AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AND QUALITY OF THE URL en.wikipedia.org wiki Boston Tea Party TRANSLATED BY GOOGLE TRANSLATE
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AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES
AND QUALITY OF THE URL:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party
TRANSLATED BY GOOGLE TRANSLATE
THESIS
Submitted As aPartial Fulfillment for Requirements for The Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Department
Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University
By:
RIO ABDULBARI AGUSMAN C0303046
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND ARTS
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
SURAKARTA
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AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES
AND QUALITY OF THE URL:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party
TRANSLATED BY GOOGLE TRANSLATE
By
RIO ABDULBARI AGUSMAN C0303046
Approved to be examined before the Board of Examiners Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts
Sebelas Maret University
Thesis Supervisor,
Dyah Ayu Nila K, S.S, M.Hum NIP. 19830211200604 2 001
The Head of English Department
Dr. Djatmika, M. A. NIP. 19670726 199302 4 001
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AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES
AND QUALITY OF THE URL:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party
TRANSLATED BY GOOGLE TRANSLATE
By
RIO ABDULBARI AGUSMAN C0303046
Accpted and Approved by the Board of Examiners Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts
Sebelas Maret University On March 2011
Chairman :Dr. Djatmika, M. A. ( )
NIP. 19670726 199302 4 001
Secretary : Agus D. Priyanto, MCALL ( ) NIP.19740818200012 1 001
First Examiner : Dyah Ayu Nila K, S.S, M.Hum ( ) NIP. 19830211200604 2 001
Second Examiner : Ardianna N, S.S, M.Hum ( ) NIP.19820927200812 2001
Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University
Drs. Sudarsono, M. A NIP. 19530314 198506 4 001
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PRONOUNCEMENT
Name : Rio Abdulbari Agusman
NIM : C 0303046
Stated whole-heartedly that this thesis entitled An Analysis of Translation
Techniques and Quality of the URL : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party translated by Google Translate is
originally made by the researcher. It is neither a plagiarism, nor made by others. The things related to other people‘s work are written in quotation and included in the bibliography. If it is then proved that the researcher cheats, the researcher is ready to take the responsibility.
Surakarta, January 2011
The Researcher
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MOTTO
IF THERE IS NO CONFIDENCE IN YOUR HEART, EVEN HARD WORK IS USELESS
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DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated with tenderness and gratitude to my father and mother, my brother and those who always help and love me in happiness and sorrow. Thank you very much for your support
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praise to God that I can finish my thesis. The researcher needed a lot of time, energy, patience and cry to finish this thesis. The researcher realized that without the support and encouragement from people around the researcher, this thesis would not to be completed. Therefore, I would like to give special thanks to people who give contribution to my thesis. I owe debt of gratitude to :
1. Drs. Sudarno, MA, the Dean of Letter and Fine Arts Faculty, for approving my thesis
2. Drs. Djatmika, M.A, the Head of English Department and also my academic supervisor, thank you for all guidances bestowed to me.
3. Dyah Ayu Nila, S.S, M.Hum, my thesis supervisor. Thank you very much for your guidance, patience, concern, and critical advice.
4. All the lecturers of English Department, Thank you for the guidance and knowledge. I got many important and useful information from this department.
5. Mr. Herianto Nababan (R1), the first rater. Thank you very much for being my rater. You are very helpful for your comment. Thank you for your advice and our discussion, too.
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6. Rifana Indira S.S (R2), the second rater. Thank you very much for your help in assessing those data. I am sorry for disturbing your time
7. Karina Wulandari S.S, M.Hum (R3), Thank you for giving your time helping me fulfilling the assessment. You are very helpful.
8. My parents, I am proud of being your son.
9. Rizky Agusman, my only and one brother, and also his wife, Pertiwi Rizky, Thank you for all support and faith for me.
10.Iriana Indrawati, my dearest, thank you for your endless effort to encourage me in finishing my study.
11.Nocturne Elz, Ochid Fei Hung, Tatta Tammy, Gamal Nesser, and James Valentine. This research would not be completed without you. I owe you a really big time.
12.All of my precious friends which I do not mention on this acknowledgment. Thank you for all laugh and tears that we share together. I love you all.
13.For the librarians of post graduate and English Department library, thank you for allowing me borrow all the books and copy them
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
MAIN TITTLE. . . i
THE APPROVAL OF THE ADVISOR . . . ii
THE APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS . . . iii
PRONOUNCEMENT . . . iv
MOTTO . . . v
DEDICATION . . . vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . . . vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . ix
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES . . . xii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION . . . 1
A. Research Background . . . 1
B. Research Limitation . . . 6
C. Problem Statement . . . 5
D. Research Objectives . . . 7
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F. Research Methodology . . . 8
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW A. Definition of Translation . . . 9
B. Principles of Translation . . . 10
C. Types of Translation . . . 12
D. Problems of Equivalence . . . 17
E. Translation Techniques . . . 19
F. Accuracy in Translation . . . 24
G. Acceptability in Translation . . . 25
H. Sentence……… 26
I.Webpage . . . 27
J. Machine Translation . . . 28
K. Google Translate . . . 29
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY . . . 31
A. Research Type and Design . . . 31
B. Data and Source of Data . . . 32
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D. Method of Data Collection . . . 34
E. Research Procedure . . . 36
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 38
A. Introduction . . . 38
B. Research Finding . . . 38
C. Assessment of Translation . . . 58
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION . . . 79
A. Conclusion and Suggestion . . . 79
B. Recommendation . . . 82
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . 84
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ABSTRACT
Rio Abdulbari Agusman. C0303046. Analysis of Translation Technique and Quality of URL: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party Translated by Google Translate. Undergraduate Thesis: English Department, Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts. Sebelas Maret University. Surakarta. 2011.
This research belongs to a qualitative research employing descriptive method. It aims to describe the translation technique occurrs in the translation and the quality assessment that covers accuracy and acceptability of the sentence of en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party web page translated by Google Translate. This research applied total sampling as the sampling technique since all sentences on en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party web page were taken as data. This research was conducted based on primary and secondary data. The primary data consists of 117 sentences taken from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party web page. The secondary data were taken by distributing questionnaire to some raters.
The analysis shows that Google Translate applied 7 kinds of translation techniques to translate en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party web page. The techniques are literal, amplification, reduction, transposition, borrowing, calque, and particularization.
The analysis on accuracy assessment shows that there are 18 data considered to be accurate, 96 data considered to be less accurate. And, 3 data considered to be inaccurate. It means that, in general, the translation is less accurate.
The analysis on acceptability assessment shows that there are 20 data considered to be acceptable, 87 data considered to be less acceptable, and, 10 data considered to be unacceptable. It means that, in general, the translation is less acceptable.
The analysis also shows that implementation of techniques makes the translation less accurate and less acceptable. It means that Google Translate can not determine a suitable technique to produce a quality translation in translating sentences found on en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party web page.
It is hoped that this thesis will be beneficial for the students, especially English Department Students, to enlarge their translation knowledge of web page translation, especially which is translated with online machine translation. For the
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improvement of web page online translator technology, this research also recommends Google Translate to enrich its translation database and upgrade its engine of machine translation tool. Also, this research can be a consideration for internet users to use online translator service for translating a web page.
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background
Nowadays, everyone uses internet service to resolve all matters. By accessing the internet, anyone may take advantage of a wide variety of communication and information retrieval methods. ―e-mail,‖ "newsgroups," "chat rooms," and the "World Wide Web" are such kinds of methods that can be found on internet or so-called ―cyberspace‖. The best known category of communication over the Internet is the World Wide Web, which allows users to search for and retrieve any information in related sites or URL. In other words, the Web consists of a vast number of documents contains of various file stored in web pages. By downloading method, anyone can retrieve any available file attached on the pages anytime, anywhere in the world, with access to the Internet.
As it is accessed from all over the world, the language gaps become a problem in retrieving information on foreign web pages. Some advance sites, such as yahoo, google, facebook, wikipedia, attached their webpage with multi language featured to aid language problems for all internet users from different countries. Unfortunately, most of website does not have such a kind of feature. That can be troublesome for foreign users if they do not master the language on HTML or web page. In order to overcome these language gaps, some developers launch an online machine translator as a translation services for online users.
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Machine Translator (MT) is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of computer software to translate source language into target language. Recently, online machinetranslators are developed into advanced level. Using corpus technique allows the machines for translating a complex translation better than previous level. As it is always updated and customized by its developer from time to time, the output quality of an online MT can be improved more and more again. One of those is Google Translate which is launched by Google Inc.
Google Translate is a beta service provided by Google Inc. to translate a section of text, or a webpage, into another language. The service limits the number of paragraphs, or range of technical terms, that will be translated. It is also possible to enter searches in a source language that are first translated to a destination language allowing the user to browse and interpret results from the selected destination language in the source language. Unlike other translation services such as Babel Fish, AOL, and Yahoo which use SYSTRAN, Google uses its own translation software.
According to Alexa Web Information Company, Google Translate is the secondof the chart ‗high impact and top search queries for google.co.id‖.In addition, ―google terjemahan‖, one of Google Translate web localization, also has a rank in that chart. It is fact that there are huge numbers of google users in Indonesia search for google translate in Google.co.id search box.The images below show about the chart of high impact and top search queries for Google.co.id
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(Taken from: http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/google.co.id) From the statement above we can conclude that Google Translate translation is searched a lot by Indonesian users, especially google users in Indonsia. Though, it has many limitations which emerge many problems in translating texts since Google Translate is only a machine. As following
Example 1:
SL: The Tea Party as the culmination of a resistance movement
throughout British America against the Tea Act, which had been passed by the
British Parliament in 1773.
TL: The Tea Party, adalah puncak dari sebuah gerakan perlawanan di
seluruh Inggris Amerika terhadap UU Teh, yang telah disahkan oleh Parlemen
Inggris pada 1773
This part of text is taken from Boston Tea Party article on web page en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party. Then it is translated into Indonesian language by Google Translate. There are three translation techniques applied by Google Translate; which are literal, calque and borrowing, to translate the datum
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above. Whole content of sentence is translated using literal technique.
Calquetechnique is applied to translate all phrases which form the sentence,
except on The Tea Party. In translating The Tea Party, the machine applies
borrowing technique. As there is no equivalence for such as name of event terms.
However, the machine can not apply appropriate technique in translating British America terms on that sentence. It reveals that Google translate can not produce translation accurately somehow.
Example 2:
SL: Colonists objected to the Tea Act for a variety of reasons, especially because
they believed that it violated their right to be taxed only by their own elected
representatives
TL: Koloni keberatan terhadap UU Teh untuk berbagai alasan, terutama karena
mereka percaya bahwa hal itu melanggar hak untuk dikenakan pajak hanya oleh
wakil-wakil yang dipilih mereka sendiri.
It can be seen that calque, amplification, and reduction techniques are applied in translating the datum above. Amplification of the words hal, and the
reduction of the words their on TL are applied to produce clearer information for the target readers. As for the rest, it was translated with calque technique. Unfortunately, the machine can not find the most appropriate technique in translating by their own elected representatives. It makes the translation result of the sentence is not acceptable and inaccurate also.
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SL: The Boston Tea Party arose from two issues confronting the British Empire
in 1773: the financial problems of the British East India Company, and an
ongoing dispute about the extent of Parliament's authority, if any, over the British
American colonies without seating any elected representation.
TL:Boston Tea Party muncul dari dua masalah yang dihadapi Kekaisaran
Britania pada tahun 1773: masalah keuangan dari British East India Company,
dan sengketa yang sedang berlangsung tentang sejauh mana kewenangan DPR,
jika ada, atas British American koloni tanpa tempat duduk pun perwakilan
terpilih
Various techniques were applied for translating source text above.
Borrowing was applied on translation of words; Boston Tea Party, British East India Company, and British American because all of them were categorized as terms of name or title. Amplification techniques can be found on the addition of word tahun to reveal implicit information refers to year on TL. Google Translate also applies particularization technique in translating Parliament‟s authority into
Kewenangan DPR. The machine applies this technique as Kewenangan DPR
sounds more particular for Indonesian reader than Kekuasaan Parlemen. Another technique applied by the machine is transposition technique as there is a grammatical shifting on translation „…without seating any elected representation‘ into ‗…tanpa tempat duduk pun perwakilan terpilih.‟. Then calque is applied on the rest. Although, there were many techniques applied, the output of overall translation, in terms of accuracy and acceptability, is poor. The reason is the lack
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ability of machine to find the most appropriate technique to solve translation problems on text above.
From the example above, it can be said that translations techniques applied by Google Translate influence the quality of translation. Appropriate technique applied by the machine in translating the text will result a good translation, while inappropriate one will produce inaccurate and unacceptable translation.
Based on the phenomena above, the researcher tries to investigate the translation techniques applied by the machine translator and its impacts to the quality translation, in terms of accuracy and acceptability, of an article text on web page. The researcher chooses Google Translate by Google Inc. as the thesis subject because it is the best online MT recently. In this research, the researcher analyzes an article text in en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party web page. The article text describes about Boston Tea Party event. The researcher uses this URL as source of data because Wikipedia is the largest online encyclopedia ever made in the world and Boston Tea Party is an important historical event ever happened in America.
B. Research Limitations
This research focuses on analyzing translation techniques applied by Google Translate and the quality translation in terms of accuracy and acceptability in translating on en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party web page.
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C. Problem Statements
1. What techniques are applied by Google Translate in translating web page en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party.
2. How is the quality of translation in terms of accuracy and acceptability.
D. Research Objectives
Based on problem statements, the objectives of the research are:
1. To find out the translation techniques applied by Google Translate in translating web page en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party
2. To find out the translation quality in terms of accuracy and acceptability
E. Research Benefits
The research is conducted to find out the translation technique applied by Machine Translator Google Translate in translating the URL: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party article text and its quality in terms of accuracy, and acceptability.
Therefore, the result of this research is expected to give contribution to the students and lecturers of English Department in their attempts to learn about how Google Translate is in translating web page. This thesis may become as a reference for students and lecturers in studying subject related with researcher‘s thesis.
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F. Research Methodology
This research is a descriptive qualitative research. Qualitative method is applied because the data of this research are all senteces taken on en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party. Descriptive method is to describe translation techniques and to find out the quality of translation, in terms of accuracy and acceptability, of Google Translate, conducted by collecting classifying, analyzing data, and then drawing conclusion.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Definition of Translation
The transfer of the meaning from one language into another language is the definition of the translation in general. However, in line with the advance of century, many experts develop its definition with different tendency. Newmark (1988 : 5) states ―Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. ‖Based on the quotation above, it can be said that when a translator translates source language texts into the target language text, he/she should be able to transfer the meaning as close as the author‘s intention. It is not allowed for a translator to make new meaning or messages because he/she will convey incorrect messages to make the readers.
Almost similar to Newmark, Machali (2000 : 114) states that translation is a process of ―recreate―. It can be said that when a translator does his/her job, he/she recreates a product. Therefore, a translator must be careful in translating a text because he deals not only with the language grammar but also the language style. For example, when a translator translates an article, he/she cannot translate it into literature text or a text which contains slang language but it should be translated into an article, too. It is suitable to a statement of Brislin (1976 : 15) : ―Every translation, accordingly, is an attempt to synchronize the syntactic, lexical
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and stylistic systems governing performance in two different languages, a source language (SL) and a target language (TL).‖ Therefore, it can be said that translation also considers the style of the text.
It should be known that it is impossible to produce a translation product perfectly since both languages has different system. Therefore Brislin uses the word of ―to synchronize‖. That is why the translator should find correct equivalence for every single word when he/she translates a text. As stated before translation considers three terms such as the syntactic, lexical and stylistic systems. The syntactic system means the surface structure of the source language. The lexical system is the meaning of the source language and the stylistic system refers to the style of the source language. Three of them are supported each other because three of them determine the translation strategies carried out by the translator. The translator should decide the right strategy when he/she translates a text so the messages of the source language can be produced well into the target language.
B. Principles of Translation
In order to achieve the purpose of translation and to produce a qualified translation, the translation has to acknowledge several principles of translation. They will help the translator solve problems found in the process of translation. It can be said that principles of translation are the basic references in translating text.
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According to Bell (1991 : 11), there are three principles that should be acknowledged by the translator.
1. Translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work
2. The style and the manner of writing should be as the same character as the original
3. The translation should have all the ease of original composition
From the quotation above, Bell tends to emphasize the source language rather than the target language. Therefore, the readers will get the same effect as the readers of the source language get.
In line with Bell, Larson (1998 : 6) also offers three principles which are :
1. The one which uses the normal language forms of the receptor language 2. The one which communicates, as much as possible, to the receptor
language speakers the same meaning that was understood by the speakers of the source language
3. The one, which maintains the dynamics of the original source language text. It can be said that the translation will evoke the same responds as the source text attempted to evoke.
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There are many types of translation and the translators are free to choose the type in the process of translation. The selection of the translation types is influenced by several factors, as stated below :
―Dalam praktek menerjemahkan diterapkan berbagai jenis
penerjemahan. Hal itu disebabkan oleh 4 faktor, yaitu : 1) Adanya perbedaan antara sistem bahasa sumber dengan sistem bahasa sasaran, 2) Adanya perbedaan jenis materi teks yang diterjemahkan, 3) Adanya anggapan bahwa terjemahan adalah alat komunikasi, dan 4) adanya perbedaan tujuan dalam
menerjemahkan suatu teks. (Nababan : 2003 : 29)”
Newmark (1988 : 45) divides the method of translation into two emphases which are the source language oriented and the target language-oriented. The selection of the types affects the translation result. The types of the translation which belong to the source language-oriented and the target language-oriented can be seen below :
1. Types of Translation Emphasizing the Source Language
a. Word-for-word translation
Word-for word translation is applied by placing the words directly below the source language. It can be said that the source language is literally translated into the target language text. Cultural terms and naturalism is not being noticed.
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Example : Eliminating some of the taxes was one obvious solution to the crisis
Penghapusan beberapa dari pajak adalah satu nyata solusi untuk krisis
b. Literal Translation
The grammatical structures of the source language text are translated into the nearest equivalence of the target language text but the lexical words are translated singly or one by one and it is out of context. If both languages are related to each other, it will be understandable for the readers because they have similar grammatical forms. However, the negative effect of the used of this type is unnatural translation.
Example : It‘s raining cats and dogs
Hujan kucing dan anjing
c. Faithful Translation
This type is reproducing the contextual meaning of the source language but it is still restricted by the grammatical form of the target language text. The deviation of the source language is still kept but the translation is culturally accepted. Faithful
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translation attempts to be faithful to the intentions and the text-realization of the source language writer.
Example : Ben is too well aware that he is naughty
Ben menyadari terlalu baik bahwa ia nakal
d. Semantic Translation
Nababan (2003: 45) states that semantic translation focuses on the equivalences of the word by keeping the cultural term of the source language text. It can be said that this type is more flexible rather than faithful translation since the aesthetic value of the source language text is endured. The text sounds neutral because the translator does not add or decreases or even makes the text nicer.
Example : It doesn‘t pay
Itu tidak ada gunanya
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It can be said that adaptation is the freest and the closest translation in the target language. In addition, the important elements like theme, character, and plot should be retained. Usually, poetry and comedy are translated with this type. It is applied by adapting the cultural terms of the source language into the cultural terms of the target language text then the original text is rewritten.
b. Free Translation
This type is applied by translating the messages of the source language only and it is rewritten in the new form in the target language. The original form of the source language is ignored. This type cannot be used too often because it will ruin the original form and the aesthetic value of the source language.
Example : To play truant
Membolos
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The aim of this method is reproducing the source language by using the colloquialism and idiom that do not exist in the source text. Due to this, there will be distortion of meaning nuance. Adjustment is often used when the translator applies this type a lot.
Example : I‘ll treat you a cup of coffee
Aku akan mentraktirmu kopi
d. Communicative Translation
Communicative translation is applied by translating the exact contextual meaning of the source language in such away so that the content and the language structures are acceptable for the target readers. Thus, the translator should consider the aim of the translation and also the target readers. Communicative translation attempts to create the same effect experienced by the target readers as the effect experienced by the readers of the source language. The translator is free to change the clumsy words of the source language becoming more natural in the target language text.
Newmark (1988: 47) stated that among those eight types, only two types that fulfill the aims of translating covering accuracy and economy. They are semantic translation and communicative translation. Semantic translation puts emphasize on the author‘s linguistic level; while communicative translation puts emphasize on the readers‘ linguistic level.
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D. Problems of Equivalence
The aim of translation is to find the equivalence, which gives the same effect as obtained in the readership of source language. When the translator is in the process of translation, he/she is going to look for the equivalence from the source language into the target language. However, the different system between the source language and the target language becomes problem in the translating text.
As stated by Bell (1991: 5) :
“Language are different from each other; they are different
in form having distinct codes and rules regulating the construction of grammatical stretches of language and these
forms has different meaning”
Due to the differences of system between both languages, obstacles will be found by translator in translating text. However, it is impossible to produce perfect equivalence since the difference of language system and cultural gap of source language and target language. According to Hervey, Higgins and Haywood (1995: 14), there are two reasons why it is difficult to produce total equivalence, which are as follows :
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―First, the requirement that the TT should affect its recipients in the same way as the ST does (did) its original audience raises the difficult problem on how any one particular recipient responds to a text, and of the extent to which text have constant interpretations even for the same person on two different
occasions……Second, the principle of equivalent effect presumes that theory can cope not only with ST and SL audience but also with the impact of a TT on its
intended TL audience.”
There are several types of equivalence given by experts; Nida gives two types which are formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. Formal equivalence emphasize to both form and content. It is expected that the readers of target language are able to understand the context of source text as close as the readers of the source language are able to. Meanwhile, dynamic equivalence based on ―the principle of equivalent effect, where the relationship between the receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which exists between the original receptors and the message.‖ (Nida in Nababan, Subroto and Sumarlam, 2004: 15)
Newmark (1988: 48) calls dynamic equivalence as ―equivalence response‖ principle. That is intended ―to produce the same effect (or one as close
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as possible‖ on the readership of the translation as was obtained on the readership of the original.‖
The problem of equivalence influences the technique used by translators and determines the quality of translation. Therefore, loss, gain and adjustment are unavoidable in the process of translation.
E. Translation Techniques
Sometimes, it is very difficult to differ translation strategy from translation techniques. Shortly, translating strategy is applied in time when the source text is translated. However, translating techniques is related to the translation result. Based on Collins English Dictionary in Machali (2000 : 77) ; a technique is a practical method, skill or art applied to a particular task. It can be said that translation technique is procedural or normative and done based on the available alternatives.
According to Molina and Hurtado Albir, translation technique describes the result and it can be used to classify various solutions of translation. They define translation technique as a procedure which is used to analyze and to categorize the way of the equivalent works. Molina and Hurtado Albir classify the translation technique into several parts :
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1. Separating the technique of translation from another related notion like strategy, method and mistake of translation.
2. Putting the only procedure which is suitable to the characteristic of translation
3. Not judging whether the translation technique is correct or incorrect but they consider the context situation of the text and the chosen method 4. Maintains usual terms
5. To formulate the new technique in order to explain the mechanism that is not described yet.
There are various types of translation technique that can be used to solve problems of equivalence. They are discussed in sub parts below.
a. Calque
It is also called loan translate (Bosco : 2003) Calque means a word or phrase which is literally translated from the source language into the target language. It can be in lexical or structural system.
Example : week-end activities.
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This technique is applied by taking the words without translation (Molina and Hurtado Albir : 2002).In Indonesian language, there are many terms or words which are borrowed or taken from English language and it cannot be translated since the readers are familiar with the words and it is difficult to find the equivalence in target language.
Example : Please download this file!
Tolong download berkas ini!
c. Word-for-word
This technique translates the text based on dictionary without any structure and grammatical change into the target language.
Example: I eat an apple.
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The source language text is translated literally, focuses on the form and structure, without any addition or reduction, into the target language.
Example: I wear red hat.
Saya memakai topi merah.
e. Transposition
It is a sense a shift of word class. It changes grammatical category. It happens because of the differences of the grammatical structure in different languages (Molina and Hurtado Albir : 2002).
Example : Out of control.
Tidak terkendali.
f. Amplification
This technique introduces or adds detailed information which does not exist in the source language namely explicit paraphrase or explicit (Molina and Hurtado Albir : 2002).
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Dia lahir pada tahun 1985
g. Reduction
This technique is used to make a simple and efficient translation by reducing unnecessary words on target language (Molina and Hurtado Albir : 2002).
Example : I like banana very much.
Saya suka pisang.
h. Discursive Creation
It determines the unexpected temporary equivalence or the out-of-context equivalence (Molina and Hurtado Albir : 2002).
Example: ―I will blow your head into pieces..!!‖
*sensor karena kata-kata kasar*
i. Generalization
The technique is applied by using general term or neutral term in the target language (Molina and Hurtado Albir : 2002).
Example : I love that wallpaper.
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commit to user j. Particularization
The technique uses more particular or concrete term (Molina and Hurtado Albir, 2002).
Example : Colonists rejected the Parliament decision.
Kolonis menolak keputusan DPR.
k. Substitution
It replaces the linguistic elements into the paralinguistic elements or vice versa (Molina and Hurtado Albir : 2002).
Example: Take the patient to ICU!
Bawa pasien ini ke UGD!
l. Variation
It changes the linguistic or paralinguistic elements affecting to the linguistic variation (Molina and Hurtado Albir : 2002).
Example : Please call 911!
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F. Accuracy in Translation
Accuracy is one of the factors that determine the quality of translation. The accuracy of the message is an important aim in translation (Baker, 1992: 57). Shuttleworth and Cowie (1997: 63) define accuracy as a term used in translation equivalence to refer to the extent to which a translation matches its original. In other word, accuracy means that the content message of source language is transferred or rendered into the target language correctly.
Basically, the preservation of meaning is a very important aspect in determining quality of translation. Also, the meaning covering becomes the main factor that need to be paid attention. It should clearly convey the meaning. In other words, there will be no ambiguous and there is no chance of misinterpretation on target readers.
In conclusion, a translation is considered to be accurate if it conveys the meaning of the source text into the target text correctly without seeing the way of translator transfer the message to target text. Therefore, accuracy is a kind of source text oriented approach to translation.
G. Acceptability in Translation
Acceptability is another important factor that determines the quality of translation. It refers to the natural "feel" of the translation. A translation which leans toward acceptability can thus be thought as fulfilling the requirement of
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"reading as an original" that is written in target language rather than that of "reading as the original". (Shuttleworth and Cowie : 1997: 103)
Therefore, the translator needs to observe the norms of the source language and the target system before translating the text. The translated text will be considered available if it is read as an original written in target language and it is sounded natural for the target readers. In contrast with accuracy, acceptability is a kind of target text oriented approach in translation. (Suryawinata: 2000: 40-43)
H. Sentence
According to Collins English dictionary, sentence is a set of words that is complete in itself, conveying a statement, question, etc. Mish (1991:256) stated that sentence is a grammatical unit that is composed of one or more clause (consist of subject and predicate). It can be expanded by adding grammatical words such as object, adverb or conjunction. For example:
I ride a bike carefully. Subject : I Predicate : ride Object : a bike Adverb : carefully
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Web page is not the same thing as a Web site. A Web page is an individual HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) document. But, a website is a collection of web pages that is hosted on one or several web server. In general, a web page is a document or resource of information that is suitable for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a web browser and displayed on a monitor or mobile device.
Web Page consists of verbal component that is text and non –verbal component that are pictorial (images, icons), graphic (layout and typographic features), videos, audio, music, and other multimedia elements. It is line with Sandrini, ―A website contains different types of digital assets which can be text, pictures, multimedia such as audio and video streaming […]‖ (Sandrini : 2005)
Web pages are accessed and transferred with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) by typing significant address or domain name in the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) attached on internet browser. URL is an address that is used to locate a particular resource (website, file, server, etc) on the internet. The URL‘s of the pages organizes a website into hierarchy. Then, the user or a web browser renders the page content according to its HTML markup instructions onto a display terminal.
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According to Collins English Dictionary, ―Machine translation (MT) is the production of text in one natural language from that in another by means of computer procedures‖. In other words, MT is the application of computers to the task of translating texts from one natural language to another. The most previous version of MT only employs simple substitution of words in one natural language
for words in another. Then MT is developed and able to employ corpus
techniques. This techniques able to translate more complex sentence and allowing for better handling of differences in linguistic typology, phrase recognition, and
translation of idioms, as well as the isolation of anomalies.
Currently, machine translation software allows for customization by domain or profession (such as weather reports). This technique is very effective in
domains where formal or formulaic language is used. So, it makes machine translation of government and legal documents can produce a better translation output than a less standardized text.
Improved output quality can also be achieved by human intervention: for example, some systems are able to translate more accurately if the user has
unambiguously identified which words in the text are names. One of MT which
used this system is Google Translate.
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Google Translate is an online translator service provided by Google Inc. to translate a section of text, or a webpage, into another language. In details, Google Translate can translate any web page into 51 languages around the world only in a second. Also, Google Translate is very easy to use. The user only inputs the URL of desired web page on available box, chooses the available target language, then clicks enter command, and the web page has been successfully translated.
Moreover, Google translate is a free domain area. It means the internet users do not have to become a member or pay the charge to obtain a full services of Google Translate. It is also possible to enter searches in a source language that are first translated into a destination language allowing the user to browse and interpret results from the selected destination language in the source language
Google translate is based on an approach called statistical machine translation which is developed by Franz-Josef Och. His research made him the winner on the DARPA contest for speed machine translation in 2003. Nowadays, Och is appointed to be a head of Google's machine translation department.
According to Och and Ney (2002 : 298), a solid base for developing a usable statistical machine translation system for a new pair of languages from scratch, would consist in having a bilingual text corpus (or parallel collection) of more than a million words and two monolingual corpora of each more than a billion words. Statistical models from this data are then used to translate between those languages.
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In order to store this massive amount of linguistic data, Google uses United Nations documents. The same document is normally available in all six official UN languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish), so Google has a 6-language corpus of 20 billion words' worth of human translations. Then, Google keeps developing a better version of Google Translate from time to time. On June 2010, Google has launched its 20th stage of Google Translation. And, still, the quality of Google translation will be improved more and more again in future time.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Type and Design
In this research, the researcher applied a descriptive qualitative method. By using descriptive qualitative method, the researcher only collected, classified, analyzed the data and then drew a conclusion. A further explanation about qualitative research is also given by Cresswell (1998:15):
Qualitative research is an inquiry process of understanding based on distinct methodological traditions of inquiry that explore a social or human problem. The researcher builds a complex, holistic picture, analyzes words, reports detailed views of informants, and conducts the study in a natural setting.
Qualitative research was applied in this research because the data are not statistical data. Although there is a simple counting in this research, this counting was only used as a medium to analyze the data and to make conclusions. For addition, the counting was also used in order to asses the translation quality.
In this research, the data are descriptive since the data are in the form of words, picture, rather than numbers (Bogdan and Biklen, 1992: 30). Besides, this research was not conducted to make any prediction and to prove or disapprove any hypothesis.
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The researcher employed a single embedded-case study since the researcher only focuses on a particular aspect. In this study, the researcher focused on analyzing translation techniques applied by Google Translate and the quality translation in terms of accuracy and acceptability in translating the text on en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party web page. Sutopo (2002:112) says that a research is called a single embedded-case study if it focuses on one characteristic.
B. Data and Source of Data
Data source refers to the subject from which the data can be obtained (Arikunto 1997: 114). The source data of this thesis are all sentenceson en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea/Party web page. The title of the article is Boston Tea Party. The article tells us about the culmination of a resistance movement throughout British America against the Tea Act, which had been
passed by the British Parliament in 1773. The text was translated by Google
Translate.
There are two types of data used in this thesis so called Primary data and the secondary data. The primary data is all sentences in the article entitled Boston Tea Party and taken from en.wikipedia.org/wiki web page. The secondary data is the scale given by the raters. The researcher took three raters to asses the translation quality of the text in terms of accuracy and acceptability. The raters must posses several criteria to asses the quality. The researcher used questionnaire and distributed it to each raters.
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As stated before that the raters should posses several criteria so that they can asses the translation quality of the text. The criteria of the raters are shown below:
1. Rater
- The raters are willing to participate in this research
- The raters should master both languages, English and Indonesian - The raters should have knowledge of translation
- The raters should have practical experiences in translation - The raters should capable of using internet services
- The raters should know how to use Google Translate translation services.
2. Document
Document is written source of data. Document used in this research as source of data were all manual text English sentences and their translation, taken from an article text on en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party web page
C. Sampling Technique
The researcher employed total sampling technique to collect the data since the choice of subject is based on all characteristics or features which have relevance to the characteristics of all translated text on
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party web page. According to Tatang M. Amirin (2009), total sampling means researching all data on population.Thus, all data were taken from all sentences on en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party web page.
D. Method of Data collection
Data collection means a series of interrelated activities aimed at gathering good information to answer emerging research question (Creswell, 1998: 110)
The researcher used two methods to collect the data which are content analysis and questionnaire.
1. Content analysis
Bernard (in Morse, 1994: 179) states that content analysis is ―a catch-all term covering a variety of techniques for making inferences from text data‖.
Content analysis was used by the researcher because it helps the researcher in drawing conclusion. In content analysis, the researcher collects the data by analyzing the content of the English and the Indonesian translation of the article text on web page. The data includes all words, phrases, clauses, and sentences found on Google-translated text on en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party web page.
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commit to user 2. Questionnaire
This research applied two types of questionnaire; close format and open-ended format. The close format questionnaire means that the questionnaire is in form of scaled questionnaire. The researcher distributed questionnaires containing scale of the translation's accuracy, and acceptability to the raters. Meanwhile, in open-ended format, the raters are allowed to give their comments dealing with the translation's accuracy, and acceptability.
The questionnaires containing scales of accuracy and acceptability are distributed to the raters. The scales of accuracy are described in the table below:
Scale Level Description
1 Accurate The meaning of the source language sentences is accurately conveyed into the target language text. There is no meaning distortion.
2 Less Accurate The meaning of the source language sentence is less accurately conveyed into the target language. There are some meaning distortions.
3 Inaccurate The meaning of the source language sentence is definitely not accurately conveyed into the target language. It is omitted or deleted.
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The scales of acceptability are shown in the table below:
Scale Level Description
1 Acceptable The source language sentences are translated naturally. It does not feel like a translation product. There is no grammatical mistake. The terms of the source language are suitable with the culture of the target language.
2 Less Acceptable
The translation sound natural enough but it feels like translation. It is rather clumsy and not in accordance with the language system and culture of target language.
3 Unacceptable The translation extremely sounds like translation, unnatural, and clumsy. It is not grammatically and culturally accepted
Adapted from Machali, 2000: 119-120
E. Research Procedure
This research was designed to be conducted in the following stage. 1. Reading the data
Read the article on en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party web page browsed on February 8th 2010 and its translation which is translated by Google Translate on February 8th 2010.
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commit to user 2. Collecting Primary Data
The primary data were collected in the form of English sentences taken from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party web page browsed on February 8th 2010. Primary data in the form of Indonesian sentences were collected by translating the web page using Google Translate online web page translator service.
3. Encoding Primary Data
The collected primary data were given a code and number. For example: TL/054 or SL/054
054 – The number of the taken data TL– Target Language
SL – Source Languag 4. Analyzing Primary Data
The primary data were analyzed to find out the translation techniques applied by the Google Translate in translating en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party web page.
5. Collecting Secondary Data
The secondary data were collected from questionnaires distributedto the raters. The data were assessed by the raters based on the classification which was given by the researcher. The raters assessed the translation quality interms of accuracy and acceptability. These are the classifications:
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commit to user • Classification A (Accuracy):
Al: accurate A2: less accurate A3: inaccurate
• Classification B (Acceptability): Bl: acceptable
B2: less acceptable B3: unacceptable
6. Analyzing Secondary Data
The secondary data were analyzed to find out the quality of translation in terms of accuracy and acceptability.
7. Drawing Conclusion
Based on data analysis some conclusions were drawn and some suggestions were made.
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CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDING ANDDISCUSSION
A. INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents data analysis to answer the problems as mentioned in chapter one. It is divided into three parts. There are technique analysis, accuracy, and acceptability.
The first part of the analysis discusses the translation techniques used by Google Translate in translating web page. The second part presents data analysis of the accuracy of the translation. The last part aims to reveal the level of acceptability of the translation.
B. RESEARCH FINDING
I. Translation Techniques
1. Literal Translation and Calque
Literal translation means the source language text is translated literally, without any addition or reduction, into the target language. Literal translation focuses on the form and structure of the original text. The other technique is calque. This technique is a word or phrase borrowed from another language and directly translated it without paying attention the cultural background of target
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readers. That is why some calqued translation works are not sounded familiar and natural for target readers. The implementations of these two techniques can be found on:
Datum no. 13, 16, 23, 38, 43, 47, 55, 57, 66, 72, 74, 79, 80, 85, 88, 89, 90, 92, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 111, 116
Total Data 25
Example 1: datum no. 57
ST TT
The North ministry's solution was the Tea Act , which received the assent of
King George on May 10, 1773
Kementerian Utara solusi adalah UU
Teh, yang menerima persetujuan dari
Raja George pada 10 Mei 1773
The example above show the implementation of the literal translation technique. The machine looks for the literal equivalence for every word in ST that is conveyed into TT. Thus, there is a change on grammatical structure in translating “Tea Act” which has M (Modifier) – H (Head) structure. Shifting M – H into H – M (UU – teh) is the right choice in translating phrase: “Tea Act” since H – M pattern is a general form in Indonesian language structure.
Another technique occurred on example above is calque. The application of this technique can be found when Google Translate translates“The North
ministry‟s”and ―Tea Act‖ into “Kementrian Utara” and, “UU teh”. The machine simply translates those directly based on dictionary meaning. Using calque to translate ―Tea Act‖ into ―UU The‖ is a right choice since there is no equivalence term which can represent the original meaning of ST. Unfortunately, the machine
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can not determine a right technique in translating the other phrase; “Kementrian
Utara”. In this context, North is name of person who take hold the Prime Minister of Great Britain in Boston Tea Party historical age. So, using calque to translate phrase “North ministry‟s” makes original message on ST can not be conveyed on TT.
Example 2: Datum no. 72
ST TT
According to historian Benjamin Labaree, "A stubborn Lord North had unwittingly hammered a nail in the coffin of the old British Empire."
Menurut sejarawan Benjamin Labaree, "Tuhan yang keras kepala Utara secara tidak sengaja ditempa sebuah paku di peti mati yang lama Kerajaan Inggris."
On datum above, there is calque technique consists in literal translated work. The machine uses calque to translate every phrase on TT above. It is like previous example, on phrase ―A stubborn Lord North” Google Translate makes a mistake by translating a name of person “Lord North” into literal meaning
“Tuhan Utara”.
The machine makes another mistake when translating an expression
“hammered a nail in the coffin”using calque technique. On ST context, that expression means ―make a very fatal mistake‖. So, translating it directly into literal meaning would not be conveyed ST context. Then, the rest of phrase also translated using calque because the machine is only translate the text directly without paying attention a whole sentence context of ST.
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The translation which uses literal, borrowing, and calque can be found in: Datum no. 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32,
35, 36, 37, 39, 42, 44, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 67, 69, 70, 71, 75, 76, 77, 78, 81, 82, 84, 86, 97, 98, 99, 108, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117
Total Data 57
Example 1: Datum No.2
ST TT
For other uses, see Boston Tea Party Untuk Kegunaan lain, lihat Boston Tea Party.
On datum which is literally translated, we can see calque is implemented to translate the phrase “other uses” into ―kegunaan lain‖. Borrowing is applied by having a loan of the original word and putting it into target language text. It can be pure (without any change) or naturalized (to fit the spelling rules in target language). The pure borrowing can be found on phrase ―Boston Tea Party”. The machine applies the right thing by simply taken these words since the name of the event should not be translated to maintain the original meaning on source text.
Example 2: Datum No. 62
ST TT
The Tea Act retained the three pence Townshend duty on tea imported to the colonies
UU Tea mempertahankan tiga pence kewajiban Townshend teh diimpor ke tanah jajahan.
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From datum no. 62 which is literally translated, we can see that there are two words which are borrowed from ST, there are “tea” and “pence”. Applying simple borrowing technique on translating these two words are not deliver a good translation output. Hence, “tea” and “pence” should be translated into ―teh‖ and ―sen‖ to produce a better translation. Oddly, on other datum, we can find that
“tea” is translated into ―teh‖. It means Google Translate, actually, capable to translate “tea” correctly. So, the researcher assumes that this mistaken is caused of the bug on Google Translate system. As for the rest, they are translated using calque.
Example 3: Datum no.18
ST TT
When tea became popular in the British colonies, Parliament sought to eliminate foreign competition by passing an act in 1721 that required colonists to import their tea only from
Great Britain.
Ketika teh menjadi populer di koloni Inggris, Parlemen berusaha untuk
menghilangkan persaingan asing
dengan mengesahkan suatu tindakan
pada 1721 yang mengharuskan
penjajah untuk mengimpor teh mereka hanya dari Britania Raya.
On TT which is literally translated, there are some implementations of borrowing and calque techniques. Just like on example above, “Parliament” and ―import‖ are borrowed from ST then they are naturalized into “parlemen” and
“mengimpor” (it adds prefix meng- since it is a verb). As for the rest, they are translated using calque. One of implementation of calque translation on TT can be found when translating into “Britania Raya”. Eventhough it is calque translated, the term “Britania Raya” is quiet familiar in target reader.
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ST TT
For more details on this topic, see
Townshend Acts.
Untuk detail lebih lanjut tentang topik ini, lihat Kisah Townshend.
Borrowing and calque can be found inside TT which is literally translated. Pure borrowing can be seen in word “detail”. As for calque, it can be seen when the machine directly translates “Townshend Acts” into “Kisah Townshend”.
Example 5: Datum no.75
ST TT
Americans learned the details of the Tea Act while the ships were en route, and opposition began to mount.
Amerika mempelajari rincian Undang-Undang Teh sementara kapal-kapal dalam perjalanan, dan oposisi mulai untuk me-mount.
On TT which is literally translated, we can find two borrowed words and a phrase is translated using calque. The two borrowed words are “Opposition” which is naturalized into “oposisi” and “mount” which is simply borrowed from ST. It seems that the systems of Google Translate can not find any equivalence word for “mount”. Then the implementation of calque is used to translate the rest of phrase.
3. Literal, Borrowing, Particularization, and Calque.
These translation criteria can only be fulfilled on datum no. 63. On this datum, TT is translated literally. Also, borrowing and particularization techniques can be found inside it. Particularization technique uses more particular or concrete term to convey source language
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ST TT
Some members of Parliament wanted to eliminate this tax, arguing that there was no reason to provoke another colonial controversy
Beberapa anggota DPR ingin
menghilangkan pajak ini, menyatakan
bahwa tidak ada alasan untuk
memancing kontroversi kolonial lain.
On TT which is literally translated, the word ―controversy‖ is borrowed and then it is naturalized into ―kontroversi‖. It is right decision since ―kontroversi‖ fits the spelling rules and also commonly used in target readers. As for the implementation of particularization technique, we can see it on the word
“parliament” which is translated into more particular term “DPR”. DPR is a name of Indonesian parliament. However, On ST above, “parliament” refers to Great Britain parliament. So, translating it into DPR distorts original meaning of ST. Hence, applying particularization technique is incorrect because it distorts the original context of ST. As for the rest, it was translated with calque technique.
4. Amplification and Calque
Amplification technique is used to introduce or add detailed information in target text which does not exist on source text. Amplification and calque technique can be found on:
Datum no. 59, 61, 64, 73
Total Data 4
Example 1: Datum no. 59
ST TT
This would allow the company to Hal ini akan memungkinkan
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middlemen who bought the tea at wholesale auctions in London.
dengan menghilangkan perantara yang membeli grosir teh di lelang di London.
On datum above, whole content of sentence were translated by calquetechnique, except on word “this”. The context of ―this‖ refers to a kind of thing on previous sentence of datum no. 59. To explain ―this‖ context, the machine gives additional information “hal”. Also, adding the word “hal” clarifies the context of the word ―ini‖ on TT.
Example 2: Datum no. 64
ST TT
Former Chancellor of the Exchequer William Dowdeswell, for example, warned Lord North that the Americans would not accept the tea if the Townshend duty remained.
Mantan Menteri Keuangan Britania
Raya William Dowdeswell, misalnya,
Tuhan memperingatkan bahwa Amerika Utara tidak akan menerima teh jika tugas Townshend tetap.
On TT above, the machine adds “Britania Raya” to give information for target reader that William Dowdeswellis Former Chancellor of the Exchequer of, none other than, Great Britain. Then, the machine is calque translated “warned
Lord North that the Americans would not accept the tea if the Townshend duty
remained” into “Tuhan memperingatkan bahwa Amerika Utara tidak akan
menerima teh jika tugas Townshend tetap”.
5. Amplification, Calque, and Borrowing
These three techniques can be found on:
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Example: Datum no. 11
ST TT
Parliament responded in 1774 with
theCoercive Acts, which, among other provisions, closed Boston's commerce until the British East India Company had been repaid for the destroyed tea.
Parlemen menanggapi pada tahun
1774 dengan paksaan Kisah Para Rasul, yang antara lain ketentuan, menutup perdagangan Boston sampai
British East India Company telah
dibayar untuk menghancurkan teh.
On datum above, the machine applies borrowing when translating ―parliament‖ and ―British East India Company‖ into “parlemen” and “British
East India Company”. “British East India Company”is translated with pure borrowing to maintain the original name of a company and the “parliament”are translated with naturalized borrowing into “parlemen” to fit the spelling rules in Indonesian language. Then, amplification technique on this datum can be found in translating “in 1774”into “pada tahun 1774”. In Indonesian language structure, it is necessary to give an indicator of time such as ―tahun‖, ―bulan‖, ―hari‖, ―jam‖, etc. So, the machine does the right thing by adding the word ―tahun‖ on TT. Then, calque technique is used to translate the rest of phrases. After “paksaan Kisah”, there is an addition phrase “Para Rasul”. However, this addition phrase “Para
Rasul” does not explain any single information of ST context. On biblical translation, “Acts” is translated into “Kisah Para Rasul”. The researcher assumes that the machine recognizes the term “Coercive Acts” as a biblical translation. It means “Para Rasul” is not an amplification of “Kisah”; but rather it is a direct
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translation of “Acts”. So, the researcher concludes that the machine applies calque, not amplification.
1. Reduction and Calque
This technique is used to make a simple and efficient translation by reducing unnecessary words on TT. Reduction and Calque can be found on: Datum no. 91, 94, 109
Total Data 3
` Example 1: Datum no. 109
ST TT
According to eyewitness accounts, people did not leave the meeting until ten or fifteen minutes after Adams's alleged "signal", and Adams in fact tried to stop people from leaving because the meeting was not yet over.
Menurut saksi mata, orang-orang tidak
meninggalkan pertemuan sampai
sepuluh atau lima belas menit setelah Adams's dugaan "sinyal", dan Adams
sebenarnya berusaha untuk
menghentikan orang-orang dari pergi karena rapat belum selesai
On datum above, the machine reduces the word ―account‖. Reducing the word ―account‖ do not distorts ST contexts. Hence, it makes the sentence on TT more efficient. So, applying reduction on datum above is a right thing based on efficiency consideration. Then the machine calqued translates ―people did not leave the meeting until ten or fifteen minutes after Adams's alleged "signal", and Adams in fact tried to stop people from leaving because the meeting was not yet over” into ―orang-orang tidak meninggalkan pertemuan sampai sepuluh atau lima belas menit setelah Adams's dugaan "sinyal", dan Adams sebenarnya
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berusaha untuk menghentikan orang-orang dari pergi karena rapat belum selesai”
Example 2: datum no. 91
ST TT
By early December, the Philadelphia consignees had resigned and the tea ship returned to England with its cargo.
Pada awal Desember, Philadelphia penerima barang telah mengundurkan diri dan teh kapal kembali ke Inggris dengan muatan.
On datum above, all phrases are translated using calque; except ―its cargo‖. On TT, referral word "its” is omitted. It makes TT become less informative. Nevertheless, it does not give much affection in conveying ST context. So, reducing a referral word makes the translation efficient even though it is less informative.
7. Reduction, Amplification, and Calque
These three techniques can only be found on datum no. 105
ST TT
On December 16—the last day of the Dartmouth's deadline—about 7,000 people had gathered around the Old South Meeting House.
Pada tanggal 16-hari terakhir dari tenggat waktu Dartmouth-sekitar 7.000 orang telah berkumpul di sekeliling Lama Rumah Rapat Selatan.
On datum above, the machine uses calque to translate ―Old South Meeting
House‖ by simply translates it literally into “Lama Rumah Rapat Selatan”. Then,
amplification technique is applied by adding a word “tanggal” as a time description on TT. It gives additional information for target readers. However, the machine makes a mistake by reducing “December” on TT. On datum above,
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“December” is an important message and it must not be deleted because it is important information of time on ST context.
8. Reduction, Amplification, Calque, and Borrowing
All of these four techniques can only be found on datum no. 7
ST TT
Colonists objected to the Tea Act for a
variety of reasons, especially because they believed that it violated theirright to be taxed only by their own elected representatives.
Koloni keberatan terhadap UU Teh
untuk berbagai alasan, terutama
karena mereka percaya bahwa hal itu melanggar hak untuk dikenakan pajak hanya oleh wakil-wakil yang dipilih mereka sendiri.
On this datum, The machine translates “colonies” into “koloni” with naturalization borrowing in order to fit the spelling rules in Indonesian language As for amplification techniques, the machine adds a referral word “hal” on target text to clarify a subject ―it‖. Also, the machine reduces a referral word “their”. Reducing “that” makes a translation efficient but the target reader would be uncertain with what “their” is because of lack information. As for the rest of it, the datum is translated using calque techniques.
9. Reduction, Amplification, Calque, Borrowing, and Particularization
Only datum no. 33 fulfills all of these five translation techniques
ST TT
Colonists, however, did not elect
members of Parliament, and so
American Whigs argued that the colonies could not be taxed by that
body.
Koloni, bagaimanapun, tidak memilih
anggota DPR,dan kelompokWhig
Amerika berpendapat bahwa
koloni-koloni tidak dapat dikenakan pajak oleh tubuh.
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Naturalization borrowing can be found on TT “koloni”and “koloni
-koloni”. Particularization technique on is used to translate “parliament” into
“DPR”. Just like on another datum, this ―parliament‖ refers to Great Britain‘s
parliament. So translating it into ―DPR (Indonesia Parliament)‖ is not accurate. Then, amplification is shown on addition word on TT “kelompok” before a calque translated words “Whig Amerika”. It gives an explanation for target reader that
“Whig Amerika” is a name of group (in Indonesian meaning: kelompok). The last technique is reduction. The machine reduces a referral word “that”. Just like on previous example, reducing a referral word makes translation efficient but less informative. Also, calque is applied to translate the rest.
10.Transposition, Borrowing, and Calque
This technique is applied to change grammatical category in target language. It happened because of the differences of the grammatical structure in different language. Transposition, borrowing, and calque techniques are used in: Datum no. 9, 27
Total Data 2
Example : Datum no. 27
ST TT
Instead of solving the smuggling problem, however, the Townshend duties renewed a controversy about
Parliament's right to taxthe colonies.
Daripada memecahkan masalah
penyelundupan Namun, tugas
Townshend memperbaharui kontroversi tentang hak Parlemenpajakkoloni
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Naturalization borrowing is applied in translating into “kontroversi”,
“parlemen”, and “koloni”. Also application of transposition technique can be found on word “export”. There is a shifting on word class of ―tax‖ (V) into ―pajak‖ (N). in TT. Actually, there is no need to shift grammatical category since there is no differences on language structure between ST and TT. So, the researcher jumps into an assumption that the machine makes a mistake in determining a correct word class for “tax” on datum above. Then, the rest of the datum is translated using calque translation technique.
11.Transposition, Amplification, and Calque
These three techniques can only be found on datum no 87.
ST TT
Another major concern for merchants was that the Tea Act gave the East
India Company a monopoly on the tea
trade, and it was feared that this government-created monopoly might be extended in the future to include other goods.
Lain yang menjadi perhatian utama bagi pedagang adalah bahwa UU Teh
memberikan East India
Companymonopoli perdagangan teh,
dan itu khawatir bahwa pemerintah ini menciptakan monopoli mungkin dapat
diperluas di masa depan untuk
memasukkan barang-barang lain
On TT above, the two categories of borrowing technique can be found on ―East India Company‖ as pure and ―monopoli‖ as naturalization. Then, Calque can be found on all phrases except for the bold ones. The other technique is transposition. It can be found on shifting the word class from verb ―feared‖ into adjective ―khawatir‖. Just like on previous example, the machine misjudges an appropriate word class of ―feared‖ on ST above. The last technique is
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amplification. The implementation of this technique can be found on additional words ―yang menjadi‖ on TT.
12.Transposition, Amplification, Borrowing, and Calque
These four techniques can be found only on datum no. 45 and no. 46. Example : Datum no. 46
ST TT
The act also restored the tea taxes within Britain that had been repealed in 1767, and left in place the three pence Townshend duty in the colonies.
Yang juga bertindak mengembalikan pajak teh di Britania yang telah dicabut pada tahun 1767, dan meninggalkan
di tempat tiga pence Townshend
bertugas di tanah jajahan.
On TT above we can find the implementation of borrowing, amplification, and transposition. Just like on previous example, the machine prefers to purely borrow the word ―pence‖ rather than translate it literally. Implementation of amplification is shown by adding a word ―tahun‖. The machine applies transposition in translating ―the act‖ and ―duty‖. The machine shifts ―the act‖ (N) into ―bertindak‖ (V) and ―duty‖ (N) into ―bertugas‖ (V). Just like previous transposition cases above, the machine misjudges the word class of ST. Implementation of calque is used to translate the rest of it. On this datum, there is an expression ―left in place‖. The machine tends to calqued translate it into literal meaning ―meninggalkan di tempat‖ rather than translates its true context ―mempertahankan‖. The researcher assumes that the machine is not advances enough to recognize the context of ―left in place‖.
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and the target readers still can accept it. However, R3 considers it unacceptable since the machine does not translate the word ―mount‖ and it is fatal mistake for the target readers. That word is not familiar for the target readers and the translation sound like a translation product.
Example 2 :
115.This iconic 1846 lithograph by Nathaniel Currier was entitled "The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor"; the phrase "Boston Tea Party" had not yet become standard.
1846 ikon ini litograf oleh Nathaniel Currier berjudul “The Destruction of
Tea di Pelabuhan Boston”; frasa “Boston Tea Party” belum menjadi standar.
2, 7 is the mean score of datum number 115 dealing with the acceptability. In opposite with R1 and R3, R2 considers it less acceptable. R2 considers datum number is rather clumsy since the translator put the year 1846 for subject. However, R1 and R3 assess it unacceptable because the translation really sounds like a translation product and it is unnaturally translated into target language when the translator translates the title of the book. It is mixture between English language and Indonesia language and it is extremely will not accepted in target language.
For addition, the researcher agrees to R1 and R3 that datum number 115 is unacceptable because the translator uses the strange term or unfamiliar word like The Destruction of Tea di Pelabuhan Boston. It sounds strange because the translator only translates the word Boston Harbour whereas they are in one title. It
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is better if datum number is translated into Litograp tahun 1846 yang monumental
yang dibuat oleh Nathaniel Currier diberi judul “The Destruction of Tea ar
Boston Harbor”; frasa “Boston Tea Party” pada masa itu belum menjadi
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. CONCLUSION
In this subchapter, the researcher discusses about the problem statements mentioned in Chapter I and how they are answered. There are two problem statements in the Chapter I, the first one is the translation technique used by Google Translation in translating en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party web page. The second one is the translation quality and the answers will be presented below.
In this analysis, the researcher finds 8 kinds of translation techniques used by Google Translate in translating en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party web page. The techniques are literal, amplification, reduction, transposition, word-for-word, borrowing, calque, and particularization.
At the rate 58 of 125 data (46,4%), a multiple technique (literal, calque, and borrowing) is the most technique being used by Google Translate in translating en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party web page. Contrary, there are 7 multiple techniques which are rarely used by Google Translate. There are (Literal, Borrowing, Particularization, and Calque), (Transposition, Amplification, and Calque), (Transposition, Amplification, Borrowing, and Calque),
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(Transposition, Amplification, Borrowing, Particularization, and Calque),(Reduction, Amplification, and Calque), (Reduction, Amplification, Borrowing, and Calque), and (Reduction, Amplification, Borrowing, Particularization, and Calque). Each of the has only 1 data (0,8%).
The second problem statement deals with the quality assessment of the translation. There are two assessed qualities namely accuracy and the acceptability of the translation.
Based on the analysis, the translation of en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party web page is less accurate. Since the mean score of the translation is 1, 9 and that score belongs to less accurate. Therefore, it can be said that Google translation cannot translate the article, particularly sentence, well because there are some distortion in meaning. Meanwhile, this translation is less acceptable. Because the mean score of the acceptability is 1, 9 so the translation is less acceptable. Again, Google Translate cannot make the translation natural. The translation sound clumsy and the translation are rather like a translation product.
In conclusion, Google Translate is able to apply multiple techniques to translate a simple and complex sentence found on en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party web page.Based on total data, Google tends to translate the web page literally or dictionary-minded. The machine able to deliver a good translation product when translating simple sentence. But, translating a complex sentence too literally and without paying attention whole
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context on complex ST sentence makes Google Translate unable to produce a good translation result. It is fact that Google Translate has many weakness to deliver a good translation product when translating a complex sentence.
B. RECOMMENDATION
After doing this research, the researcher would like to give some recommendations to:
1. The students
The researcher that the result of the research could bring a beneficial as one of the literature review to improve and enlarge knowledge for the students, especially for those who are studying translation, as an additional reference to enlarge their translation knowledge of web page translation using an online machine translation.
2. Google Translate
Google Translate should not translate target language too literally. Also, Google Translate should consider that there are always differences of the source language and the target language grammatically, either semantically, or stylistically. Therefore, Google Translate should enrich its translation database and upgrade its engine of machine translation in order to determine the proper technique to produce a quality translation result.
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The result of the research could be used as a consideration to use an online translation service for translating a web page.