Movie Definition of Terms

13 types of swear words based on the offensive levels as followed: a dysphemism, b euphemism, and c orthopemism. Dysphemism, as Keith Allan and Kate Burridge 2006, p. 4 underline, is included into taboo which is sometimes motivated by fear and distaste, hatred and contempt. They add that speakers resort to dysphemism to talk about people and things that frustrate and annoy them and they disapprove of and wish to disparage, humiliate and degrade. Dysphemistic expressions contain curses, name-calling, and any sort of derogatory comment directed towards others in order to insult or to wound them, for example s , dog, dish-licker, bow-wow, cur, mutt, mongrel, whelp, etc p. 4. Orthophemisms and euphemisms are words or phrases used as an alternative to a dispreferred expression Keith Allan and Kate Burridge, 2006. They avoid possible loss of face by the speaker, and also the hearer or some third party p. 4. Keith Allan and Kate Burridge also add that a dispreferred language expression is simply one that is not the preferred, desired or appropriate expression. An orthophemism is typically more formal and more direct or literal than the corresponding euphemism which is typically more colloquial and figurative, e.g . I meant to tell you and then I forgot: speak plainly and say „ass‟ [culo], „prick‟ [cazzo], „cunt‟ [potta] and „fuck‟ [fottere] if you want anyone other than scholars from the Sapienza Capranica to understand you p. 4. Furthermore, K. Allan and K. Burridge 2006, p. 2 state that taboo in the context of using swear words is a proscription of behavior that affects everyday life. Taboos are considered by K. Allan and K. Burridge 2006: “bodies and their effluvia sweat, snot, feces, menstrual fluid, etc., the organs and acts of sex, 14 micturition and defecation; diseases, death and killing including hunting and fishing, naming, addressing, touching and viewing persons and sacred beings, objects and places, food gathering, preparation and consumption ”. However, Jay 1992 classifies the words which are considered as taboo words into some groups

1. Cursing

Jay 1992 defines cursing as intention to evoke harm on another person through the use of certain words or phrases, for instance, “Eat shit and die”, “I hope you break your neck. ”, “You should rot in jail for that crime.”, etc. . He also adds that those words obtain power to cause harm through physical and psychological punishments from the group consensus and it is not without danger for a speaker. The curser may be labeled a blasphemer in an attempt to bring harm to the target of the curse, if the words chosen are too sacrilegious. The religious curse may sound like damn you, goddamn you, damn your hide, to hell with you, etc.

2. Profanity or Blasphemy

According to Jay 1992, profanity is based on religious distinction which means the profane is behaving outside the customs of religious belief and being ignorant of the guidelines of particular religious order. An example of profanity would be a word or phrase which seeks not to denigrate God, religion or holy affairs but would be based more on ignorance of or indifference to these matters, for instance, “Jesus Christ, I’m hungry”, “For the love of Christ, get off the phone”, “Does the Pope shit in the woods?”, etc. Profanity is almost similar to blasphemy. The difference is while profanity is related to the secular or indifferent