Have a glass of malt whisky, Dick.

6 Using tautologies In the application, strategy of tautologies also violates the quantity maxim. War is a war. 7 Using contradictions Using contradiction is applied by saying two things that one seems to be opposite of the other. emm maybe, between yes and no. 8 Being ironic In its application, usually there are clues that speaker conveys indirect intended meaning in his utterance. John is a real genius. he’d just done many stupid things 9 Using metaphors In the application, speaker utters an utterance which is literary false. Harry is a real fish. he swims like a fish 10 Using rhetorical questions When applying the strategy, speaker ask question with no intention of obtaining answer. how many times do I should tell you? 11 Being ambiguous Speaker leaves hearer with more than one intended communication meaning. John is a pretty sharp or smooth cookie. 12 Being vague Speaker can carry the FTA by being vague about whom the object of the FTA is. I’m going down the road for a bit. go to the local pub 13 Over-generalizing Speaker may leaves the object of the FTA vaguely off record. Mature people sometimes help do the dishes. 14 Displacing H Speaker may go off record by pretending to address the FTA to someone whom it would not threaten and hope the real target person will see that the FTA is addressed to him. A: Someone has to be responsible with this mess. B: you know who was having time with his friends tonight here. C, the one who was having time there, is close to A and B, A pretends that the FTA is addressed to B, but he hopes C will realize that the FTA is threaten to him 15 Being incomplete, using ellipsis By leaving an utterance half undone, speaker either says less than is required. It means that speaker leaves implicature ‘hanging.’ Well, I’ll just...

c. Leech’s Politeness Principles

Politeness is concerned a relationship between self and other. In conversation, self is identified as the speaker and other is the hearer. Politeness principle is minimizing the expression of impolite beliefs, and maximizing the expression of polite beliefs which is somewhat less important Leech, 1983:81. Politeness principle proposes how to establish feeling of community and social relationship. Thus, politeness principle focuses on the process of interpretation that the center of the study is on the effect of the hearer rather than the speaker. There are six maxims of the politeness principles in daily conversation. 1 Tact Maxim Tact maxim is minimizing cost to other and maximizing benefit to other Watts, 2003:66. Thus, this kind of maxim concerns with the use of politeness strategy to ‘other’. On the other hand, in the tact maxim, the speaker concerns more with giving benefit to the hearer. This maxim is applied in illocutionary functions classified by Leech as ‘impositive’, e.g. ordering, requesting, commanding, advising, recommending, etc, and ‘commissive’, e.g. promising, vowing, offering, etc. The example is shown below. ‘You know I really do think you ought to sell that old car. It’s costing more and more money in repairs and it uses up far too much fuel .’ Watts, 2003:66 The tact maxim is adhered by the speaker to minimize the cost to the hearer by using two discourse markers, one to appeal to solidarity ‘you know’ and the other as modifying hedges ‘really’, one attitudinal predicate ‘I do think’ and one modal