2.4.2 Power
Power is about relation of difference, and particularly about the effects of differences in social structures. The constant unity of language and other social
matters ensures that language entwined in social power in a number of ways: language indexes power, expresses power, is involved where there is contention
over and a challenge to power. Power does not derive from language, but language can be used to challenge power, to subvert it, to alter distributions of power in the
short and long term. Language provides a finely articulated means for differences in power in social hierarchical structures.
2.4.3 Ideology
Since CDA is concerned with exposing the often hidden ideologies that are reflected, reinforced and constructed in everyday and institutional discourse, the
concept of ideology is crucial. Like the concepts of discourse and power, ideology is probably the one that most defies precise definition. Definitions usually fall into two
broad categories: a relativist definition, denoting systems of ideas, beliefs and practices, and a critical definition, allied with Marxist theory, which sees it as
working in the interests of a social class andor cultural group. When critical discourse analysts argue that discourse embodies ideological assumptions, they use
the term ideology in a ‘critical’ sense. Fairclough 1992: 87 understands ideologies to be
Significations constructions of reality the physical world, social relations, social identities which are built into various dimensions of the formsmeanings
of discursive practices, and which contribute to the production, reproduction or transformation of relations of domination.
This critical conception of ideology links it to the process of sustaining asymmetrical relations of power and inequalities – that is to the process of
maintaining domination. In the words of Fairclough 1995b: 14, ideology is ‘meaning in the service of power’.
Ideology for CDA is seen as an important aspect of establishing and maintaining unequal power relations. Thus, the study of ideology is a study of “the
ways in which meaning is constructed and conveyed by symbolic forms of various kinds”. This kind of study will also investigate the social contexts within which
symbolic forms are employed and deployed. The investigator has an interest in determining whether such forms establish or sustain relations of domination. For
Eagleton 1994: 15 the study of ideology has to consider the variety theories and theorists that have examined the relation between thought and social reality. All the
theories assume ‘that there are specific historical reasons why people come to feel, reason, desire, and imagine as they do’.
The main theories of this research have been explained briefly in explanation above. As the continuance of the main theories, the following sub chapter is the
supporting theories which consist of an overview about public speaking, speech, history of The Jakarta Globe, and the previous research.
2.5 Public Speaking
Kategori