Have a glass of malt whisky, Dick.
6 Using tautologies
In the application, strategy of tautologies also violates the quantity maxim.
War is a war.
7 Using contradictions
Using contradiction is applied by saying two things that one seems to be opposite of the
other.
emm maybe, between yes and no.
8 Being ironic
In its application, usually there are clues that speaker conveys indirect intended meaning in
his utterance.
John is a real genius.
he’d just done many stupid things
9 Using metaphors
In the application, speaker utters an utterance which is literary false.
Harry is a real fish. he swims like a fish
10 Using rhetorical questions
When applying the strategy, speaker ask question with no intention of obtaining
answer.
how many times do I should tell you?
11 Being ambiguous
Speaker leaves hearer with more than one intended communication meaning.
John is a pretty sharp or smooth cookie.
12 Being vague
Speaker can carry the FTA by being vague about whom the object of the FTA is.
I’m going down the road for a bit. go to the local pub
13 Over-generalizing
Speaker may leaves the object of the FTA vaguely off record.
Mature people sometimes help do the dishes.
14 Displacing H
Speaker may go off record by pretending to address the FTA to someone whom it would
not threaten and hope the real target person will see that the FTA is addressed to him.
A: Someone
has to
be responsible with this mess.
B: you know who was having time with his friends tonight here.
C, the one who was having time there, is close to A and B, A
pretends
that the
FTA is
addressed to B, but he hopes C will realize that the FTA is
threaten to him 15
Being incomplete, using ellipsis
By leaving an utterance half undone, speaker either says less than is required. It means
that speaker leaves implicature ‘hanging.’
Well, I’ll just...