language and the subject matter. It may be by reading a text, listening to an audio cassette, answering questions, etc.
2. Content focus Language is not an end in itself, but a means of conveying information
and feeling about something. The writer focuses the materials on the specific skill which is to be taught and the teaching and learning
activities will be more effective when the content is related to daily hotel
management activities.
3. Language focus Language focus provides the learners to use language. The writer
gives the opportunity to the learners to identify the vocabulary and the expressions deal with the discussed topic.
4. Task Task provides the learners to use the content and language knowledge
they have built up through the unit. Task makes learners practice and use their knowledge both of language and content.
2.2 Theoretical Framework
This part discusses the steps and procedures to design and develop speaking materials. Theoretical Framework is needed to conduct the research.
The researcher combined Kemp’s, Banathy’s and Yalden’s model as the
theory of instructional design and the other theories which had been
described in the theoretical description section. The theories are put under t he umbrella of RD as the main framework for this research.
There are seven major adapted steps of the Kemp’s, Banathy’s and
Yalden’s model to develop the materials as follows: 1. Conducting Need Analysis taken from Yalden
This step included review of literature, classroom observations and survey. The survey was conducted by observation, interview and
questionnaires. This step is supported by the theories that have been collected such as the theory of role play and the theory of instructional design. The
collected data is to discover the target needs and the learning needs. 2. Considering goals, the list topic, stating the general purposes for teaching
each topic taken from Kemp This step included defining skills, stating objectives based on the
curriculum and the syllabus that is used in the school. The researcher prepared the materials and developed the product in this step.
3. Selecting teaching and learning activities taken from Kemp This step included preparation of instructional materials and
evaluation devices. After collecting the data from the two previous steps, the researcher was making the form of product based on the gathered data.
4. Developing the materials addition This steps was an additional step since has not been presented clearly
in Kemp’s, Banathy’s and Yalden’s models. The researcher adapted the materials design from Hutchinson and Waters 1987:108-109 in developing
the materials. The materials consist of four elements: input, content focus, language focus and task.
5. Evaluating the designed materials taken from Yalden Expert verification was required in this step. This step was conducted
to gain feedback from evaluators towards the designed materials. To evaluate the designed materials, the researcher distributed questionnaires.
6. Implementing the design taken from Banathy The researcher held the implementation in XI grade students of Hotel
Accommodation Class Sewon Vocational School 1 for six times. As the implementation has finished, the researcher distributed questionnaire to the
students and teacher of grade XI students of hotel accommodation class Sewon Vocational School 1.
7. Revising taken from Kemp The researcher revised and improved the product after getting
feedback from the students’ questionnaires based on the implementation of the designed materials.
To obtain a clearer idea on the theoretical framework which is applied in this study, the researcher
’s theoretical framework is presented below:
Figure 4 The Steps of Designing Materials Adapted from Kemp ’s,
Banathy’s and Yalden’s Model
Considering goals, the list topics, stating the general
purposes for teaching each topic
Selecting teaching and learning activities
Developing the materials addition
Evaluating the designed materials
Implementing the design Conducting need analysis
Change to improve
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
In this chapter the researcher will discuss about the research method, research participant, research instrument, data gathering technique, data
analysis technique, and research procedure.
3.1 Research Method
This research is dealing with two major problems to be solved. First problem is how a set of speaking material using role play for grade XI
students of hotel accommodation class of Sewon Vocational School 1 is
designed. The second problem is what a set of speaking material using role
play for grade XI students of hotel accommodation class of Sewon Vocational School 1 looks like.
This research in particular is focused on making a set of speaking material. The researcher developed this research using the model from Kemp
1985, Banathy 1976, Yalden 1987 and Research and Development cycle 1983. Research and Development cycle aimed to discover new knowledge,
where evaluation techniques play a major role in this cycle. Borg and Gall’s R D 1983 consists a cycle in which a version of the product developed,
field tested, revised and implemented on the basis of field-test data.
