content and
language are
readily acceptable
and comprehensible to the readership.
14
4. The Procedures of Translation
The following are the translation procedures that Newmark proposes:
15
a.
Transference : it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text.
b.
Naturalization : it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation,
then to the normal morphology of the TL.
c.
Cultural equivalent : This is an approximately translation where a SL
cultural word is translated by a TL cultural word.
d.
Functional equivalent : it applied to cultural words, requires the use of a
culture free word.
e.
Descriptive equivalent : in translation, description sometimes has to be
weighed against function.
f.
Synonymy : it is near TL equivalent to SL word in a context, where a
precise equivalent may or may not exist. This procedure is used for a SL word where there is no clear one-to-one equivalent, and the word not
important in the text.
g.
Through-translation : it is the literal translation of common collocations,
names of organizations and components of compounds.
h.
Shifts or transpositions : it involves a change in the grammar from SL to
TL, for example, the change from singular to plural, the change required
14
Peter Newmark 1988, op.cit. pp. 45-47.
15
Ibid. pp. 81-91.
when a SL grammatical structure does not exist in the TL, the change where literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with
natural usage in the TL, and the replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure.
i.
Modulation : it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the
original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective.
j.
Recognized translation : it occurs when the translator normally uses the
official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term.”
k.
Compensation : it occurs when loss of meaning, sound effect, methapor or
pragmatic effect in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part.
l.
Componential analysis : it means comparing an SL word with a TL word
which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense
components.
m.
Paraphrase : this is an amplification or explanation of the meaning of a
segment of the text.
n.
Couplets : it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures.
o.
Notes : notes are additional information in a translation.
5. The Qualities of a Good Translation