SHALL SHALL: FORMS CORE MODAL VERBS IN CONTEXT:

Modul Guru Pembelajar Bahasa Inggris Kelompok Kompetensi Profesional B 37

6. SHOULD SHOULD: FORMS

AFFIRMATIVE FORM Should comes first in the verb phrase after the subject and before another verb:  I should go home now.  Should cannot be used with another modal verb:  It should probably be sunny at that time of year. Not: It should may be sunny … or It may should be sunny … NEGATIVE FORM The negative form of should is shouldn’t. We don‘t use don’t, doesn’t, didn’t with should:  There shouldn’t be many people at the beach today. We use the full form should not in formal contexts or when we want to emphasis something:  We should not forget those who have given their lives in the defence of freedom. QUESTION FORM The subject and should change position to form questions. WARNING: We don‘t use do, does, did:  Should I turn on the air conditioning? Not: Do I should I turn on the air conditioning?  Shouldn’t you be studying now?  We use should and shouldn’t in question tags:  I shouldn’t have told her that, should I?  They should be getting back on Sunday, shouldn’t they? 38 Modul Guru Pembelajar Bahasa Inggris Kelompok Kompetensi Profesional B SHOULD: USES WHAT IS IDEAL OR DESIRED We use should most commonly to talk about what is the ideal or best thing to do in a situation:  There should be more public hospitals.  They should reduce the price of petrol. It’s so expensive.  There should be four more candles on the cake. We use should have + -ed form to talk about things that were ideal in the past but which didn‘t happen. It can express regret:  Everyone knows that this is a busy restaurant. They should have made a reservation.  I should have studied harder when I was young. I wish I had gone to college. ADVICE AND SUGGESTIONS We often use should to give advice and make suggestions:  You should tell him what you think.  We should leave it until tomorrow; it’s late now. WHAT IS LIKELY TO HAPPEN We also use should to talk about what is likely to happen:  Shall we start? Luke’s delayed but he says he should be here in ten minutes.  There should be a very big crowd at the party. Mary has so many friends. THANKING Spoken English: In speaking, we often say you shouldn’t have when someone gives us a gift: A: I got you something from Texas. A cowboy hat. B: Oh Ken, you shouldn’t have Modul Guru Pembelajar Bahasa Inggris Kelompok Kompetensi Profesional B 39 SURPRISE OR REGRET We sometimes use should to express surprise or regret about something that happened:  I’m amazed that he should have done something so stupid.  I’m sorry that he should be so upset by what I said. SHOULD AND WOULD We use should as a more formal alternative to would with I and we in conditional clauses. Compare: Tabel 12 Formality Using Would Should formal neutral IWe should love to meet her again if Iwe had a chance. IWe would love to meet her again if Iwe had a chance. We use should as a more formal alternative to would when we want to be less direct. Compare: Tabel 13 Formality Using Should Would formal neutral I should think that a lot of people will be interested. I would think that a lot of people will be interested. SHOULD AND OUGHT TO Should and ought to have similar meanings and uses. Ought to is more formal and less common than should:  We should clean up the garden.  We ought to clean up the garden. Should is much more common in negatives and questions than ought to:  Should we keep a seat for Margaret? more common than Ought we to keep a seat …?  He shouldn’t speak to his parents in that way. more common than He oughtn’tought not to speak … 40 Modul Guru Pembelajar Bahasa Inggris Kelompok Kompetensi Profesional B We use will for all persons, but we often use shall with I and we. Will ’ll is generally less formal than shall when used with I and we:  Simply complete the form and return it to me, and I shall personally reserve your hotel room for you.  We shall look at a full report from the centre.  We’ll see you in the morning.  Shall also has a special legal use for talking about rules and laws. In these cases, we often use it with third-person subjects:  According to the basic principle of human rights, people shall not be discriminated against because of their nationality, race, age, sex, religion, occupation and social status. Shall and will are both used to talk about intentions and decisions. Shall is more formal than will. Compare: Tabel 14 Formality Using Shall Will I ’ll see you later. I won’t be late. informal I shall see you later. I shan’t be late. formal Spoken English:  In speaking ’ll is much more common than will and shall.  Will is much more common than shall in both speaking and writing. WILL: TYPICAL ERROR We use will or ’ll to express intentions or decisions, or to make offers, not the present simple:  I’ll never go to her house again. Not: I never go to her house again.  I’ll help you with that suitcase. Not: I help you with that suitcase.