32 The pane touched down at last. Now we could breathe freely again.
3. Comparative reference
Comparative reference is indirect reference by means of identity or similarity. It is divided into two: general comparison and particular comparison.
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Figure 3. The Types of Comparative Reference
a. General comparison
General comparison expresses likeness and unlikeness between things. The likeness may take the form of identity, where two things are the same
thing; or similarity where two things are like each other. The unlikeness may
35
Ibid., p. 76.
Comparison Other different else, differently
otherwise
More fewer
less further,
additional; so- as- equally- + quantifier, eg: so many
Such similar, so similarly likewise
Same equal identical, identically
Particular non-deictic
difference similarity
identity General
deictic
epithet numerative
Comparative adjectives and adverbs, eg: better; so- as- more- less-
equally- + comparative adjectives and adverbs, eg; equally good
33 take the form of difference where two things are ‘not the same’ or ‘not
similar’. General comparison is expressed by a certain class of adjectives and adverbs. The adjectives function in the nominal group either as deictic or as
epithet. The adverbs function in the clause as adjunct.
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For example: a. It’s the same cat as the one we saw yesterday
b. It’s a similar cat to the one we saw yesterday. c. It’s a different cat from the one we saw yesterday.
The general comparison may be endopohoric anaphoric and cataphoric or exophoric. All the examples above are cataphoric. The same, similar in a and
b refer cataphorically to the one we saw yesterday; different in c refers cataphorically to the one we saw yesterday.
Here are the examples of anaphoric: Gerald Middleton was a man of mildly but persistently depressive
temperament. Such men are not at their best at their best at breakfast. Where such refers anaphorically to the nominal group qualifier of mildly but
persistently depressive temperament. While exophoric are:
a. I was expecting someone different. b. Would you prefer the other seats?
The first being interpreted as ‘different from you’ or ‘different from that person there’, the second as ‘other than those you see here’.
36
Ibid., p. 77-78.
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b. Particular comparison
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