KOMUNIKASI ANTARA BUDAYA id. doc

KOMUNIKASI ANTARA BUDAYA
Topik:
budaya.
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Pengenalan kepada kursus Komunikasi antara

Definisi istilah-istilah dan konsep-konsep penting
Apa itu budaya? Apa itu komunikasi? Apa itu komunikasi antara
budaya?
Elemen/komponen budaya (secara ringkas)
Elemen/komponen komunikasi
Elemen/komponen Komunikasi antara budaya

1. KOMUNIKASI
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Definisi

i. Lustig & Koester(2003)
Communication is a symbolic, interpretive, transactional,
contextual process in which people create shared meanings.
ii. Samovar & Porter (2004)
Human Communication is the process through which individualsin relationships, groups, organization, and societies-respond to
and create messages to adapt to the environment and one
another.
iii. Seiler and Beall (2005)
Communication is the simultaneous sharing and creating of
meaning through human symbolic interaction.
Communication is a process of transmitting a message/s from a
sender/s to a receiver/s through a channel/s for action to be
acted.
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Principles of Communication

 Communication is a process and a system

 Communication in interpretive
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Communication
Communication
Communication
Communication
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Elements of Communication

Source – creator of message
Process of encoding
Message – stimulus produced by source
Interference – anything changes the meaning of an intended
message
Channel – route by which messages flow
Process of decoding
Receiver – individual who analyzes and interprets the message
Feedback – response to a message that the receiver sends to the
source
Environment – psychological and physical surroundings in which
communication occurs
Context – situation in which communication occurs

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is symbolic and involves shared meaning
is contextual
is inevitable and irreversible
can be both intentional or unintentional

Types of Communication

Intrapersonal communication
Interpersonal communication
Public communication
Mass-Mediated communication
Nonverbal communication

2. BUDAYA
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Definisi

i. Samovar & Porter (2004)
Marsella’s definitionCulture is shared learned behavior which is tramsmitted from one
generation to another fpr purposes of promoting individual and
social survival, adaptation, and growth and development. Culture
has both external (e.g artifacts, roles, nstiotutions) and internal
representations
(e.g
values,
attitudes,
beliefs,

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cognitive/affective/sensory styles, conciousness patterns, and

epistemologies)ii. Lustig & Koester (2003)
Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,
values, and norms, which affect the behaviors of a relatively
large group of people.
iii. lecturer’s definition
Budaya adalah cara hidup manusia yang merangkumi…
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i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

Characteristics of culture (Samovar & Porter)
Culture
Culture
Culture
Culture
Culture

is
is
is
is
is

learned
transmitted from generation to generation
based on symbols
subject to change
an integrated system

3. KOMUNIKASI ANTARABUDAYA
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Definisi

i. Lustig & Koester (2003)
Intercultural Communication occurs when large and important
cultural differences create dissimilar interpretations and

expectations about how to communicate competently.
ii. Samovar & Porter (2004)
Intercultural Communication involves interaction between people
whose cultural perception and symbol systems are distinct
enough to alter the communication event.
iii.
-An exchange of ideas or information between persons from
different cultural background.
-Interaction between people of different cultural background.
Topik:

Kepentingan Komunikasi antara budaya

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Apakah
manfaat
yang

Komunikasi antara budaya?

diperolehi

dengan

mempelajari

Hall (2002)
i. Personal Empowerment
ii. Freedom From Ignorance
iii. Productive relationships
Topik:
Sejarah
dan
perkembangan
mengenai
Komunikasi Antarabudaya:
Pendekatan teoritikal
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kajian

Perkembangan awal disiplin
Cross-Cultural Adaptation Theory
Anxiety/uncertainty Management Theory
Semiotic Theory
Structuralisme Theory

Perkembangan Awal Disiplin
1911- Barat
1946
The roots of the study of intercult. Comm.. can be traced to the postWorld War II era
1959- Hall pioneered a systematic study of culture & comm.
1966- Hall wrote (The Hidden Dimension).
1962- R. Oliver –Culture & Comm.

1966- A. Smith – Comm & Culture
1966 – Intercultural comm. as a curriculum
1970 – International Communication Association
1960-1970 is regarded as the 1st peak of I.C
Perkembangan Komunikasi di Malaysia
-3 fasa utama
Topik:
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Budaya dan komunikasi antara budaya

Definisi budaya dan corak budaya (secara terperinci)
Ciri-ciri budaya
Komponen corak budaya
Taksonomi corak budaya

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i.
Hall’s High-and Low-context Cultural Patterns
ii.
Hofstede’s Cultural Patterns
Identiti budaya

Defining Culture
Refer to lecture 1 & 2
The elements of culture
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.

History
Beliefs
Values
Norms
Social organization
Language
Behavior patterns
Artifacts
Techniques/skill

Characteristics of culture
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

Culture
Culture
Culture
Culture
Culture

is
is
is
is
is

learned
transmitted from generation to generation
based on symbols
subject to change
an integrated system

Defining Cultural Pattern
Lustig & Koester
Shared beliefs, values and norms that are stable over time and that
lead to roughly similar behaviors across similar situations are known as
cultural patterns.
Components of cultural patterns (Lustig & Koester)
i.
ii.
iii.

Beliefs
Values
Norms

Taxonomies of cultural Patterns (Lustig & Koester – samovar & Porter))
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i. Hall’s High-and Low-context Cultural Patterns
Characteristics of High- and Low-Context Cultures
High- Context Cultures
Covert & implicit
Messages internalized
Much nonverbal coding
Reactions reserved
Distinct ingroups & outgroups
Strong interpersonal bonds
Commitment high
Time open & flexible

Low-Context Cultures
Overt & explicit
Messages plainly coded
Details verbalized
Reactions on the surface
Flexible ingroups & outgroups
Fragile interpersonal bonds
Commitment low
Time highly organized

ii. Hofstede’s Cultural Patterns
Theories
Cross Cultural Adaptation Theory
Young Yun Kim
Stranger & host culture
Anxiety Uncertainty Management Theory
William Gudykunst
Minimizing misunderstandings by optimizing uncertainty reduction and
anxiety reduction
Semiotic Theory
Concept of sign, signifier & signified
Ferdinand De Saussure
Charles Sanders Peirce
Structuralism Theory
Claude Levi-Strauss
Internal aspect of the mind- unconscious mind
Binary opposition
Cultural Identity (Lustig & Koester)

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Tendency to identify as a member of some groups
C.I refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic
group.
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Develop
i.
ii.
iii.

The formation of cultural identity
through a process involving three stages
Unexamined cultural identity
Cultural identity search
Cultural identity achievement
 Characteristics of cultural identity
Cultural identities are central to a person’s sense of self
Cultural identities are dynamic
Cultural identities are multifaceted

i.
ii.
iii.

Topik:
Halangan/kekangan
Antarabudaya

terhadap

Komunikasi

(Lustig & Koester, Samovar & Porter)
1. Language Differences
2. Culture Differences
3. Incompatible goals
4. Seeking Similarities
5. Uncertainty Reduction
6. Withdrawal
7. Stereotyping
8. Prejudice
9. Racism
10.
Power
11.
Culture Shock
12. Ethnocentrism Vs Xenocentrism
Topik:
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Bahasa dan Komunikasi Antarabudaya

Kepentingan bahasa terhadap Komunikasi Antarabudaya
Kod/Komunikasi Lisan
Kod/komunikasi bukan lisan
The Safir-Whorf Hypothesis and Linguistic Relativity

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Verbal codes/communication
Fonologi, Morfologi, Sintaksis, Semantik dan Pragmatik
Types of nonverbal communication
i. Facial expression and body movements (kinesics)
ii. Physical characteristics
iii. Touch
iv. Space
v. Time
vi. Paralanguage
vii.Artifacts
viii.
Environment
Topik:
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Komunikasi Massa, immigrasi, penjajahan, pelancongan, pelarian
dan globalisasi
Kejutan budaya, akulturasi, adaptasi budaya dan identiti budaya

Topik:
budaya
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Fenomena dan isu-isu komunikasi antara budaya

Kompetensi

dalam

komunikasi/hubungan

antara

Memperbaiki komunikasi antara budaya
Panduan asas untuk berjaya dalam komunikasi antara budaya
Komponen utama kompetensi dalam komunikasi antara budayapengetahuan, kemahiran, motivasi dan etika

Topik:

Etika dalam komunikasi anatara budaya

-Definisi
-Approaches to ethics: Universalist VS Relativist

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