Theory of Character Review of the Related Theories

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i. Mannerism

The researcher describes a person’s mannerism, habits, or idiosyncrasies which mayall tell us something about his character. Idiosyncrasies means an usual way in which a particular person behaves or thinks p.173. Moreover, an article by Sogang University 2014 states that there are two ways of how authors reveal character: directly and indirectly. Direct characterization means the character simply appears in the story to show the readers how the character is look like. Meanwhile, indirect characterization means the researcher describe the characters by describing their physical appearance, showing the character’s word and actions, revealing the character’s thoughts, showing how characters is treated by others.

3. Theory of Motivation

Every person has motivation in his or her life. It provokes people to do actions in order to fulfill their goals. Laming 2003 defines motivation as the switching on some of the pattern of behaviour, of a program of action specified whithin the individual. Laming also states that each biological species has to have a repetoire of instinctive, or it can be said as hardwire or patterns of behavior. For human is also a part of biological species, there is no excemption p. 2. Moreover, Smith 1982 also states that motivation is defined as an internal process that influences the direction, persistence, and vigor of goal directed behavior p. 282. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 15 Further, Petri 1981 states that motivation is the concept we use when we describe the forces acting or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior p. 3. It influences people to decide and behave in particular situation happen in daily life. Petri 1981 also argues that people are motivated to achieve certain needs. When one need is fulfilled, a person seeks to fulfill the next one and so on. He discovers that a person has motivation which has relation with human needs. Maslow 1943 depicts the human needs in five motivational needs.

a. Physiological Needs

Physiological needs are the situation where a person will motivate him or herself to fulfill their needs in a emergency situation such as hunger and thirsty. It means a person will fulfill his or her needs when they are in emergency situation p. 302. In other words, physiologica l needs are human’s basic needs where the body seeks for food, liquid, sleep, sex, oxygen, freedom of movement and a moderate temperature.

b. Safety Needs

Safety needs are the needs of human to be protected from physical and emotional disruption. The safety needs require protection or security from any element to keep a person away from fear or danger p. 303.

c. Love or Belongingness Needs

These needs involve a hunger for affectionate relationship with other people, either small or big group. The love needs require both receiving and giving love: from another and someone to love p. 303. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 16

d. Esteem Needs

This needs for self-esteem motivate an individual to reach for achievement, strength, confidence, independence and freedom. It involves a desire for reputation, status, recognition, appreciation by other of one’s abilities and feeling of importance pp. 303-304.

e. Self-actualization Needs

Self-actualization needs are fullfiled when the four levels of needs have been reached. A person needs to reach achievements for him or herself. It means a person must realize his or her personal potentials, so heshe has motives to seek for personal growth and experience pp. 304-305.

f. The Desires to Know and to Understand

Humans are born with curiosity. It is one of the most universal characteristics. A person may have desire to know and to understand after all their needs are fulfilled.

4. Theory of Love

Love is a basic human emotion but understanding how and why it happens, is not easy. In fact, a long time ago, many people suggested that love was simply something primal, mysterious, and spiritual for science to ever fully understand. According to May 1969, love is the cross-fertilization of mortality and immortality. In understanding what individual’s desire in romantic relationship are, J.A. Lee 1977 provides six categories to classify the types or the styles of love.