Gambaran Penggunaan Suplemen Makanan pada Vegetarian di Kota Medan Tahun 2015
43
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Adebawo, O. et al., 2006. Fruits and vegetables moderate lipid cardiovascular risk
factor in hypertensive patients. Lipids Health Dis., pp. 5-14.
Agrawal, S., Millett, C.J., Dhilon, P.K., Subramanian, S.V., & Ebrahim, S., 2014.
Type of vegetarian diet, obesity and diabetes in adult Indian population.
Nutrition Journal, 13(89).
Aina, B.A. & Ojedokun, O.A., 2014. Knowledge and use of dietary supplements
by students of College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos,
Nigeria. J Basic Clin Pharm, 5(2), pp. 34-39.
Al-Naggar, R.A. & Chen, R., 2011. Prevalence of vitamin-mineral supplements
use and associated factors among young Malaysians. Asian Pacific J Cancer
Prev., 12, pp. 1023-1029.
Aljaloud, S.O. & Ibrahim, S.A., 2013. Use of Dietary Supplements among
Professional Athletes in Saudi Arabia. J Nutr Metab.
Almatsier, S., 2010. Prinsip Dasar Ilmu Gizi. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Alwi, H., 2003. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia . Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Anggen, M., 2012. Cara Instan Sehat ala Vegetarian. Jakarta: New Agogos.
Ball, M.J. & Bartlett, M.A., 1999. Dietary intake and iron status of Australian
vegetarian women. Am J Clin Nutr ., 70, pp. 353-358.
Barr, S.I. & Chapman, C.E., 2002. Perceptions and practices of self-defined
current vegetarian, former vegetarian, and nonvegetarian women. J Am Diet
Assoc., 102(3), pp.354-360.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
44
Benton, D. & Donohoe, R., 2011. The influence of creatine supplementation on
the cognitive functioning of vegetarians and omnivores. Br J Nutr ., 105(7),
pp. 1100-1105.
Chen, S.Y., Lin, J.R., Chen, T.H., Guo, S.G., Kao, M.D. & Pan, W.H., 2011.
Dietary supplements usage among elderly Taiwanese during 2005-2008.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr ., 20, pp. 327-336.
Clement, B.R., 2010. Supplements Exposed. 2nd ed. USA: Advantage Quest
Publication.
Conquer, J.A. & Holub, B.J., 1996. Supplementation with an algae source of
docosahexaenoic acid increases (n-3) fatty acid status and alters selected
risk factors for heart disease in vegetarian subjects. J Nutr., 126, pp. 30323039.
Craig, W.J., 2009. Health effects of vegan diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr ., 89(Suppl. 5),
pp. 1627-1633.
Craig, W.J. & Mangels, A.R., 2009. Position of the American Dietetic
Association: Vegetarian diets. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 109, pp. 1266-1282.
Crowe, F.L., Appleby, P.N., Allen, N.E. & Key, T.J., 2011. Diet and risk of
diverticular disease in Oxford cohort of European Prospective Investigation
into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): Prospective study of British vegetarians
and non-vegetarians. Brit Med J., 343.
Dauchet, L., Amouyel, P., Hercberg, S. & Dallongeville, J., 2006. Fruit and
vegetable consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis
of cohort studies. J Nutr., 136, pp. 2588-2593.
Delgado, C.L., Narrod, C.A. & Tiongco, M.M., 2003. Policy, technical, and
environmental determinants and implications of the scaling-up of livestock
production in four fast-growing developing Countries: A Synthesis.
Submitted to the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
by the International Food Policy Research Institute.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
45
Draper, A., Lewis, J., Malhotra, N. & Wheeler, E., 1993. The energy and nutrient
intakes of different types of vegetarian: a case for supplements? Br. J. Nutr .,
69, pp. 13–19.
Dwyer, J.T., 1988. Health aspects of vegetarian diets. Am J Clin Nutr ., 48, pp.
712-738.
Fox, N. & Ward, K. 2008. Health, ethics, and environment: A qualitative study of
vegetarian motivation. Appetite, 90, pp.422-429.
Fox, N. & Ward, K. 2008. You are what you eat? Vegetarianism, health and
identity. Social Science & Medicine, 66, pp.2585-2595.
Garcia-Alvarez, A. et al., 2014. Usage of plant food supplements across six
European countries: findings from the PlantLIBRA consumer survey. PLoS
One., 9(3).
Geppert, J., Kraft, V., Demmelmair, H. & Koletzko, B., 2005. Docosahexaeonic
acid supplementation in vegetarians effectively increases omega-3 index: a
randomized trial. Lipids, 40, pp. 807-814.
Haddad, E.H., Berk, L.S., Kettering, J.D., Hubbard, R.W. & Peters, W.R., 1999.
Dietary intake and biochemical, hematologic, and immune status of vegans
compared with nonvegetarians. Am. J. Clin. Nutr ., 70, pp. 586-593.
Halsted, C.H., 2003. Dietary supplements and functional foods: 2 sides of a coin?
American J Clinic Nutri., 77, pp. 1001-1007.
Harahap, J., Fujiati, I.I., Amelia, R., Wahyuni, A.S., 2010. Panduan Penulisan
Proposal Penelitian dan Laporan Hasil Penelitian Karya Tulis Ilmiah .
Medan: FK USU.
Hoffman, S.R., Stallings, S.F., Bessinger, R.C. & Brooks, G.T., 2013. Differences
between health and ethical vegetarians. Strength of conviction, nutrition
Universitas Sumatera Utara
46
knowledge, dietary restriction, and duration of adherence. Appetite, 65, pp.
139-144.
Hokin, B.D. & Butler, T., 1999. Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B-12) status in the
seventh-day advenstist ministers in Australia. Am. J. Clin. Nutr ., 70(Suppl.
3), pp. 576-578.
Kwok, T., Cheng, G., Woo, J., Lai, W.K. & Pang, C.P., 2002. Independent effect
of vitamin B12 deficiency on hematological status in older Chinese
vegetarian women. Am J Hematol., 70, pp. 186-190.
Lampe, J.W., 1999. Health effects of vegetables and fruit: Assessing mechanisms
of action in human experimental studies. Am J Clin Nutr ., 70, pp. 475-490.
Lap, L.T. & Sabaté, J., 2014. Beyond meatless, the health effects of vegan diets:
Findings from the Adventist cohorts. Nutrients, 6, pp. 2131-2147.
Larsson, C.L. & Johansson, G.K., 2002. Dietary intake and nutritional status of
young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. Am. J. Clin. Nutr ., 76, pp. 100106.
Leung, A.M., LaMar, A., He, X., Braverman, L.E. & Pearce, E.N., 2011. Iodine
status and thyroid function of Boston-area vegetarians and vegans. J. Clin.
Endocrinol. Metab., 96, pp. 1303-1307.
Marra, M.V. & Boyar, A.P., 2009. Position of the American Dietetic Association:
nutrient supplementation. J Am Diet Assoc., 109(12), pp. 2073-2085.
McEvoy, C.T., Temple, N. & Woodside, J.V., 2012. Vegetarian diets, low-meat
diets and health: a review. Public Health Nutr ., 15(12), pp. 2287-2294.
Mileva-Peceva, R., Zafirova-Ivanovska, B., Milev, M., Bogdanovska, A. &
Pawlak, R. 2011. Socio-demographic predictors and reasons for vitamin
and/or mineral food supplement use in a group of outpatients in Skopje. Sec.
Biol. Med. Sci., 32 (1), pp.127-139.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
47
Murphy, S.P. & Allen, L.H., 2003. Nutritional importance of animal source foods.
J Nutr ., 133(11 Suppl 2), pp. 3932-3935.
Murphy, S.P., White, K.K., Park, S.Y. & Sharma, S., 2007. Multivitaminmultimineral supplements’ effect on total nutrient intake. Am J Clin Nutr .,
85(1), pp. 280–284.
Notoatmodjo, S., 2010. Metodologi Penelitian Kesehatan. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Owens, C., Toone, T., & Steed-Ivie, M., 2014. A survey of fietary supplement
knowledge, attitudes, and use in rural population. J Nutr Food Sci., 4(5).
Pribis, P., Pencak, R.C. & Grajales, T., Beliefs and Attitudes toward Vegetarian
Lifestyle across Generations. Nutrients, pp.523-531.
Reid, M.A., Marsh, K.A., Zeuschner, C.L., Saunders, A.V. & Baines, S.K., 2012.
Meeting the nutrient reference values on a vegetarian diet. MJA Open,
1(Suppl 2), pp. 33-40.
Rejeki, S., 2013. Ya, Saya Vegetarian. Yogyakarta: Familia.
Rehnborg, S., 2009. The Nutrilite Story. USA: Amway Corp.
Rinzler, C.A., 2006. Nutrition for Dummies. 4th ed. USA: Wiley Publishing.
Rizzo, N.S., Sabate, J., Jaceldo-Siegl, K. & Fraser, G.E., 2011. Vegetarian dietary
patterns are associated with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome: The
adventist health study 2. Diabetes Care., 34, pp. 1225-1227.
Sacks, F.M., Lichtenstein, A., Van Horn, L., Harris, W., Kris-Etherton, P. &
Winston, M., 2006. Soy protein, isoflavones, and cardiovascular health: a
summary of a statement for professionals from the American heart
association nutrition committee. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol., 26(8), pp.
1689-1692.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
48
Sarter, B., Kelsey, K.S., Schwartz, T.A. & Harris, W.S., 2015. Blood
docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in vegans: Associations
with age and gender and effects of an algal-derived omega-3 fatty acid
supplement. Clin. Nutr ., 34, pp. 212-218.
Saunders, A.V., Craig, W.J., Baines, S.K. & Posen, J.S., 2012. Iron and
Vegetarian Diets. MJA Open, 1(Suppl 2), pp. 11-16.
Saunders, A.V., Craig, W.J. & Baines, S.K., 2012. Zinc and Vegetarian Diets.
MJA Open, 1(Suppl 2), pp. 17-21.
Saunders, A.V., Davis, B.C. & Garg, M.L., 2012. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty
acids and Vegetarian Diets. MJA Open, 1(Suppl 2), pp. 22-26.
Schlenker, E.D. & Gilbert, J., 2015. Williamsʼ Essentials of Nutrition and Diet
Therapy (11th ed.). USA: Elsevier.
Sebastian, R.S., Cleveland, L.E., Goldman, J.D. & Moshfegh, A.J., 2007. Older
adults who use vitamin/mineral supplements differ from nonusers in nutrient
intake adequacy and dietary attitudes. J. Am. Diet Assoc., 107, pp. 1322–
1332.
Tonstad, S., Butler, T., Yan, R., & Fraser, G.E., 2009. Type of vegetarian diet,
body weight, and prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 32,
pp.791-796.
Weaver, C.M. & Plawecki, K.L., 1994. Dietary calcium: adequacy of a vegetarian
diet. Am J Clin Nutr ., 59, pp. 1238-1241.
Woo, K.S. et al., 2008. Folic acid and vitamin B-12 supplementation improves
arterial function and structure in subjects with subnormal intake. Heart Lung
Circ., 17, pp. 201-202.
Woo, K.S., Kwok, T.C. & Celermajer, D.S., 2014. Vegan diet, subnormal vitamin
B-12 status and cardiovascular health. Nutrients, 6(8), pp. 3259-3273.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
49
Xiao, C.W., 2008. Health effects of soy protein and isoflavones in humans. J.
Nutr., 138, pp. 1244-1249.
Zeuschner, C.L., Hokin, B.D., Marsh, K.A., Saunders, A.V., Reid, M.A. &
Ramsay, M.R., 2012. Vitamin B12 and vegetarian diets. MJA Open, 1(Suppl
2), pp. 27-32.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Adebawo, O. et al., 2006. Fruits and vegetables moderate lipid cardiovascular risk
factor in hypertensive patients. Lipids Health Dis., pp. 5-14.
Agrawal, S., Millett, C.J., Dhilon, P.K., Subramanian, S.V., & Ebrahim, S., 2014.
Type of vegetarian diet, obesity and diabetes in adult Indian population.
Nutrition Journal, 13(89).
Aina, B.A. & Ojedokun, O.A., 2014. Knowledge and use of dietary supplements
by students of College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos,
Nigeria. J Basic Clin Pharm, 5(2), pp. 34-39.
Al-Naggar, R.A. & Chen, R., 2011. Prevalence of vitamin-mineral supplements
use and associated factors among young Malaysians. Asian Pacific J Cancer
Prev., 12, pp. 1023-1029.
Aljaloud, S.O. & Ibrahim, S.A., 2013. Use of Dietary Supplements among
Professional Athletes in Saudi Arabia. J Nutr Metab.
Almatsier, S., 2010. Prinsip Dasar Ilmu Gizi. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Alwi, H., 2003. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia . Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Anggen, M., 2012. Cara Instan Sehat ala Vegetarian. Jakarta: New Agogos.
Ball, M.J. & Bartlett, M.A., 1999. Dietary intake and iron status of Australian
vegetarian women. Am J Clin Nutr ., 70, pp. 353-358.
Barr, S.I. & Chapman, C.E., 2002. Perceptions and practices of self-defined
current vegetarian, former vegetarian, and nonvegetarian women. J Am Diet
Assoc., 102(3), pp.354-360.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
44
Benton, D. & Donohoe, R., 2011. The influence of creatine supplementation on
the cognitive functioning of vegetarians and omnivores. Br J Nutr ., 105(7),
pp. 1100-1105.
Chen, S.Y., Lin, J.R., Chen, T.H., Guo, S.G., Kao, M.D. & Pan, W.H., 2011.
Dietary supplements usage among elderly Taiwanese during 2005-2008.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr ., 20, pp. 327-336.
Clement, B.R., 2010. Supplements Exposed. 2nd ed. USA: Advantage Quest
Publication.
Conquer, J.A. & Holub, B.J., 1996. Supplementation with an algae source of
docosahexaenoic acid increases (n-3) fatty acid status and alters selected
risk factors for heart disease in vegetarian subjects. J Nutr., 126, pp. 30323039.
Craig, W.J., 2009. Health effects of vegan diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr ., 89(Suppl. 5),
pp. 1627-1633.
Craig, W.J. & Mangels, A.R., 2009. Position of the American Dietetic
Association: Vegetarian diets. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 109, pp. 1266-1282.
Crowe, F.L., Appleby, P.N., Allen, N.E. & Key, T.J., 2011. Diet and risk of
diverticular disease in Oxford cohort of European Prospective Investigation
into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): Prospective study of British vegetarians
and non-vegetarians. Brit Med J., 343.
Dauchet, L., Amouyel, P., Hercberg, S. & Dallongeville, J., 2006. Fruit and
vegetable consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis
of cohort studies. J Nutr., 136, pp. 2588-2593.
Delgado, C.L., Narrod, C.A. & Tiongco, M.M., 2003. Policy, technical, and
environmental determinants and implications of the scaling-up of livestock
production in four fast-growing developing Countries: A Synthesis.
Submitted to the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
by the International Food Policy Research Institute.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
45
Draper, A., Lewis, J., Malhotra, N. & Wheeler, E., 1993. The energy and nutrient
intakes of different types of vegetarian: a case for supplements? Br. J. Nutr .,
69, pp. 13–19.
Dwyer, J.T., 1988. Health aspects of vegetarian diets. Am J Clin Nutr ., 48, pp.
712-738.
Fox, N. & Ward, K. 2008. Health, ethics, and environment: A qualitative study of
vegetarian motivation. Appetite, 90, pp.422-429.
Fox, N. & Ward, K. 2008. You are what you eat? Vegetarianism, health and
identity. Social Science & Medicine, 66, pp.2585-2595.
Garcia-Alvarez, A. et al., 2014. Usage of plant food supplements across six
European countries: findings from the PlantLIBRA consumer survey. PLoS
One., 9(3).
Geppert, J., Kraft, V., Demmelmair, H. & Koletzko, B., 2005. Docosahexaeonic
acid supplementation in vegetarians effectively increases omega-3 index: a
randomized trial. Lipids, 40, pp. 807-814.
Haddad, E.H., Berk, L.S., Kettering, J.D., Hubbard, R.W. & Peters, W.R., 1999.
Dietary intake and biochemical, hematologic, and immune status of vegans
compared with nonvegetarians. Am. J. Clin. Nutr ., 70, pp. 586-593.
Halsted, C.H., 2003. Dietary supplements and functional foods: 2 sides of a coin?
American J Clinic Nutri., 77, pp. 1001-1007.
Harahap, J., Fujiati, I.I., Amelia, R., Wahyuni, A.S., 2010. Panduan Penulisan
Proposal Penelitian dan Laporan Hasil Penelitian Karya Tulis Ilmiah .
Medan: FK USU.
Hoffman, S.R., Stallings, S.F., Bessinger, R.C. & Brooks, G.T., 2013. Differences
between health and ethical vegetarians. Strength of conviction, nutrition
Universitas Sumatera Utara
46
knowledge, dietary restriction, and duration of adherence. Appetite, 65, pp.
139-144.
Hokin, B.D. & Butler, T., 1999. Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B-12) status in the
seventh-day advenstist ministers in Australia. Am. J. Clin. Nutr ., 70(Suppl.
3), pp. 576-578.
Kwok, T., Cheng, G., Woo, J., Lai, W.K. & Pang, C.P., 2002. Independent effect
of vitamin B12 deficiency on hematological status in older Chinese
vegetarian women. Am J Hematol., 70, pp. 186-190.
Lampe, J.W., 1999. Health effects of vegetables and fruit: Assessing mechanisms
of action in human experimental studies. Am J Clin Nutr ., 70, pp. 475-490.
Lap, L.T. & Sabaté, J., 2014. Beyond meatless, the health effects of vegan diets:
Findings from the Adventist cohorts. Nutrients, 6, pp. 2131-2147.
Larsson, C.L. & Johansson, G.K., 2002. Dietary intake and nutritional status of
young vegans and omnivores in Sweden. Am. J. Clin. Nutr ., 76, pp. 100106.
Leung, A.M., LaMar, A., He, X., Braverman, L.E. & Pearce, E.N., 2011. Iodine
status and thyroid function of Boston-area vegetarians and vegans. J. Clin.
Endocrinol. Metab., 96, pp. 1303-1307.
Marra, M.V. & Boyar, A.P., 2009. Position of the American Dietetic Association:
nutrient supplementation. J Am Diet Assoc., 109(12), pp. 2073-2085.
McEvoy, C.T., Temple, N. & Woodside, J.V., 2012. Vegetarian diets, low-meat
diets and health: a review. Public Health Nutr ., 15(12), pp. 2287-2294.
Mileva-Peceva, R., Zafirova-Ivanovska, B., Milev, M., Bogdanovska, A. &
Pawlak, R. 2011. Socio-demographic predictors and reasons for vitamin
and/or mineral food supplement use in a group of outpatients in Skopje. Sec.
Biol. Med. Sci., 32 (1), pp.127-139.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
47
Murphy, S.P. & Allen, L.H., 2003. Nutritional importance of animal source foods.
J Nutr ., 133(11 Suppl 2), pp. 3932-3935.
Murphy, S.P., White, K.K., Park, S.Y. & Sharma, S., 2007. Multivitaminmultimineral supplements’ effect on total nutrient intake. Am J Clin Nutr .,
85(1), pp. 280–284.
Notoatmodjo, S., 2010. Metodologi Penelitian Kesehatan. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Owens, C., Toone, T., & Steed-Ivie, M., 2014. A survey of fietary supplement
knowledge, attitudes, and use in rural population. J Nutr Food Sci., 4(5).
Pribis, P., Pencak, R.C. & Grajales, T., Beliefs and Attitudes toward Vegetarian
Lifestyle across Generations. Nutrients, pp.523-531.
Reid, M.A., Marsh, K.A., Zeuschner, C.L., Saunders, A.V. & Baines, S.K., 2012.
Meeting the nutrient reference values on a vegetarian diet. MJA Open,
1(Suppl 2), pp. 33-40.
Rejeki, S., 2013. Ya, Saya Vegetarian. Yogyakarta: Familia.
Rehnborg, S., 2009. The Nutrilite Story. USA: Amway Corp.
Rinzler, C.A., 2006. Nutrition for Dummies. 4th ed. USA: Wiley Publishing.
Rizzo, N.S., Sabate, J., Jaceldo-Siegl, K. & Fraser, G.E., 2011. Vegetarian dietary
patterns are associated with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome: The
adventist health study 2. Diabetes Care., 34, pp. 1225-1227.
Sacks, F.M., Lichtenstein, A., Van Horn, L., Harris, W., Kris-Etherton, P. &
Winston, M., 2006. Soy protein, isoflavones, and cardiovascular health: a
summary of a statement for professionals from the American heart
association nutrition committee. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol., 26(8), pp.
1689-1692.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
48
Sarter, B., Kelsey, K.S., Schwartz, T.A. & Harris, W.S., 2015. Blood
docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in vegans: Associations
with age and gender and effects of an algal-derived omega-3 fatty acid
supplement. Clin. Nutr ., 34, pp. 212-218.
Saunders, A.V., Craig, W.J., Baines, S.K. & Posen, J.S., 2012. Iron and
Vegetarian Diets. MJA Open, 1(Suppl 2), pp. 11-16.
Saunders, A.V., Craig, W.J. & Baines, S.K., 2012. Zinc and Vegetarian Diets.
MJA Open, 1(Suppl 2), pp. 17-21.
Saunders, A.V., Davis, B.C. & Garg, M.L., 2012. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty
acids and Vegetarian Diets. MJA Open, 1(Suppl 2), pp. 22-26.
Schlenker, E.D. & Gilbert, J., 2015. Williamsʼ Essentials of Nutrition and Diet
Therapy (11th ed.). USA: Elsevier.
Sebastian, R.S., Cleveland, L.E., Goldman, J.D. & Moshfegh, A.J., 2007. Older
adults who use vitamin/mineral supplements differ from nonusers in nutrient
intake adequacy and dietary attitudes. J. Am. Diet Assoc., 107, pp. 1322–
1332.
Tonstad, S., Butler, T., Yan, R., & Fraser, G.E., 2009. Type of vegetarian diet,
body weight, and prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 32,
pp.791-796.
Weaver, C.M. & Plawecki, K.L., 1994. Dietary calcium: adequacy of a vegetarian
diet. Am J Clin Nutr ., 59, pp. 1238-1241.
Woo, K.S. et al., 2008. Folic acid and vitamin B-12 supplementation improves
arterial function and structure in subjects with subnormal intake. Heart Lung
Circ., 17, pp. 201-202.
Woo, K.S., Kwok, T.C. & Celermajer, D.S., 2014. Vegan diet, subnormal vitamin
B-12 status and cardiovascular health. Nutrients, 6(8), pp. 3259-3273.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
49
Xiao, C.W., 2008. Health effects of soy protein and isoflavones in humans. J.
Nutr., 138, pp. 1244-1249.
Zeuschner, C.L., Hokin, B.D., Marsh, K.A., Saunders, A.V., Reid, M.A. &
Ramsay, M.R., 2012. Vitamin B12 and vegetarian diets. MJA Open, 1(Suppl
2), pp. 27-32.
Universitas Sumatera Utara