19 contingencies would facilitate our adherence to self imposed
contingencies.
f Self-Evaluation and Self-Concept
Self evaluation and self concept have come to be more emphasized in social learning theory. Self- evaluation and self-concept are when the individual
has his own ideas about what is appropriate or inappropriate behavior and chooses actions accordingly. Self-evaluative and self-concept functions occupy a central
position in social learning theory. In addition to giving humans a capacity for self- evaluation serves as the basis for feelings of satisfaction and worth, concept of
self-efficacy in a variety of contexts 256.
b. Theory of Decision Making in Complex Social Environment
Decision making is the study of identifying and choosing alternatives based on the values and preferences of the decision maker. According to Boyd
and Richerson propose theory that show which “circumstances the capacity for social learning can evolve and to show how adaptive different rules of thumb for
social learning like imitate a random other person or imitate a successful person are under different informational constraints influences people’s decisions” 223.
They have investigated social learning often strongly influences people’s decisions. Making a decision implies that there are alternative choices to be
considered, and in such a case we want not only to identify as many of these alternatives as possible but to choose the one that best fits with our goals,
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20 objectives, desires and value. Importantly, the social learning rules investigated by
Richerson assume that theory developed a paradigm to investigate how people combine learning with advice. According to Argyris, decision making should start
with the identification of the decision maker and stakeholder in the decision, reducing the possible disagreement about problem definition, requirements, goals
and decide 153. Then, a general decision making process can be divided into the following steps:
1 Define the problem
This process must, as a minimum, identify root causes, limiting assumptions, system and organizational boundaries and interfaces, and any
stakeholder issues. The goal is to express the issue in a clear, one-sentence problem statement that describes both the initial conditions and the desired
conditions.” Of course, the one-sentence limit is often exceeded in the practice in case of complex decision problems. The problem statement must however be a
concise and unambiguous written material agreed by all decision makers and stakeholders. Even if it can be sometimes a long iterative process to come to such
an agreement, it is a crucial and necessary point before proceeding to the next step 70.
2 Determine Requirements
Requirements are conditions that any acceptable solution to the problem must meet. Requirements spell out what the solution to the problem must do.” In
mathematical form, these requirements are the constraints describing the set of the
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21 feasibleadmissible solutions of the decision problem. It is very important that
even if subjective or judgmental evaluations may occur in the following steps, the requirements must be stated in exact quantitative form, for any possible solution it
has to be decided unambiguously whether it meets the requirements or not. We can prevent the ensuing debates by putting down the requirements and how to
check them in a written material 74.
3 Establish goals
People are always having goals while they are doing something. Goals can also become motivation when people do an action. In short, “goals are broad
statements of intent and desirable values. Goals go beyond the minimum essential must have something to wants and desires” 77.
4 Identify Alternatives
Alternatives offer different approaches for changing the initial condition into the desired condition.” Be it an existing one or only constructed in mind, any
alternative must meet the requirements. If the number of the possible alternatives is finite, we can check one by one if it meets the requirements. The infeasible ones
must be deleted from the further consideration, and we obtain the explicit list of the alternatives. If the number of the possible alternatives is infinite, the set of
alternatives is considered as the set of the solutions fulfilling the constraints in the mathematical form of the requirements 81.
5 Deciding the Action
Decision criteria, which will discriminate among alternatives, must be based on the goals. It is necessary to define discriminating criteria as objective
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22 measures of the goals to measure how well each alternative achieves the goals.
Since the goals will be represented in the form of criteria, every goal must generate at least one criterion but complex goals may be represented only by
several criteria. This means that people is placed in a particular direction to choose something to do for the shake of hisher life. Essentially, the study of
decision making attempts to understand the ability to process multiple alternatives and to choose an optimal course of action 83.
B. Theoretical Framework
To conduct this study, several theories are applied. At the beginning, this study employs critical two critical approaches to work over the analysis. They are
biographical and psychological approaches .Those approaches are implemented to criticize and analyze Paulo Coelho’s Veronika Decides to Dies as literary works in
biographical and psychological point of view. Afterwards, this study applies theories of literature and theories of psychology.
Theories of literature which are applied in this study are theory of character and theory of characterization. Theories of character and
characterization are implemented as supporting framework to analyze the main character of the novel. By using these theories, this study can reveals character’s
behaviors and personality. It’s really useful when this study tries to analyze the main character of the novel that is Veronika. Theories of psychology which are
implemented in this study are theory of social learning and theory of decision making in complex social environment. These theories are used to analyze
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