approach that uses cooperative activities including pairs and small groups of learners in the classroom. In line with this idea, Olsen and Kagan 1992:8 in Richards and
Rodgers 2001:192 define cooperative learning as group learning activity in which the learners in groups are dependent each other in exchanging information and
increasing motivation in learning. Furthermore, Slavin 2005:4 states that cooperative learning refers to variety of teaching methods in which students work in
small groups to help one another learn academic content. From those definitions, it can be concluded that cooperative learning is an
approach that involves some activities in pairs or in groups of students in the classroom. The students work together with their groups in doing some assignments
given by the teacher. Therefore, it makes the students increase their ability to work cooperatively with their groups and achieve the main goal of learning activities in the
classroom.
2.4.1 The Key Elements of Cooperative Language Learning
According to Duplass 2006, the requirements for effective cooperative learning are as follows:
1. Teacher supervision The teacher should always monitor group activity to ensure that students are in
the line of task. If the students find some difficulties in doing the task, the teacher should also be available to answer the students’ questions and guide
discussion if necessary. 2. Heterogeneous groups
The teacher creates groups of different ability levels and backgrounds to work together. It occurs in order to avoid if there is a dominant group in discussion.
Besides, it helps the lower achiever students to improve their ability by having a chance to learn from the higher achievers.
3. Positive interdependence In a group, each member should have the same existence by having
responsibility through group goals, joint rewards, divided resources, and role assignments.
4. Face-to-face interaction Students are encouraged to use verbal and nonverbal communication to solve
problems and explain learning material. The purpose is to build an interactive discussion among the members.
5. Individual accountability Students are accountable for their tasks and for assisting the whole group to meet
learning goals. This accountability is enforced in purpose to specify the students’ roles in the team.
6. Social skills The teacher needs to establish rules so that all students take turns, share
information, speak quietly, listen to the person speaking, use time wisely, and politely criticize ideas, not people. The goal isto improve positive interaction and
communication among group members. 7. Group processing
Discussion of how well the group functioned during activity. It is a process where participation, feedback, reinforcement, clarification, and refinement take
place. 8. Evaluation
Evaluation is the last requirement that has a purpose to assess individual and group performance. Besides, the other goal is to know whether or not the
students understand the materials from the discussion.
Based on the explanation above, the elements of cooperative learning are important to make some activities in classroom work well and to achieve some goals
of learning effectively.
2.4.2 The Key Elements of Jigsaw IV
