is the quality of the translated text of “Phytochemical Methods: a Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis”?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
Based on the problems of the study, the objectives of this study are:
1. To describe the syntactical interference occurred as well as the types of translation procedures applied in the translated text of “Phytochemical Methods: a Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis”.
2. To explain the quality of the translated text of “Phytochemical Methods: a Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis”
1.4 The Significance of the Study
This thesis is expected to be able to give some significance both theoretically and practically. Theoretically, this thesis is expected to able to give a
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general understanding of the interference in translation in translating such a serious text as pharmacy textbook, especially in “Phytochemical Methods: a Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis” into Metode Fitokimia: Penuntun Cara Modern Menganalisis Tumbuhan and to be the base investigation for the next researchers to deepen the analysis as well as to enrich the translation field.
Realizing that pharmacy textbooks are serious textbooks that may not be translated inaccurately, this research is aimed to awaken the awareness of the translators to have synergy between the linguists and the expertise in pharmacy to produce the best translation version of pharmacy textbooks. It is also to awaken the awareness of the pharmacy textbook readers to be more selective in choosing a qualified guiding book.
1.5 The Scope of the Study
This thesis is focused on translation as a product. The translation product in this case refers to a written text, specifically, a translated pharmacy textbook which is used by USU’s pharmacy students entitled “Metode Fitokimia: Penuntun Cara Modern Menganalisis Tumbuhan” (from the original “Phytochemical Methods: a Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis”).
The analysis in this thesis only focuses on the translation procedures, the translation interference and the quality of translation in a translated text of “Phytochemical Methods: a Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis”. The units of translation used in this analysis are only focused on word, phrase, clause and sentence.
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Thus, the analysis and findings in this thesis are not related with the translator directly and the translator competence since the translation procedures, the translation interference and the quality of translation are analyzed and concluded based on the studies and theories of translation as a product.
Furthermore, this research is focused to find out the syntactical interference in the translated text of “Phytochemical Methods: a Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis” and to evaluate the quality of the translation.
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174 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
In chapter I, it has been described that the objectives of this research are to describe the types of translation interference occurred as well as the types of translation procedures used in the translated text of “Phytochemical Methods: a
Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis” and also to explain the quality of the translated text of “Phytochemical Methods: a Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis”.
Having in depth anaysis on the data in chapter IV, there is conclusion that can be draw. This chapter consists of three parts i.e. the conclusion, implication and the suggestions.
5.1 Conclusion
Based on the findings in this thesis, it can be concluded that the translated pharmacy textbook entitled “Phytochemical Methods: a Guide to Modern
Techniques of Plant Analysis” is quite accurate to be a reference book for the
pharmacy’s students in USU, but not as a guidance book since there a lot of ungrammatical construction, some uncommon terminologies and meaning loss as well as ambiguity of meaning that then lead to the distortion of meaning in translating the ST into the TT. It is true that a translator must has a synergy with the linguists in order to produce the best translated text. Thus, this pharmacy textbook still needs to be reviewed.
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5.2 Implications
Based on the conclusion previously stated, there are some implications from this research as follows:
1. First, the result of this research reveals that the translation procedures applied by the translator are ideally to overcome the translation problems, such as interference, occured during translating process. Single translation procedure is normally used in the translating process. Couplet and triplet translation procedures are normally used when single translation procedure is not enough to convey the intended message of the ST into the TT. Ideally, these translation procedures are applied to overcome the translation problems such as syntactical interference, but as a matter of fact, some translation procedures make the meaning of the ST is blurred and even distorted when it is translated into the TT, deletion, modulation and reduction for instance. Therefore, it implies that the translator does not really aware of choosing the best translation procedures to avoid meaning distortion and to produce the best translation product such a serious text as a pharmacy textbook.
2. The last findings of this research reveals that the quality of the translated text of “Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant
Analysis” is fairly good to be the additional textbook for the pharmacy
students at USU. But not to be the guidance textbook from them. It is because of several reasons such as ungrammatical sentences and the uncommon terminology used by the translator based on the syntax of Bahasa Indonesia and KBBI and sentences constructed by the translator
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are not clear to be understood by the readers of the TT. Therefore, it implies that the translator does not consult or has synergy with the linguists and consult to the dictionary of Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) in translating such a serious text as a pharmacy textbook. As a matter of fact, a good translated textbook will be achieved when the translated textbook has no syntactical interference by applying the best translation procedures and sentence construction and common terminologies based on syntactic rules of Bahasa Indonesia and KBBI.
5.3 Suggestions
There are some suggestions for the translator, the next researcher and the target text readers.
1. For the translator
All of the information in the informative text such a pharmacy textbook are important to be translated into the TT. Thus, deletion, modulation and reduction may not be applied in translating the ST into the TT. To produce an accurate translated text, there must be a synergy between a pharmacyst or the pharmacy expertise with a linguist to translate such a serious text as pharmacy textbook which is considered as informative text and produce the best translation version of pharmacy textbook.
2. For another researcher
The orientation of this research is on the translation product which is analysed and measured for its quality. Thus, it is suggested for the next researcher to analysed the same source of data by applying another methods. And since the
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analysis and findings in this thesis are only oriented to the translation product, it is also suggested that there should be in depth analysis on the translator competence.
3. For the readers
A pharmacy textbook is considered as an informative text which has to be translated accurately. It is because this text is one of the sources of information to create a medical agent by creating medicines to cure the diseases. Thus, the readers of the pharmacy textbook must be aware to choose the translated guidance book with the best quality to prevent the misinterpretation of the source text that is fatal for this field.
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178
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Baker, Mona. 1992. In Other Words: a Course Book on Translation. New York: Routledge.
Bauer, Laurie. 2007. The Linguistics Student’s Handbook. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Bell, Roger T. 1991. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. New York: Longman.
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5.2 Implications
Based on the conclusion previously stated, there are some implications from this research as follows:
1. First, the result of this research reveals that the translation procedures applied by the translator are ideally to overcome the translation problems, such as interference, occured during translating process. Single translation procedure is normally used in the translating process. Couplet and triplet translation procedures are normally used when single translation procedure is not enough to convey the intended message of the ST into the TT. Ideally, these translation procedures are applied to overcome the translation problems such as syntactical interference, but as a matter of fact, some translation procedures make the meaning of the ST is blurred and even distorted when it is translated into the TT, deletion, modulation and reduction for instance. Therefore, it implies that the translator does not really aware of choosing the best translation procedures to avoid meaning distortion and to produce the best translation product such a serious text as a pharmacy textbook.
2. The last findings of this research reveals that the quality of the translated text of “Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis” is fairly good to be the additional textbook for the pharmacy students at USU. But not to be the guidance textbook from them. It is because of several reasons such as ungrammatical sentences and the uncommon terminology used by the translator based on the syntax of Bahasa Indonesia and KBBI and sentences constructed by the translator
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are not clear to be understood by the readers of the TT. Therefore, it implies that the translator does not consult or has synergy with the linguists and consult to the dictionary of Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) in translating such a serious text as a pharmacy textbook. As a matter of fact, a good translated textbook will be achieved when the translated textbook has no syntactical interference by applying the best translation procedures and sentence construction and common terminologies based on syntactic rules of Bahasa Indonesia and KBBI.
5.3 Suggestions
There are some suggestions for the translator, the next researcher and the target text readers.
1. For the translator
All of the information in the informative text such a pharmacy textbook are important to be translated into the TT. Thus, deletion, modulation and reduction may not be applied in translating the ST into the TT. To produce an accurate translated text, there must be a synergy between a pharmacyst or the pharmacy expertise with a linguist to translate such a serious text as pharmacy textbook which is considered as informative text and produce the best translation version of pharmacy textbook.
2. For another researcher
The orientation of this research is on the translation product which is analysed and measured for its quality. Thus, it is suggested for the next researcher to analysed the same source of data by applying another methods. And since the
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analysis and findings in this thesis are only oriented to the translation product, it is also suggested that there should be in depth analysis on the translator competence.
3. For the readers
A pharmacy textbook is considered as an informative text which has to be translated accurately. It is because this text is one of the sources of information to create a medical agent by creating medicines to cure the diseases. Thus, the readers of the pharmacy textbook must be aware to choose the translated guidance book with the best quality to prevent the misinterpretation of the source text that is fatal for this field.
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REFERENCES
Aiken, Milam and Shilpa Balan. April 2011. An Analysis of Google Translate Accuracy. Translation Journal, vol.16(2).
Baker, Mona. 1992. In Other Words: a Course Book on Translation. New York: Routledge.
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