Strategic formulation by Dr. Werner
Presented by:
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
I. A Comprehensive Strategic Management Model
External Audit
Developing a
Strategic Vision
& Business
Mission
Setting
Objective
Evaluate &
Select
Strategies
Implementing &
Executing the
Strategy
Evaluating
Performance
Internal Audit
Strategic Formulation
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Strategic
Implementation
Strategic
Evaluation
I. Strategic Vision & Business Mission
A Vision is a description of what competitive position the company wants to
attain over a given period of time, & what core competencies it will
need to acquire to get there. It can be summarizes a company’s broad
strategic focus for the future (De Kluyver)
A vision statements reflect what the future course and path of development
should be like (Thompson)
Something seen in a dream (Merriam-Webster)
The vision statement answers the question, “Where do we want to go?”
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
An Example:
☺ Eastman Kodak: To be the world’s best in chemical & electronic imaging
☺ Compaq Computer: To be the leading supplier of PCs & PC servers in all
customer segments
☺ Visi BNI: Menjadi Bank kebanggaan nasional yang Unggul, Terkemuka
dan Terdepan dalam Layanan dan Kinerja
☺ Visi Bank Mandiri: Bank terpercaya pilihan anda
☺ Visi Pegadaian: PEGADAIAN PADA TAHUN 2010 MENJADI
PERUSAHAAN YANG MODERN, DINAMIS DAN INOVATIF DENGAN
USAHA UTAMA GADAI
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Mission is the reason for the organization’s existence (Boseman)
Mission is basic purposes of the organization and show out the reason
why and organization exist (Rue)
Mission is answer the question “what is our business?” (Thompson)
A mission statement answers the question, “Why do we exist?”
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
An Example:
☺ Avis rent a car: Our business is renting cars, our mission is total customer
satisfaction
☺ Ritz Carlton Hotel is a place where the genuine care & comfort of our quest is our
highest mission
☺ Misi BNI: Memaksimalkan stakeholder value dengan menyediakan solusi
keuangan yang fokus pada segmen pasar korporasi, komersial dan konsumer
☺ Misi Bank Mandiri:
Berorientasi pada pemenuhan kebutuhan pasar
Mengembangkan sumber daya manusia professional
Memberi keuntungan yang maksimal bagi stakeholder
Melaksanakan manajemen terbuka
Peduli terhadap kepentingan masyarakat dan lingkungan
☺ Misi Pegadaian: IKUT MEMBANTU PROGRAM PEMERINTAH DALAM UPAYA
MENINGKATKAN KESEJAHTERAAN MASYARAKAT GOLONGAN MENENGAH KE
BAWAH MELALUI KEGIATAN UTAMA BERUPA PENYALURAN KREDIT GADAI DAN
MELAKUKAN USAHA LAIN YANG MENGUNTUNGKAN
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
II. External Audit
۩ Remote Environment
PEST Analysis
☼ Industry Environment
Five Forces Model
Operating Environment
-Creditor
-Labor Union
-Government
Business Firm
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
FIVE FORCES MODEL BY MICHAEL PORTER
Potential New
entrants
Suppliers
Industry Competitors
Substitute Products
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Buyers
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Industry Analysis: The External Factor Evaluation (EFE)
The EFE Matrix can be developed in five steps:
1. List key external factors as identified in the external audit process.
List the opportunities first and then the threat.
2. Assign each factor a weight that ranges from 0,0 (not important) to
1,0 (very important). The weight indicates the relative importance of
that factor to being successful in the firm’s industry. The sum of all
weights assigned to the factors must equal 1,0.
3. Assign a 1 to 4 rating to each key external factor to indicate how
effectively the firm’s current strategies respond to the factor, where
4= the response is superior; 3= the response is above average; 2=
the response is average; and 1= the response is poor.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
4. Multiply each factor’s weight by its rating to determine a weighted
score.
5. Sum the weighted scores for each variable to determine the total
weighted score for the organization.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
An Example:
EFE Matrix for
Morgan Stanley
Dean Witter
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
The Competitive Profile Matrix
The competitive Profile Matrix (CPM) identifies a firm’s major
competitors and its particular strengths and weaknesses in relation
to a sample firm’s strategic position.
The weight & total weighted score in both CPM and EFE have the
same meaning. However, critical success factor in a CPM include
both internal & external issues; therefore the ratings refer to
strengths and weaknesses; where 4= major strength; 3=minor
strength; 2= minor weaknesses; & 1 = major weaknesses.
An example of CPM for Gateway computer company (the best price)
compare with apple (the best product quality & management
experiences) and Dell (the best market share & inventory system).
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
III. Internal Audit
Based on The Resources Based View (RBV) contend that
organizational performance determined by internal resources:
- Physical Resources (Plant & equipment; location, technology; raw
material; machines)
- Human Resources (all employee; training; experience; intelligence;
knowledge, skill, abilities)
- Organizational Resources (firm structure; information system;
patents; trade mark; copyrights, database, etc)
Also Look on Marketing and finance perspective
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Industry Analysis: The Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE)
The IFE Matrix can be developed in five steps:
1. List key internal factors as identified in the internal audit process. List
the strengths first and then the weaknesses.
2. Assign each factor a weight that ranges from 0,0 (not important) to
1,0 (very important). The weight indicates the relative importance of
that factor to being successful in the firm’s industry. The sum of all
weights assigned to the factors must equal 1,0.
3. Assign a 1 to 4 rating to each factor to indicate whether that factor
represent a major weakness (=1), a minor weakness (=2); a minor
strengths (=3) and major strengths (=4)
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
4. Multiply each factor’s weight by its rating to determine a weighted
score.
5. Sum the weighted scores for each variable to determine the total
weighted score for the organization.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
An Example:
IFE Matrix for
Morgan Stanley
Dean Witter
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
IV. Setting Objective
Establish Long Term Objective
The Nature of Long Term Objective:
1. Quantifiable
2. Measurable
3. Realistic
4. Understandable
5. Challenging
6. Attainable
7. Congruent among organizational unit
8. Time
SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, time)
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
IV. Evaluate & Select Strategies
STAGE I: THE INPUT STAGE
EFE Matrix
Competitive Profile Matrix (CPM)
IFE Matrix
STAGE II: THE MATCHING STAGE
TOWS
Matrix
SPACE
Matrix
BCG
Matrix
IE
Matrix
Grand Strategy
Matrix
STAGE II: THE DECISION STAGE
Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM)
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
TOWS Matrix
TOWS Matrix consist of four type of strategies:
1. SO (Strength – Opportunities) Strategy
2. WO (Weakness – Opportunities) Strategy
3. ST (Strength – Threat) Strategy
4. WT (Weakness – Threat) Strategy
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Internal
Kekuatan (S)
Kelemahan (W)
Eksternal
Kekuatan/Peluang
Memilih keuntungan
Kelemahan/Peluang
Memanfaatkan peluang
Peluang
(O)
Strategi Pemecahan
Masalah, Perbaikan &
Pengembangan
Ancaman
(T)
Mengerahkan kekuatan
Kekuatan/Ancaman
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Mengendalikan ancaman
Kelemahan/Ancaman
The TOWS Matrix can be developed in eight steps:
1. List the firm key external opportunities
2. List the firm key external threats
3. List the firm key internal strengths
4. List the firm key internal weakness
5. Match internal strength with external opportunities, & record the
resultant SO Strategies in the appropriate cell.
6. Match internal weakness with external opportunities, & record the
resultant WO Strategies.
7. Match internal strength with external threat, & record the resultant
ST Strategies.
8. Match internal weakness with external threat, & record the resultant
WT Strategies.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
An Example:
TOWS Matrix for
Morgan Stanley
Dean Witter
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
SPACE Matrix
The Strategic Position and Action Evaluation (SPACE) Matrix consist of
four quadrant framework indicate whether aggressive, conservative,
defensive, or competitive strategies are most appropriate for a
given organization.
The axes of the SPACE Matrix represent two internal dimension:
Financial Strength (FS) and Competitive Advantage (CA); and two
external dimension: Environmental Stability (ES) and Industry
Strength (IS)
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
The SPACE Matrix can be developed in sixth steps:
1. Select a set of variable to define FS, CA, ES and IS.
2. Assign a numerical value ranging from +1 (worst) to +6 (best) to
each of variables that make up the FS and IS dimensions. Assign a
numerical value ranging from -1 (best) to -6 (worst) to each the
variables that make up the ES and CA dimension. On the FS & CA
axes, make comparison to competitor. On the IS & ES, make
comparison to other industries.
3. Compute an average score for FS, IS, ES and CA by summing the
values given to the variables of each dimension & then by dividing
by the number of variables included in the respective dimension.
4. Plot the average score for FS, IS, ES & CA on the appropriate axis
in the space matrix.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
5. Add the two score on the X axis and plot the resultant point on X.
add the two scores on the Y axis and plot the resultant point on Y.
Plot the intersection of the new XY point.
6. Draw a directional vector from the origin of the SPACE matrix
through the new intersection point . This vector reveals the type of
strategies recommended for the organization: aggressive,
competitive, defensive or conservative.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
An Example:
SPACE Matrix for
Morgan Stanley
Dean Witter
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
FS = 2,29 & ES = -1,71
CA = -1,43 & IS = 4,25
FS
Y-axis = 2,29 + (-1,71) = 0,58
X-axis = 4,25 + (-1,43) = 2,82
Aggresive
Conservative
CA
IS
Competitive
Defensive
ES
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
BCG Matrix
The BCG matrix or also called BCG model relates to marketing.
The BCG model is a well-known portfolio management tool used in
product life cycle theory. BCG matrix is often used to prioritize which
products within company product mix get more funding and attention.
The BCG matrix model is a portfolio planning model developed by
Bruce Henderson of the Boston Consulting Group in the early 1970's.
The BCG model is based on classification of products (and
implicitly also company business units) into four categories based on
combinations of market growth and market share relative to the largest
competitor.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
The BCG matrix
Market Growth = Sales Industryt – Sales Industryt-1
Sales Industryt-1
Market Share = Sales Companyt / Sales Industryt
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
BCG Matrix closed related with Product/Business Life Cycle
Introduction
Growth
Mature
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Decline
BCG STARS (high growth, high market share)
- Stars are defined by having high market share in a growing
market.
- Stars are the leaders in the business but still need a lot of
support for promotion a placement.
If market share is kept, Stars are likely to grow into cash cows.
BCG QUESTION MARKS (high growth, low market share)
- These products are in growing markets but have low market
share.
- Question marks are essentially new products where buyers have
yet to discover them.
- The marketing strategy is to get markets to adopt these products.
- Question marks have high demands and low returns due to low
market share.
- These products need to increase their market share quickly or
they become dogs.
- The best way to handle Question marks is to either invest heavily
in them to gain market share or to sell them.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
BCG CASH COWS (low growth, high market share)
- Cash cows are in a position of high market share in a mature
market.
- If competitive advantage has been achieved, cash cows have
high profit margins and generate a lot of cash flow.
- Because of the low growth, promotion and placement
investments are low.
- Investments into supporting infrastructure can improve efficiency
and increase cash flow more.
- Cash cows are the products that businesses strive for.
BCG DOGS (low growth, low market share)
- Dogs are in low growth markets and have low market share.
- Dogs should be avoided and minimized.
- Expensive turn-around plans usually do not help.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Internal External (IE) Matrix
The IE matrix helps to make more sense out of the EFE and IFE
matrixes. The IE matrix is based on two criteria the score from the EFE
for its y-axis and the score from the IFE for its x-axis. After you plot the
point, the IE then provides a strategy for the company to follow.
The Internal-External (IE) Matrix positions an organization's
various divisions in a nine cell display illustrated in Next Figure. The IE
Matrix is similar to the BCG Matrix in that both tools involve plotting
organization divisions in a schematic diagram; this is why they are both
called portfolio matrices. Also, the size of each circle represents the
percentage sales contribution of each division, and pie slices reveal the
percentage profit contribution of each division in both the BCG and IE
Matrix.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
But there are some important differences between the BCG Matrix
and IE Matrix.
First, the axes are different. Also, the IF Matrix requires more
information about the divisions than the BCG Matrix.
Further, the strategic implications of each matrix are different. For
these reasons, strategists in multidivisional firms often develop both the
BCG Matrix and the IE Matrix in formulating alternative strategies.
A common practice is to develop a BCG Matrix and an IE Matrix
for the present and then develop projected matrices to reflect
expectations of the future. This before-and-after analysis forecasts the
expected effect of strategic decisions on an organization's portfolio of
divisions.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
The IE Matrix is based on two key dimensions: the IFE total
weighted scores on the x-axis and the EFE total weighted scores on
the y-axis. Recall that each division of an organization should construct
an IFE Matrix and an EFE Matrix for its part of the organization.
The total weighted scores derived from the divisions allow
construction of the corporate-level IE Matrix.
On the x-axis of the IE Matrix, an IFE total weighted score of 1.0
to 1.99 represents a weak internal position; a score of 2.0 to 2.99 is
considered average; and a score of 3.0 to 4.0 is strong.
Similarly, on the y-axis, an EFE total weighted score of 1.0 to
1.99 is considered low; a score of 2.0 to 2.99 is medium; and a score of
3.0 to 4.0 is high.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
The IF Matrix can be divided into three major regions that have
different strategy implications.
First, the prescription for divisions that fall into cells- I, II, or IV can
be described as grow and build. Intensive (market penetration,
market development, and product development) or integrative
(backward integration, forward integration, and horizontal integration)
strategies can be most appropriate for these divisions.
Second, divisions that fall into cells III, V, or VII can be managed
best with hold and maintain strategies; market penetration and
product development are two commonly employed strategies for these
types of divisions.
Third, a common prescription for divisions that fall into cells VI,
VIII, or IX is harvest or divest. Successful organizations are able to
achieve a portfolio of businesses positioned in or around cell I in the IE
Matrix.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
An Example :IE Matrix for Morgan Stanley Dean Witter
IFE = 3,4 and EFE 3,4
External Score
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Another Example for division in one company
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
An example of a completed IE Matrix is given in Figure 6-10,
which depicts an organization composed of four divisions.
As indicated by the positioning of the circles, grow and build
strategies are appropriate for Division 1, Division 2, and Division 3.
Division 4 is a candidate for harvest or divert.
Division 2 contributes the greatest percentage of company
sales and thus is represented by the largest circle.
Division 1. contributes the greatest proportion of total profits; it
has the largest-percentage pie slice.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Grand Strategy Matrix
In addition to the TOWS matrix, SPACE Matrix, BCG Matrix & IE
Matrix, the Grand Strategy Matrix has become a popular tool for
formulating alternative strategies. The Grand Strategy Matrix is based on
two evaluative dimensions: Competitive Position and Market Growth.
Firm in Quadrant I are in an excellent strategic position. For
these firms, continued concentration on current market (market
penetration & market development) and product (product development) is
an appropriate strategy. When a quadrant I organization have excessive
resources, then backward, forward or horizontal integration may be
effective strategies. When firm is to heavily committed to single product,
then concentric diversification may reduce the risk associated with a
narrow product line.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Firm in Quadrant II need to evaluate their present approach to
the marketplace seriously. Although their industry growing, they are
unable to compete effectively.
Firm in Q-II are in rapid market growth industry, an intensive
strategy (as opposed to integrative or diversification) is usually the first
option that should be considered.
However, if the firm is lacking a distinctive competence or
competitive advantage, then horizontal integration is often a desirable
alternative.
As a last resort, divestiture or liquidation should be considered.
Divestiture can provide funds needed to acquire other businesses or buy
back shares of stock.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Quadrant III firm compete in slow growth industries and have
weak competitive position. Theses firms must make some drastic changes
quickly to avoid further decline and possible liquidation.
Extensive cost and asset reduction (retrenchment) should be
pursued first. An alternative strategy is to shift resources away from the
current business into different areas (diversify).
if all else fails, the final options for Q-III business are divestiture
or liquidation.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Finally, Quadrant IV firm have strong competitive position but
are in slow growth industry. These firms have the strength to launch
diversified programs into more promising growth areas.
Q-IV firms have characteristically high cash flow levels and
limited internal growth needs and often can pursue concentric, horizontal,
or conglomerate diversification successfully.
Q-IV firms also may pursue joint ventures.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Rapid
Market
Growth
Weak
Competitive
Position
Quadrant II
1. Market Development
2. Market Penetration
3. Product Development
4. Horizontal Integration
5. Divestiture
6. Liquidation
Quadrant III
1. Retrenchment
2. Horizontal Diversification
3. Concentric Diversification
4. Conglomerate Diversification
5. Divestiture
6. Liquidation
Quadrant I
1. Market Development
2. Market Penetration
3. Product Development
4. Forward Integration
5. Backward Integration
6. Horizontal Integration
7. Concentric Diversification
Strong
Competitive
Position
Quadrant IV
1. Horizontal Diversification
2. Concentric Diversification
3. Conglomerate Diversification
4. Joint Ventures
Slow
Market
Growth
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM)
Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) is a high-level
strategic management approach for evaluating possible strategies.
Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix or a QSPM provides an analytical
method for comparing feasible alternative actions.
The QSPM method falls within so-called stage 3 of the strategy
formulation analytical framework.
The Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix or a QSPM approach
attempts to objectively select the best strategy using input from other
management techniques and some easy computations.
In other words, the QSPM method uses inputs from stage 1 analyses,
matches them with results from stage 2 analyses, and then decides
objectively among alternative strategies.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Stage 1 strategic management tools...
The first step in the overall strategic management analysis is used to
identify key strategic factors. This can be done using, for example, the
EFE matrix and IFE matrix.
Stage 2 strategic management tools...
After we identify and analyze key strategic factors as inputs for
QSPM, we can formulate the type of the strategy we would like to pursue.
This can be done using the stage 2 strategic management tools, for
example the SWOT analysis (or TOWS), SPACE matrix analysis, BCG
matrix model, or the IE matrix model.
Stage 3 strategic management tools...
The stage 1 strategic management methods provided us with key
strategic factors. Based on their analysis, we formulated possible
strategies in stage 2. Now, the task is to compare in QSPM alternative
strategies and decide which one is the most suitable for our goals.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
QSPM Step by Step
1.Provide a list of internal factors -- strengths and weaknesses.
Then generate a list of the firm's key external factors -- opportunities
and threats. These will be included in the left column of the QSPM.
You can take these factors from the EFE matrix and the IFE matrix.
2. Having the factors ready, identify strategy alternatives that will
be further evaluated. These strategies are displayed at the top of the
table. Strategies evaluated in the QSPM should be mutually exclusive
if possible.
3. Each key external and internal factor should have some weight
in the overall scheme. You can take these weights from the IFE and
EFE matrices again. You can find these numbers in our example in
the column following the column with factors.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
4. Attractiveness Scores (AS) in the QSPM indicate how each
factor is important or attractive to each alternative strategy.
Attractiveness Scores are determined by examining each key
external and internal factor separately, one at a time, and
asking the following question:
Does this factor make a difference in our decision about which
strategy to pursue?
If the answer to this question is yes, then the strategies should be
compared relative to that key factor. The range for Attractiveness
Scores is 1 = not attractive, 2 = somewhat attractive, 3 =
reasonably attractive, and 4 = highly attractive. If the answer to
the above question is no, then the respective key factor has no effect
on our decision. If the key factor does not affect the choice being
made at all, then the Attractiveness Score would be 0.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
5. Calculate the Total Attractiveness Scores (TAS) in the QSPM.
Total Attractiveness Scores are defined as the product of multiplying
the weights (step 3) by the Attractiveness Scores (step 4) in each
row.
The Total Attractiveness Scores indicate the relative attractiveness of
each key factor and related individual strategy. The higher the Total
Attractiveness Score, the more attractive the strategic alternative or
critical factor.
6. Calculate the Sum Total Attractiveness Score by adding all Total
Attractiveness Scores in each strategy column of the QSPM.
The QSPM Sum Total Attractiveness Scores reveal which strategy is
most attractive.
Higher scores point at a more attractive strategy, considering all the
relevant external and internal critical factors that could affect the
strategic decision.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
An Example
QSPM Matrix
for Morgan Stanley
Dean Witter
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Another Example
(Attractiveness Score: 1 = not acceptable; 2 = possibly acceptable;
3 = probably acceptable; 4 = most acceptable; 0 = not relevant)
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Another
Example:
Indonesian
Cases
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
I. A Comprehensive Strategic Management Model
External Audit
Developing a
Strategic Vision
& Business
Mission
Setting
Objective
Evaluate &
Select
Strategies
Implementing &
Executing the
Strategy
Evaluating
Performance
Internal Audit
Strategic Formulation
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Strategic
Implementation
Strategic
Evaluation
I. Strategic Vision & Business Mission
A Vision is a description of what competitive position the company wants to
attain over a given period of time, & what core competencies it will
need to acquire to get there. It can be summarizes a company’s broad
strategic focus for the future (De Kluyver)
A vision statements reflect what the future course and path of development
should be like (Thompson)
Something seen in a dream (Merriam-Webster)
The vision statement answers the question, “Where do we want to go?”
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
An Example:
☺ Eastman Kodak: To be the world’s best in chemical & electronic imaging
☺ Compaq Computer: To be the leading supplier of PCs & PC servers in all
customer segments
☺ Visi BNI: Menjadi Bank kebanggaan nasional yang Unggul, Terkemuka
dan Terdepan dalam Layanan dan Kinerja
☺ Visi Bank Mandiri: Bank terpercaya pilihan anda
☺ Visi Pegadaian: PEGADAIAN PADA TAHUN 2010 MENJADI
PERUSAHAAN YANG MODERN, DINAMIS DAN INOVATIF DENGAN
USAHA UTAMA GADAI
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Mission is the reason for the organization’s existence (Boseman)
Mission is basic purposes of the organization and show out the reason
why and organization exist (Rue)
Mission is answer the question “what is our business?” (Thompson)
A mission statement answers the question, “Why do we exist?”
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
An Example:
☺ Avis rent a car: Our business is renting cars, our mission is total customer
satisfaction
☺ Ritz Carlton Hotel is a place where the genuine care & comfort of our quest is our
highest mission
☺ Misi BNI: Memaksimalkan stakeholder value dengan menyediakan solusi
keuangan yang fokus pada segmen pasar korporasi, komersial dan konsumer
☺ Misi Bank Mandiri:
Berorientasi pada pemenuhan kebutuhan pasar
Mengembangkan sumber daya manusia professional
Memberi keuntungan yang maksimal bagi stakeholder
Melaksanakan manajemen terbuka
Peduli terhadap kepentingan masyarakat dan lingkungan
☺ Misi Pegadaian: IKUT MEMBANTU PROGRAM PEMERINTAH DALAM UPAYA
MENINGKATKAN KESEJAHTERAAN MASYARAKAT GOLONGAN MENENGAH KE
BAWAH MELALUI KEGIATAN UTAMA BERUPA PENYALURAN KREDIT GADAI DAN
MELAKUKAN USAHA LAIN YANG MENGUNTUNGKAN
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
II. External Audit
۩ Remote Environment
PEST Analysis
☼ Industry Environment
Five Forces Model
Operating Environment
-Creditor
-Labor Union
-Government
Business Firm
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
FIVE FORCES MODEL BY MICHAEL PORTER
Potential New
entrants
Suppliers
Industry Competitors
Substitute Products
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Buyers
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Industry Analysis: The External Factor Evaluation (EFE)
The EFE Matrix can be developed in five steps:
1. List key external factors as identified in the external audit process.
List the opportunities first and then the threat.
2. Assign each factor a weight that ranges from 0,0 (not important) to
1,0 (very important). The weight indicates the relative importance of
that factor to being successful in the firm’s industry. The sum of all
weights assigned to the factors must equal 1,0.
3. Assign a 1 to 4 rating to each key external factor to indicate how
effectively the firm’s current strategies respond to the factor, where
4= the response is superior; 3= the response is above average; 2=
the response is average; and 1= the response is poor.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
4. Multiply each factor’s weight by its rating to determine a weighted
score.
5. Sum the weighted scores for each variable to determine the total
weighted score for the organization.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
An Example:
EFE Matrix for
Morgan Stanley
Dean Witter
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
The Competitive Profile Matrix
The competitive Profile Matrix (CPM) identifies a firm’s major
competitors and its particular strengths and weaknesses in relation
to a sample firm’s strategic position.
The weight & total weighted score in both CPM and EFE have the
same meaning. However, critical success factor in a CPM include
both internal & external issues; therefore the ratings refer to
strengths and weaknesses; where 4= major strength; 3=minor
strength; 2= minor weaknesses; & 1 = major weaknesses.
An example of CPM for Gateway computer company (the best price)
compare with apple (the best product quality & management
experiences) and Dell (the best market share & inventory system).
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
III. Internal Audit
Based on The Resources Based View (RBV) contend that
organizational performance determined by internal resources:
- Physical Resources (Plant & equipment; location, technology; raw
material; machines)
- Human Resources (all employee; training; experience; intelligence;
knowledge, skill, abilities)
- Organizational Resources (firm structure; information system;
patents; trade mark; copyrights, database, etc)
Also Look on Marketing and finance perspective
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Industry Analysis: The Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE)
The IFE Matrix can be developed in five steps:
1. List key internal factors as identified in the internal audit process. List
the strengths first and then the weaknesses.
2. Assign each factor a weight that ranges from 0,0 (not important) to
1,0 (very important). The weight indicates the relative importance of
that factor to being successful in the firm’s industry. The sum of all
weights assigned to the factors must equal 1,0.
3. Assign a 1 to 4 rating to each factor to indicate whether that factor
represent a major weakness (=1), a minor weakness (=2); a minor
strengths (=3) and major strengths (=4)
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
4. Multiply each factor’s weight by its rating to determine a weighted
score.
5. Sum the weighted scores for each variable to determine the total
weighted score for the organization.
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An Example:
IFE Matrix for
Morgan Stanley
Dean Witter
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
IV. Setting Objective
Establish Long Term Objective
The Nature of Long Term Objective:
1. Quantifiable
2. Measurable
3. Realistic
4. Understandable
5. Challenging
6. Attainable
7. Congruent among organizational unit
8. Time
SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, time)
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IV. Evaluate & Select Strategies
STAGE I: THE INPUT STAGE
EFE Matrix
Competitive Profile Matrix (CPM)
IFE Matrix
STAGE II: THE MATCHING STAGE
TOWS
Matrix
SPACE
Matrix
BCG
Matrix
IE
Matrix
Grand Strategy
Matrix
STAGE II: THE DECISION STAGE
Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM)
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
TOWS Matrix
TOWS Matrix consist of four type of strategies:
1. SO (Strength – Opportunities) Strategy
2. WO (Weakness – Opportunities) Strategy
3. ST (Strength – Threat) Strategy
4. WT (Weakness – Threat) Strategy
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Internal
Kekuatan (S)
Kelemahan (W)
Eksternal
Kekuatan/Peluang
Memilih keuntungan
Kelemahan/Peluang
Memanfaatkan peluang
Peluang
(O)
Strategi Pemecahan
Masalah, Perbaikan &
Pengembangan
Ancaman
(T)
Mengerahkan kekuatan
Kekuatan/Ancaman
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Mengendalikan ancaman
Kelemahan/Ancaman
The TOWS Matrix can be developed in eight steps:
1. List the firm key external opportunities
2. List the firm key external threats
3. List the firm key internal strengths
4. List the firm key internal weakness
5. Match internal strength with external opportunities, & record the
resultant SO Strategies in the appropriate cell.
6. Match internal weakness with external opportunities, & record the
resultant WO Strategies.
7. Match internal strength with external threat, & record the resultant
ST Strategies.
8. Match internal weakness with external threat, & record the resultant
WT Strategies.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
An Example:
TOWS Matrix for
Morgan Stanley
Dean Witter
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
SPACE Matrix
The Strategic Position and Action Evaluation (SPACE) Matrix consist of
four quadrant framework indicate whether aggressive, conservative,
defensive, or competitive strategies are most appropriate for a
given organization.
The axes of the SPACE Matrix represent two internal dimension:
Financial Strength (FS) and Competitive Advantage (CA); and two
external dimension: Environmental Stability (ES) and Industry
Strength (IS)
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
The SPACE Matrix can be developed in sixth steps:
1. Select a set of variable to define FS, CA, ES and IS.
2. Assign a numerical value ranging from +1 (worst) to +6 (best) to
each of variables that make up the FS and IS dimensions. Assign a
numerical value ranging from -1 (best) to -6 (worst) to each the
variables that make up the ES and CA dimension. On the FS & CA
axes, make comparison to competitor. On the IS & ES, make
comparison to other industries.
3. Compute an average score for FS, IS, ES and CA by summing the
values given to the variables of each dimension & then by dividing
by the number of variables included in the respective dimension.
4. Plot the average score for FS, IS, ES & CA on the appropriate axis
in the space matrix.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
5. Add the two score on the X axis and plot the resultant point on X.
add the two scores on the Y axis and plot the resultant point on Y.
Plot the intersection of the new XY point.
6. Draw a directional vector from the origin of the SPACE matrix
through the new intersection point . This vector reveals the type of
strategies recommended for the organization: aggressive,
competitive, defensive or conservative.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
An Example:
SPACE Matrix for
Morgan Stanley
Dean Witter
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
FS = 2,29 & ES = -1,71
CA = -1,43 & IS = 4,25
FS
Y-axis = 2,29 + (-1,71) = 0,58
X-axis = 4,25 + (-1,43) = 2,82
Aggresive
Conservative
CA
IS
Competitive
Defensive
ES
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
BCG Matrix
The BCG matrix or also called BCG model relates to marketing.
The BCG model is a well-known portfolio management tool used in
product life cycle theory. BCG matrix is often used to prioritize which
products within company product mix get more funding and attention.
The BCG matrix model is a portfolio planning model developed by
Bruce Henderson of the Boston Consulting Group in the early 1970's.
The BCG model is based on classification of products (and
implicitly also company business units) into four categories based on
combinations of market growth and market share relative to the largest
competitor.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
The BCG matrix
Market Growth = Sales Industryt – Sales Industryt-1
Sales Industryt-1
Market Share = Sales Companyt / Sales Industryt
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BCG Matrix closed related with Product/Business Life Cycle
Introduction
Growth
Mature
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Decline
BCG STARS (high growth, high market share)
- Stars are defined by having high market share in a growing
market.
- Stars are the leaders in the business but still need a lot of
support for promotion a placement.
If market share is kept, Stars are likely to grow into cash cows.
BCG QUESTION MARKS (high growth, low market share)
- These products are in growing markets but have low market
share.
- Question marks are essentially new products where buyers have
yet to discover them.
- The marketing strategy is to get markets to adopt these products.
- Question marks have high demands and low returns due to low
market share.
- These products need to increase their market share quickly or
they become dogs.
- The best way to handle Question marks is to either invest heavily
in them to gain market share or to sell them.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
BCG CASH COWS (low growth, high market share)
- Cash cows are in a position of high market share in a mature
market.
- If competitive advantage has been achieved, cash cows have
high profit margins and generate a lot of cash flow.
- Because of the low growth, promotion and placement
investments are low.
- Investments into supporting infrastructure can improve efficiency
and increase cash flow more.
- Cash cows are the products that businesses strive for.
BCG DOGS (low growth, low market share)
- Dogs are in low growth markets and have low market share.
- Dogs should be avoided and minimized.
- Expensive turn-around plans usually do not help.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Internal External (IE) Matrix
The IE matrix helps to make more sense out of the EFE and IFE
matrixes. The IE matrix is based on two criteria the score from the EFE
for its y-axis and the score from the IFE for its x-axis. After you plot the
point, the IE then provides a strategy for the company to follow.
The Internal-External (IE) Matrix positions an organization's
various divisions in a nine cell display illustrated in Next Figure. The IE
Matrix is similar to the BCG Matrix in that both tools involve plotting
organization divisions in a schematic diagram; this is why they are both
called portfolio matrices. Also, the size of each circle represents the
percentage sales contribution of each division, and pie slices reveal the
percentage profit contribution of each division in both the BCG and IE
Matrix.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
But there are some important differences between the BCG Matrix
and IE Matrix.
First, the axes are different. Also, the IF Matrix requires more
information about the divisions than the BCG Matrix.
Further, the strategic implications of each matrix are different. For
these reasons, strategists in multidivisional firms often develop both the
BCG Matrix and the IE Matrix in formulating alternative strategies.
A common practice is to develop a BCG Matrix and an IE Matrix
for the present and then develop projected matrices to reflect
expectations of the future. This before-and-after analysis forecasts the
expected effect of strategic decisions on an organization's portfolio of
divisions.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
The IE Matrix is based on two key dimensions: the IFE total
weighted scores on the x-axis and the EFE total weighted scores on
the y-axis. Recall that each division of an organization should construct
an IFE Matrix and an EFE Matrix for its part of the organization.
The total weighted scores derived from the divisions allow
construction of the corporate-level IE Matrix.
On the x-axis of the IE Matrix, an IFE total weighted score of 1.0
to 1.99 represents a weak internal position; a score of 2.0 to 2.99 is
considered average; and a score of 3.0 to 4.0 is strong.
Similarly, on the y-axis, an EFE total weighted score of 1.0 to
1.99 is considered low; a score of 2.0 to 2.99 is medium; and a score of
3.0 to 4.0 is high.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
The IF Matrix can be divided into three major regions that have
different strategy implications.
First, the prescription for divisions that fall into cells- I, II, or IV can
be described as grow and build. Intensive (market penetration,
market development, and product development) or integrative
(backward integration, forward integration, and horizontal integration)
strategies can be most appropriate for these divisions.
Second, divisions that fall into cells III, V, or VII can be managed
best with hold and maintain strategies; market penetration and
product development are two commonly employed strategies for these
types of divisions.
Third, a common prescription for divisions that fall into cells VI,
VIII, or IX is harvest or divest. Successful organizations are able to
achieve a portfolio of businesses positioned in or around cell I in the IE
Matrix.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
An Example :IE Matrix for Morgan Stanley Dean Witter
IFE = 3,4 and EFE 3,4
External Score
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Another Example for division in one company
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
An example of a completed IE Matrix is given in Figure 6-10,
which depicts an organization composed of four divisions.
As indicated by the positioning of the circles, grow and build
strategies are appropriate for Division 1, Division 2, and Division 3.
Division 4 is a candidate for harvest or divert.
Division 2 contributes the greatest percentage of company
sales and thus is represented by the largest circle.
Division 1. contributes the greatest proportion of total profits; it
has the largest-percentage pie slice.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Grand Strategy Matrix
In addition to the TOWS matrix, SPACE Matrix, BCG Matrix & IE
Matrix, the Grand Strategy Matrix has become a popular tool for
formulating alternative strategies. The Grand Strategy Matrix is based on
two evaluative dimensions: Competitive Position and Market Growth.
Firm in Quadrant I are in an excellent strategic position. For
these firms, continued concentration on current market (market
penetration & market development) and product (product development) is
an appropriate strategy. When a quadrant I organization have excessive
resources, then backward, forward or horizontal integration may be
effective strategies. When firm is to heavily committed to single product,
then concentric diversification may reduce the risk associated with a
narrow product line.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Firm in Quadrant II need to evaluate their present approach to
the marketplace seriously. Although their industry growing, they are
unable to compete effectively.
Firm in Q-II are in rapid market growth industry, an intensive
strategy (as opposed to integrative or diversification) is usually the first
option that should be considered.
However, if the firm is lacking a distinctive competence or
competitive advantage, then horizontal integration is often a desirable
alternative.
As a last resort, divestiture or liquidation should be considered.
Divestiture can provide funds needed to acquire other businesses or buy
back shares of stock.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Quadrant III firm compete in slow growth industries and have
weak competitive position. Theses firms must make some drastic changes
quickly to avoid further decline and possible liquidation.
Extensive cost and asset reduction (retrenchment) should be
pursued first. An alternative strategy is to shift resources away from the
current business into different areas (diversify).
if all else fails, the final options for Q-III business are divestiture
or liquidation.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Finally, Quadrant IV firm have strong competitive position but
are in slow growth industry. These firms have the strength to launch
diversified programs into more promising growth areas.
Q-IV firms have characteristically high cash flow levels and
limited internal growth needs and often can pursue concentric, horizontal,
or conglomerate diversification successfully.
Q-IV firms also may pursue joint ventures.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Rapid
Market
Growth
Weak
Competitive
Position
Quadrant II
1. Market Development
2. Market Penetration
3. Product Development
4. Horizontal Integration
5. Divestiture
6. Liquidation
Quadrant III
1. Retrenchment
2. Horizontal Diversification
3. Concentric Diversification
4. Conglomerate Diversification
5. Divestiture
6. Liquidation
Quadrant I
1. Market Development
2. Market Penetration
3. Product Development
4. Forward Integration
5. Backward Integration
6. Horizontal Integration
7. Concentric Diversification
Strong
Competitive
Position
Quadrant IV
1. Horizontal Diversification
2. Concentric Diversification
3. Conglomerate Diversification
4. Joint Ventures
Slow
Market
Growth
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM)
Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) is a high-level
strategic management approach for evaluating possible strategies.
Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix or a QSPM provides an analytical
method for comparing feasible alternative actions.
The QSPM method falls within so-called stage 3 of the strategy
formulation analytical framework.
The Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix or a QSPM approach
attempts to objectively select the best strategy using input from other
management techniques and some easy computations.
In other words, the QSPM method uses inputs from stage 1 analyses,
matches them with results from stage 2 analyses, and then decides
objectively among alternative strategies.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Stage 1 strategic management tools...
The first step in the overall strategic management analysis is used to
identify key strategic factors. This can be done using, for example, the
EFE matrix and IFE matrix.
Stage 2 strategic management tools...
After we identify and analyze key strategic factors as inputs for
QSPM, we can formulate the type of the strategy we would like to pursue.
This can be done using the stage 2 strategic management tools, for
example the SWOT analysis (or TOWS), SPACE matrix analysis, BCG
matrix model, or the IE matrix model.
Stage 3 strategic management tools...
The stage 1 strategic management methods provided us with key
strategic factors. Based on their analysis, we formulated possible
strategies in stage 2. Now, the task is to compare in QSPM alternative
strategies and decide which one is the most suitable for our goals.
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QSPM Step by Step
1.Provide a list of internal factors -- strengths and weaknesses.
Then generate a list of the firm's key external factors -- opportunities
and threats. These will be included in the left column of the QSPM.
You can take these factors from the EFE matrix and the IFE matrix.
2. Having the factors ready, identify strategy alternatives that will
be further evaluated. These strategies are displayed at the top of the
table. Strategies evaluated in the QSPM should be mutually exclusive
if possible.
3. Each key external and internal factor should have some weight
in the overall scheme. You can take these weights from the IFE and
EFE matrices again. You can find these numbers in our example in
the column following the column with factors.
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4. Attractiveness Scores (AS) in the QSPM indicate how each
factor is important or attractive to each alternative strategy.
Attractiveness Scores are determined by examining each key
external and internal factor separately, one at a time, and
asking the following question:
Does this factor make a difference in our decision about which
strategy to pursue?
If the answer to this question is yes, then the strategies should be
compared relative to that key factor. The range for Attractiveness
Scores is 1 = not attractive, 2 = somewhat attractive, 3 =
reasonably attractive, and 4 = highly attractive. If the answer to
the above question is no, then the respective key factor has no effect
on our decision. If the key factor does not affect the choice being
made at all, then the Attractiveness Score would be 0.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
5. Calculate the Total Attractiveness Scores (TAS) in the QSPM.
Total Attractiveness Scores are defined as the product of multiplying
the weights (step 3) by the Attractiveness Scores (step 4) in each
row.
The Total Attractiveness Scores indicate the relative attractiveness of
each key factor and related individual strategy. The higher the Total
Attractiveness Score, the more attractive the strategic alternative or
critical factor.
6. Calculate the Sum Total Attractiveness Score by adding all Total
Attractiveness Scores in each strategy column of the QSPM.
The QSPM Sum Total Attractiveness Scores reveal which strategy is
most attractive.
Higher scores point at a more attractive strategy, considering all the
relevant external and internal critical factors that could affect the
strategic decision.
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
An Example
QSPM Matrix
for Morgan Stanley
Dean Witter
Dr. Werner R. Murhadi
Another Example
(Attractiveness Score: 1 = not acceptable; 2 = possibly acceptable;
3 = probably acceptable; 4 = most acceptable; 0 = not relevant)
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Another
Example:
Indonesian
Cases
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Dr. Werner R. Murhadi