learning. It was supported by significant result of pre-test that was lower 59.02 than the post-test 76.44. It is increased 17.42 from the pre-test so that the
result of the students‟ progress during teaching learning process by using roundtable brainstorming cooperative learning was good.
From the above previous research findings, I would like to use Roundtable Technique of Cooperative Learning Method in writing hortatory exposition text
with the eleventh grade students of SMA N 1 Batang.
2.2 Review of Related Literature
This subchapter discusses writing, genre, hortatory exposition text in senior high school curriculum, teaching writing at senior high school, cooperative learning,
and roundtable technique. Each of this discussion will be explained as follows:
2.2.1 Writing
This part discusses definition of writing, the importance of writing, aspects of good writing, components influencing writing, the process of writing and the
assessment of writing. The descriptions of them will be presented below:
2.2.1.1 Definition of Writing
There are several definitions of writing that can be studied, Meyers 2005:2 states that “writing is an action, a process of discovering and organizing our ideas,
putting them on the paper and reshaping also revising them”. While Harmer 2001:154 states that “writing is a process when we write is often heavily
influenced by the constraints of genres, then this elements have to be presented in learning activities”. Moreover, Oshima and Hogue 2006:2 have the opinion
“writing is a progressive activity; it means that when we first writing something down, we have already been thinking about what we are going to say and how we
are going to say it”.
Based on the definition above, it can be said that writing is process transferring idea into paper; it is a progressive activity; it is an important skill to
be learnt and should be mastered by students.
2.2.1.2 The Importance of Writing
Writing is very important. The importance of writing, especially writing English is very great. As stated by Pillai 2000, “writing is very essential for many field
such as; education, business, government, and scientific”. For example, in
business world, the importance of the writing is used for appointment letter, memos, and application letters.
In education, writing English is one of four skills that have to be achieved by students at secondary, high schools, and universities. In addition, students who
like to have overseas pen-palls have to be able to write a letter in English too. This condition forces them to learn how to make and compose letters into words, then
words into meaningful sentences into paragraphs. By doing it, students can improve their English writing skill. That is why everyone should be able to write
in English.
2.2.1.3 Aspects of Good Writing
In writing, learners must concern at least five aspects of good writing are: content, organization, grammar, word choice, and mechanics. The English would be good
if these components of writing are good too. It goes without saying that the English writer has to master and pay attention with them. The components are:
First aspect of good writing is unity. A writing text should have an excellent support so that it is attractive to be read. Moreover, it should have unity
and coherence in order to make the readers exactly know about what the writers want to tell in their writings. Oshima and Hongue 1999:31 have the opinion
“unity is very important element of a text”. In short, if a text is about a thing or certain object, all the sentences in the paragraph should talk about that object, so
the paragraph expresses relevant meaning. The second aspect of good writing is organization. In making a text, it
must use three basic parts: introductory, body, and concluding paragraph. Oshima and Hongue 1999:3 state that “a text or essay has three main parts: an
introductory paragraph, a body at least one, but usually two or more paragraphs, and concluding paragraph”. In this part, I concern with organization of hortatory
exposition text which consists of thesis, arguments, and recommendation.
Grammar is the third important aspect in writing. Good writing must show correct basic grammar pattern. In this case, I focus on grammar that is used in
writing hortatory exposition text that is included in significant grammatical
patterns.
Then, the next important aspect in writing is word choice. Word choice should have the correct idiomatic vocabularies and correct word forms. Students
have to choose appropriate dictions to express ideas or mind in their writings.
The last important aspect in writing is mechanics. They consist of punctuation marks, indentation, and capitalization of letter. When writing a
paragraph, we must use correct punctuation marks. In order to use the correct punctuation marks, learners must concern with sentence structure. They also must
concern with the indentation and capital letters. For example, indentation is used
when making new paragraph and a capital letter is used to start a sentence.
As stated by Boardman 2004: 10-11 there are five points to be concerned in writing paragraph:
1. The first paragraph is started from five aspects to the right or called
indentation 2.
Next, sentences are always started with a capital letter and ended with a period, a question mark, or exclamation.
3. Each sentence begins where the previous sentence ends, a new
sentence does not automatically begin on the next line. 4.
Another important point is to write on every other line. This is called double spacing.
5. Finally, there should be margins around a paragraph. There should be
about one inch of space on each side of paper. Briefly, those five aspects of good writing should be learnt, mastered, and
practiced by the learners for arranging words into sentences and good sentences into good writings.
2.2.1.4 Components Influencing Writing
