The Nature of Choral Response

2. Wait time Wait time is the time between when the teacher poses a question and signals for a group or individual response. It can be seen from the time the teacher gives stimulus for the pupils and the process for the pupils to answer teacher’s stimulus. In choral response, teacher will give signal for the pupils to answer in unison. The teacher can count from one to three as the signal or the teacher can also modify other signals. This signal is called the wait time. 3. Respond delay There is also a respond delay which is about the duration between presenting an instructional stimulus and the student’s response. When the teacher gives stimulus or question to the students, the teacher will give them a signal to the students to answer. After that, the students will start to process the answer the time the students processing the answer is called the respond delay. 4. Feedback delay After the students respond to the teacher’s question, teacher will give them feedback to correct the students’ response. This is called feedback delay which identifies the time that elapses between the students’ respond and feedback from the teacher. 5. Inter-trial interval The teacher will give the students another question. The time between the teacher’s feedback for one response and the presentation of the next question or instruction is called inter-trial interval. 12 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

2. Stimulus-Response Paradigm

Stimulus-Response is a relation between the external phenomenon stimulus and response human behavior. The dynamic relation between stimulus and response is the key element in understanding human relationship. In this research, understanding clearly what Vygotsky 1978 meant by stimulus and response is important in order to understand the paradigm. In general, stimulus refers to external phenomenon, which can be from nature or social environment which need to be responded. In this part, the researcher wants to reveal about the development of stimulus and response, the application in the classroom, the elements of stimulus, the pattern of stimulus-response paradigm, and the stages of response paradigm in a child. a. The Development of Stimulus-Response Paradigm Vygotsky 1978 was the pioneer of Stimulus-Response paradigm. He was inspired by Ivan Pavlov’s theory 1927 about salivating dog as a natural response to stimuli such as food. In his laboratory, Pavlov created a situation where a bell rang a few seconds before a hungry dog was fed. After several attempts repeating the same process of ringing a bell before feeding, the dog began to salivate simply at the sound of the bell. Pavlov called the process by which the dog learned to respond to an artificial stimulus to provoke natural responses classical conditioning. The bell that originally had no meaning to the dog was referred to as conditioned stimulus because of its association with food, and the salivation as the response to the sound of the bell 13 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI