B. Identification of the Problem
Based on the background of the study above, there are many problems that can be identified in this research such as: 1 The students make errors
when they transform some tenses such as Simple Present, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous, Simple Past, Past Continuous,
Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous, Simple Future, and Future Continuous from direct speech into reported speech either in statement, command or
question form. 2 The causes of the errors in learning reported speech of statement which are made by the first year students of SMK Bintang
Nusantara Pondok Aren.
C. Limitation and Formulation of the Problem 1.
Limitation of the Problem
The writer limits this study on the analysis of the errors made by the first year students of SMK Bintang Nusantara Pondok Aren. The problems
are limited into some points: 1 Transformation of some tenses such as Simple Present Tense, Present Continuous Tense, Present Perfect Tense,
Simple Past tense, and Simple Future Tense, and also adverbs of time and pronouns from direct speech into reported speech of statement. 2 Errors
made by the students based on types of error of surface strategy taxonomy. 3 The Causes of error based on Douglas Brown theory.
2. Formulation of the Problem
Based on the limitation above, the problem is formulated as: “Do the
students make some errors in learning reported speech of statement?”. This question can be formulated into more specific questions as follow:
1. What are errors made by the first year students of SMK Bintang
Nusantara Pondok Aren in learning reported speech of statement?
2. Why do the first year students of SMK Bintang Nusantara
Pondok Aren make some errors in learning reported speech of statement?
D. Objective of the Study
This has two purposes, as follow: 1.
To identify the errors made by the first year students of SMK Bintang Nusantara Pondok Aren in learning reported speech of statement.
2. To find out the reason why the students made the errors.
E.
Significance of the Study
The result of this study is expected to provide useful information about some errors made by the students of the first year students of SMK Bintang
Nusantara Pondok Aren in Learning Reported Speech of Statement to English teacher and further researcher.
For English teacher, this study is expected to give much contribution in English teaching activities. Hopefully, the teacher will know how far the
students’ comprehension toward reported speech of statement, some errors that made by the students in learning reported speech of statement, and the
causes why the students made those errors. From these results, the teacher will know what area that the students still have weakness in learning reported
speech of statement, so heshe can more concern to prevent the students from making same errors. Also the teacher can make evaluation and revision in
teaching-learning activity and the teacher can try other approaches and techniques in English teaching,
For further researchers, this study can be basic information for their research especially about learning reported speech of statement.
6
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Grammar
1. Definition of Grammar
Grammar is the natural, inherent meaning-making system of the language, a system that governs the way words come together to form
meanings; grammar is also the study of that system, the various theories or perspective that attempt to understand and describe it.
1
Whereas Harmer defines grammar as the description of the ways in which words can change
their forms and can be combined into sentences in that language.
2
William says that grammar is the description that represents our ability to speak in a certain way.
3
It explains that grammar can be a standard of people’s knowledge in interaction with other people. In short, by grammar,
people can decide whether a person is educated or not. Veit defines grammar as what enables someone of understand every
word he is reading, and to speak and write words and sentences of his own.
4
So, from this definition, grammar will be a guide in order that every word becomes meaningfully and understandable.
In Cambridge dictionary, grammar is defined as the study or use of the rules about how words change their form and combine with other words to
make sentences.
5
Meanwhile in Oxford dictionary, the meaning of grammar is the rules in the language for the changing the form of words and combining them into
1
Craig Hancock, Meaning-Centered Grammar an Introductory Text, London: Equinox Publishing Ltd, p. 6.
4
Jeremy Harmer, The Practice of English Language Teaching, London: Pearson Education Limited, 2001, 3
rd
ed, p. 1.
5
J. M William, The New English. New York: The Free Press. A Division of the Macmillan Company, 1970, p. 13.
4
Richard Veit, Discovering English Grammar, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1986, p. 1.
5
Cambridge University, Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Cambridge
University Press, 3
rd
ed, p. 626.
sentences.
6
Cook and Suter state that grammar used a writer description of the rules of the language and a set of rules by which people speak and write.
7
Moreover, Burton says that grammar is not a collection of hard and fast rules. It is more flexible and, therefore, more useful than the rule itself.
8
From several definitions above, it can be concluded that grammar is the study about rules how words change their form and are combined into
good sentences. It becomes a guide in order that every word can be understandable, and also grammar can represent someone’s knowledge in
interaction with other people.
B. Reported Speech
1.
The Kinds of Speech
When reporting someone’s words or thoughts, there are two ways that can be used; by quoting the exact words or thoughts of a speaker which is
called as direct speech or by quoting the speaker’s words or thoughts but not all
of that speaker’s exact words or thoughts which is called as indirect speech or reported speech.
a. Direct Speech
Direct speech or quoted speech quotes the exact words or thoughts of a speaker.
9
Quoted speech refers to reproducing a speaker’s exact words. Quotation marks are used.
10
In direct speech people repeat the original speaker’s exact word:
He said, „I have lost my umbrella.’
6
A. S Hornby, Oxford A dvanced Learner’s Dictionary, Editor Jonathan Crowther Oxford
University Press, 5
th
ed, p. 517.
7
Stanley J. Cook and Richard W. Stanley and Suter, The Scope of Grammar New York: Mc. Graw-Hill Book Company, 1986, p. 2.
8
S. H Burton, Mastering English Language, London: Longman, 1982, p. 1.
9
Jay Maurer, Focus on Grammar; An Advance Course for Reference and Practice, New York: Pearson Education, 2000, 2
nd
ed, p. 451.
10
Betty Schrampfer Azar, Fundamentals of English Grammar, New Jersey: Prentice- Hall, 1985, p. 290
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