Morphological processes of the deadjectival verb affix {EN}

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MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF THE DEADJECTIVAL

VERB AFFIX {EN}

AN UNDERGRDUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

AYUNINDA ERDIANI Student Number: 104214073

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2014

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MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF THE DEADJECTIVAL

VERB AFFIX {EN}

AN UNDERGRDUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

AYUNINDA ERDIANI Student Number: 104214073

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2014

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"Around here, however, we don’t look backwards

for very long. We keep moving forwards, opening

up new doors and doing new things, because

we’re curious… and curiosity keeps leading us

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Dedicated to My Beloved Parents My Beloved Sister and Brother My Dearest Friends

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to say my deepest thank to ALLAH SWT because without the blessing and the compassion, I would not be able to finish this writing of undergraduate thesis.

I also would like to say my gratitude to Dr. B. Ria Lestari, M.S., for being the advisor who has guided this writing very patiently and also for her free time for the discussion with me in order to solve the problems during the writing process. I also would like to thank Dr. Fr. Borgias Alip, M,Pd., M.A., for being co-advisor of this writing who has read and given a lot of correction and suggestion so this thesis was well improved. I also would like to thank Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum. as my academic advisor who guided me as the student patiently.

I thank my beloved parents, Erni Pujiwati and Sutriono Hadi, who have given the biggest support in my study, starting from the beginning I decided to be in this English Letters Department until I finish my study for this bachelor degree. I also thank my little brother and my little sister, Alun Rangga Erdianto and Adinda Erdiana, who had given a lot of support for me by nagging me to finish my thesis.

Last but not least, I also would like to thank my best friend, Agusti Mayangsari, who had given a lot of support, motivation, and patience to hear all my emotion, so I also could finish my study and finish this writing.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ···ii

APPROVAL PAGE ··· iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ··· iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ··· v

STATETMENT OF ORIGINALITY ··· vi

MOTTO PAGE ··· vii

DEDICATION PAGE ··· viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ··· ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ··· x

ABSTRACT ··· xii

ABSTRAK ··· xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study ··· 1

B. Problem formulation ··· 4

C. Objectives of the study ··· 5

D. Definition of terms ··· 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE A. Review on Related Study ··· 7

1. Review of Ilya Kim Coutrier’s Thesis ··· 7

2. Review of Word Formatiton Rules ··· 8

B. Review of Related Theory ··· 10

1. Theory of Morpheme ··· 10

2. Theory of Inflection and Derivation ··· 11

3. Theory of Borrowing in the English Language ··· 13

4. Theory of Phonology and Phonetics ··· 14

5. Theory of Word Meaning ··· 17

C. Theoritical Framework ··· 18

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study ··· 20

B. Approach of the Study ··· 20

C. Method of the study ··· 20

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS A. Characteristics of the Adjective Stems Attached to the Prefix {en-} and the Suffix {-en} ··· 26

1. Characteristics of Adjective Stems Attached to the Prefix {en-} ··· 26

2. Characteristics of Adjective Stems Attached to the Suffix {-en} ··· 27

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B. Phonological Analysis in the process of Deadjectival Verb ··· 29 1. Phonological Analysis in the Process of Deadjectival

Verb Prefixation {en-} ··· 29 2. Phonological Analysis in the Process of Deadjectival

Verb Suffixation {-en} ··· 32 C. Meaning of Deadjectival Verb the {en-} Prefixation and

the {-en}Suffixation ··· 34 1. Meaning of Deadjectival Verb Prefixation {en-} ··· 35 2. Meaning of Deadjectival Verb Suffixation {-en} ··· 41 D. Differences on the Deadjectival Verbs of the {en-} Prefixation and

the {-en} Suffixation ··· 45 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ··· 49 BIBLIOGRAPHY ··· 52 APPENDICES

1. Appendix 1 ··· 54 2. Appendix 2 ··· 55

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ABSTRACT

AYUNINDA ERDIANI (2014). MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF THE DEADJECTIVAL VERB AFFIX {EN}. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.

English, as a universal language, has complex linguistic systems in word formation. The system of categories and rules involved in word formation and interpretation is called morphology. In English, most words are formed with roots or the base word and affixes.

This study focuses on the adjective stem with an affix {en} which can be a prefix {en-} or a suffix {-en}. An affix {en} is used to derive adjective into verb in the word formation. To limit the scope, this study focuses on three problems; 1. What is the characteristics of adjectives stems that can be attached to the prefix {en-} or the suffix {-en}? 2. What are phonological analysis and the meaning of deadjectival verb the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en}? 3. What are the differences causing affix {en} have to be attached separately as the prefix or as the suffix?

The data of this study are morphemes and affixes. The source of this study was taken from Oxford Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary as the primary data source. All the complex words which are attached to the prefix {en-} or the suffix {-en} from this dictionary are collected and categorized to be analyzed in order to answer the problems on this study.

At the result, this study concludes that the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en} are derivational affixes. First, the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en} are considered as different affix because each affix has different origin. Second, the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en} undergo different processes of phonological environment. Third, eventhough the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en} are considered to be different morphemes which tent to have different meaning, they have the same meaning which is “the act of making something or someone in the state of X”after adjective stems are attached to prefix {en-} and suffix {-en}.

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xiii ABSTRAK

AYUNINDA ERDIANI (2014). MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF THE DEADJECTIVAL VERB AFFIX {EN}. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Bahasa Inggris, sebagai bahasa international, memiliki sistem tata bahasa yang kompleks dalam pembentukan kata. Sistem kategori dan aturan yang terlibat dalam pembentukan kata dan interpretasi disebut morfologi. Dalam bahasa Inggris, kata-kata terbentuk dengan kata dasar dan imbuhan.

Penelitian ini akan fokus pada kata sifat dengan imbuhan {en} yang terdiri dari awalan {en-} dan akhiran {-en}. Imbuhan ini digunakan untuk menurunkan kata sifat menjadi kata kerja dalam pembentukan kata. Untuk membatasi ruang lingkup, penelitian ini berfokus pada tiga perumusan masalah yaitu 1. Apa saja karakteristik dari kata dasar sifat dari awalan {en-} dan akhiran {-en}? 2. Apa saja analisa fonologi dan perubahn arti dalam proses penurunan kata sifat ke kata kerja? 3. Apa saja perbedaan yang menjadikan awalan {en-} dan akhiran {-en} dibuat berbeda?

Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah morfem dan imbuhan. Data penelitian ini diambil dari Oxford Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary sebagai sumber data utama. Semua kata-kata kompleks yang melekat dengan awalan {en-} dan akhiran {-en} dari kamus ini dikumpulkan dan dikelompokkan untuk dianalisis agar dapat menjawab masalah pada penelitian ini.

Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa awalan {en-} dan akhiran {-en} adalah imbuhan yang dapat merubah arti dari kata dasarnya dan juga merubah bentuk menjadi kata kerja dari kata dasarnya yang berupa kata sifat. Pertama, awalan {en-} dan akhiran {-en} tergolong imbuhan yang berbeda karena masing-masing imbuhan memiliki asal mula yang berbeda. Kedua, awalan {en-} dan akhiran {-en} menjalani proses-proses yang berbeda dalam fonologi. Ketiga, walaupun awalan {en-} dan akhiran {-en} tergolong morfem yang berbeda, kedua imbuhan ini memiliki arti yang hampir sama yaitu ‘tindakan dalam membuat sesuatu atau seseorang dalam kondisi X’ setelah kata dasar sifat diberi awalan {en-} dan akhiran{-en}.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

English, as a universal language, has many linguistic systems. The linguistic systems cover morphology, phonology, semantics, syntax and stylistics. The system of categories and rules involved in word formation and interpretation is called morphology. The most reliable defining property of words is that they are the smallest free forms found in language. Like syllables and sentences, words have an internal structure consisting of smaller unit organized to each other in particular way. The most important component of word structure is the morpheme. A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a word. Some words consist of single morpheme. For example, the word “dog” cannot be divided into smaller parts (Katamba, 1993:17-21).

A morpheme can be divided into lexical morpheme or free morpheme, and bound lexical morphemes. The lexical morphemes can occur as independent morphemes. Bound lexical morphemes include inflectional and derivational morphemes or usually known as inflectional and derivational affixes. An affix is a morpheme or group of morphemes which are added to the beginning or end of a word to make a new word. In English, most words are formed with roots or the base word and affixes. The root words are defined as lexical morphemes while affixes are defined as derivational morphemes (Katamba, 1993:41-45).

The process of adding an affix to the word is called affixation. An affix which is added in the beginning is called a prefix and an affix which is added at the final

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position of the word is called a suffix. Despite the fact that prefixes and suffixes are just a combination of two, three or four sounds, they have meaning in English so they can change the meaning of the root word. It is because derivational affixes characteristically change the categories and or the types of meaning of the form to which they apply and are therefore said create a new word. As a result when the process of affixation is done, the words can build new meaning and new categories.

As we know, there are so many affixes in English, for example, {un-, dis-, il-, en-} and so on. Affixes that can be attached as a prefix are {un-, dis-, il-, mis-, pre-}, etc while suffixes are {-ance, -ment, -tion, -y, - less, -ness, -dom}, etc. Those affixes are usually categorized as one class of affixes; as prefixes or as suffixes. In this case, {un-} can only attached at the beginning of the word as undress, unbend, unbind, uncover, etc. The affix {un-} will be categorized as prefix. This affix cannot be attached at the end of the word as *fair-un. The case on prefix above are same with the suffix, for example, affix {-ment] can only be attached at the end of the word such as government, and cannot be attached to prefix *ment-govern. This type of affixes can be differentiated easily.

However, there is an affix that can be used as a prefix or a suffix or both as a prefix and suffix which is difficult to differentiate. When a root can be attached to two process of affixation; prefixation and suffixation, sometimes we don’t know which one is going to be attached to the root first or which one is suitable for the root. The example of an affix that can attach as both prefix and suffix is the word ‘enlighten’. The word ‘enlighten’ is formed with two process of affixation, first

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affix {en} is attached as suffix then as prefix. We can conclude that the first process of affixation on the word ‘enlighten’ is the process of suffixation because the word ‘Lighten’ is already registered as a word. ‘Lighten’ is the output of affixation {-en} as suffix from root ‘light’ [light + bound {-en}  lighten]. Then the second process of affixation is the process of prefixation, [bound {en-} + lighten  enlighten]. If the process of prefixation is going at the first step, we will have new word since we cannot check the word ‘enlight’ because that word is not existed. As result, the prefixation is added as second process, while the complex word of suffixation will be treated as base word of prefixation.

This study focuses on the affix {en} which can be used as a prefix or a suffix. The affix {en} is the one case of these problems. The affix {en} can be added as prefix, suffix or both can be installed in the same word or root or lexical classes. For example, in word ‘enrich’, we have prefixation process attached to bound morpheme [{en-} + stem rich  enrich]. The other example is the word “broaden” we can see the suffixation process of the stem [broad + bound morpheme {-en}  broaden]. The bases words rich and broad are both adjective and the affix {en} both have a causative meaning.

The affix {en} is very unique like other affixes. However, like the other affixes, {en} is also limited to certain word. The choice of the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en} as a main discussion in this study because this affix plays important rule in the language especially the way a word is produced. By knowing the way the affix formed words, we will understand the use of the affixation {en}itself.

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The other reason this affix needs to be observed because there is still misunderstanding in the use or attachment of the affix, especially for the prefix {en-} and the suffix {en}. People may think why the word rich enrich have to use prefixation process rather than suffixation process ‘richen’ while broad  broaden used suffixation process not prefixation process *enbroad. There are differences for this affix and reasons why this affix is divided into two while the final results of the process are in the same lexical categories.

In other words, this study would try to analyze deeper about the use of the prefix and the suffix in adjective root in English language. The analysis is meant to dig more about the characteristics of the deadjectival prefix {en-}and the suffix {-en}, the morphological process which include phonological influence and meaning in the word formation. In analyzing those problems, the data will be taken from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary.

B. Problem Formulation

Based on the problem presented above there are two problems that can be formulated as follows:

1. What are the characteristics of adjective stems that can be attached by the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en}?

2. What are the phonological analysis and changes in meaning of the deadjectival verb the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en}?

3. What are the differences causing the affix {en} to be attached separately as a prefix and as a suffix?

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C. Objectives of the Study

In accordance with the problem, there are three objectives that need to be achieved in this study. The first objective is aimed to observe and to analyze the characteristics of adjective stems that can be attached to the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en}.So that we can see which words can go with the prefix {en-} and go with the suffix {-en}. The second objective is aimed to analyze the changes in meaning and phonology analysis of the Deadjectival verb affix {en} after the process. The third objective is to identify the differences in which word can be attached to prefix or suffix then analyze the reason why affixes {en} have to be attached separately if the result will be similar.

D. Definition of Terms

In order to avoid the different perception about the concepts and terminologies this is used in this study. The definitions of terms in this study are: 1. Roots and Stem

Roots (or bases) are the morphemes (free or bound) that carry the principal or basic concept, idea or meaning in a word. Stems are free roots to which derivational affixes have been added or are likely to be added. The part of a word which an affix is attached to is called base. The writer will use the term root to refer to bases that cannot be analyzed further into morphemes. The term ‘stem’ is usually used for bases of inflections, and occasionally also for bases of derivational affixes. To avoid terminological confusion, the writer will avoid the use of the term ‘stem’ altogether and speak of ‘roots’ and ‘bases’ only. Based on

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these two definitions, Roots and stems are the base which contain basic concept in a word where the affixes are attach to (Katamba, 1993:41-42).

2. Phonological Conditioning:

The process of allomorphs change into different morphemes in the same phonological alternation that occur in the similar phonological environment. This means that the allomorphs represent the morpheme in a particular context whose phonological properties are similar to those sound found in a neighboring allomorph of the other morpheme (Katamba, 1993:28-33).

3. The Deadjectival Verb:

Deadjectival verb is conversion verbs formed from adjective. It means that the verb is formed by adding affix(es) to adjective (Quirk et al, 1985).

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter elaborates the studies done by other researchers on similar topics and reviews some theories applied in this thesis. The studies similar to this thesis are taken from Illya Kim Coutrier and Review of Word Formation theory. Each study is reviewed to find the weakness and the strength of each study in order to develop this thesis and avoid topic duplication. Some theories applied are also reviewed and discussed to find solid ground on which this thesis is carried on.

A. Review of Related Studies

1. Review of Illya Kim Coutrier’s Thesis: “The –en Affixation: its impact on the Argument Structure.

This thesis was meant to find that the –en affixation generated derived verbs and provided great impacts to the argument structure of a sentence or a valence of predicate. The basic lexicon after receiving the –en affixation changed the nature of the verb and the number of required argument. The derived verbs might require either one, two or three arguments. Illya Kim’s study is to find the comparison the word before receiving the –en affixation to the derived verbs after the –en affixation. The argument structure of the –en derived verbs was analyzed not only in term of their overt roles.

Illya Kim compared the word before receiving the –en affixation to the derived verbs after the –en affixation. The argument structure of the –en derived verbs was analyzed not only in terms of their overt rules but also their covert

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rules. The analysis results showed that their three types of the covert rules found in the –en derived verbs namely, the deletable rules, the coreferential rules and the lexicalized rules.

This thesis presented that the –en affixation as a prefix or as suffix distributes transitivity to a sentence. The –en derived verb is classified into intransitive verb when it requires a one place argument. The –en transitive verb requires more than one argument. Then, the writer came to the conclusion that the en affixation had impact to the argument structure.

This present thesis develops Illya Kim’s thesis and answers questions which were not elaborated in her or his thesis. It uses some data from Illya Kim’s thesis as secondary data to complete all data concerning the terms related to -en affixation. In addition to that, the thesis focuses in –en affixation base on the adjective. This present thesis propose the process affixation of deadjectival verbs in which {–en} derived verbs have to be separated from the prefix and suffix when they have the same process.

2. Review of Word-Formation Rule

According to Halle (1973), most of the English Speakers know the word transformation and the correct order on the component morphemes. It can be concluded that the grammar must follow the significance of morpheme order. Halle introduces the question of lexical idiosyncrasy by turning to derived nominalization in English. A word can be idiosyncratic in several ways; semantically (have some unpredictable aspect in their meaning), phonologically

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(being an exception to a phonological rule) and morphologically (Spencer, 1998:73-74). Morphological idiosyncrasy is shown in the example below:

a. arrival, refusal, derivation, description b. *arrivation, *refusation, *derival, *describal

Some of these derived nominal are formed from the suffix {–al}, some from the suffix {-(a) tion}. In his theory, Halle provided the examples of some derived nominal that represent morphological idiosyncrasy such as the suffix –al, some from the suffix {–(a) tion}. The word ‘arrive’ can be attached to suffix –al which result in creating the derived word ‘arrival’ but the word ‘arrive’ cannot be attached to suffix (a)tion and become *arrivation which mean that not all suffix can be attached to the same word. So, some of derived nominal in suffix {–al} and suffix {– (a) tion} are used different word formation on each word.

Halle thinks that “the lexicon consists of a list of morphemes and that these are concatenated by Word Formation Rules (WFR). However, these rules over generate.” (Spencer, 1998:74-76)

It means that possible derived words are collected from the process of finding the list of morpheme to WFR and idiosyncrasy of each word base on the existence in the dictionaries (where the possible morphemes and the meaning of the affixation words are recorded). This process of determining the possible morphemes to the words is called filter whose purposes to classify possible derived words whether they are acceptable or not with their unpredictable changes in meaning.

In the process of word formation, phonological structure can influence how a word is made. This influence of phonological structure is called phonological conditioning. There are two ways in which phonological structure

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influence word formation. First, a morpheme may be restricted to combining only with morphemes of a particular phonological form. Second, phonological conditioning occurs when application of word formation is determined by phonological shape of the output of the rule. The final version of the model Halle can be seen in;

Figure 3.3 Halle’s (1973) model (final version) B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Morpheme

The term morpheme is used to refer to the smallest, indivisible unit of semantic content or grammatical function which words are made up of. A morpheme cannot be decomposed into smaller units which are either meaningful by themselves or mark a grammatical function like singular or plural number in the noun (Katamba, 1993:20). For example, if we divided up the word fee /fi:/ (which contains just one morpheme) into /f/ and/i:/ it would be impossible to say what each of the sounds /f/ and /i:/ means by itself since sounds in themselves do not have meaning. A morph is a physical form representing some morpheme in a language. It is a recurrent distinctive sound (phoneme) or sequence of sounds (phonemes). If different morphs represent the same morpheme, they are grouped together and they are called allomorphs of that morpheme.

List of morpheme s

Word formation

Rules Filter Dictionary

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In English, there are two kinds of morpheme, there are free morpheme and bound morpheme. A morpheme is free if it is able to appear as a word by itself. It is bound if it can only appear as part of a larger, multi-morphemic word. Every morpheme is either free or bound. Free morphemes are also referred as roots. Bound morphemes are also referred to as affixes, among which there are prefixes, infixes, and suffixes.

a. prefixes: un-happy, re-write, pre-view

b. suffixes: writ-ing, quick-ly, and neighbor-hood c. infixes: (very rare in English) speech-o-meter

Bound morphemes may be derivational or inflectional

A stem can be defined as a root to which an affix can be added. Thus, the root dog is also a stem, because, even though it contains no affix(es), an affix could be added to it - to form, e.g., dog-s. This notion is necessary because not all roots are such that affixes can be added to them - e.g., of, or, I, etc.

2. Theories of Inflection and Derivation

According to Mark Aronoff and Fudeman Kirsten (2011: 2-4), a morpheme is the smallest linguistic pieces with a grammatical function. A morpheme may be a word such as hand, or a meaningful component of a word, such as the –ed of looked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts. The term ‘morph’ is sometimes used to refer specifically to the phonological realization of a morpheme. For example, the English past tense morpheme that is spelled –ed has various morphs. It is realized as [t] after the voiceless [p] of jump (cf. jumped), as [d] after the voiced [l] of repel (cf. Repelled), and as [ᵊd] after the

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voiceless [t] of root or voiced [d] of wed (cf. Rooted and wedded). These morphs are called allomorphs or variants which are the appearance of one morph over another, in this case, is determined by voicing and the place of articulation of the final consonant of the verb stem. For example, the word reconsideration can be analysis as three parts morphemes: re-, consider, and –ation. Consider is called stem which means a base unit to which another morphological piece is attached. While {re-} and {–ation} are called affixes.

Affixes can be divided into two: inflectional affixes and derivational affixes. According to Laurier Bauer (2003:14-15), inflection does not change the part of speech or the category of the base in the affixation process. Inflectional affixes always have a regular meaning. In general rule, an inflectional affix can be added to all members of the class. Derivational affixes can change the part of speech of the base. Derivational affixes can not be attached to all member of the class while inflectional affixes are fully productive, derivational affixes are not. This theory is supported by Andrew Spencer (1998) in his researches in Russian languages. In that research, he found that traditional grammarians distinguish between two main types of morphological operation, which called inflection or inflexion and derivation. He thinks that inflection in a word could not change the categories from its original categories even the meaning is still the same.

He states that since inflected forms are just variants of one and the same words, inflecting a word shouldn’t cause it to change its categories. Moreover, even when a word can belong to more than one category, such as the innumerable English words which are both nouns and verbs, we inflict the word either as a noun or as a verb (Spencer,1998:9).

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From those two theories, the definition of inflection is that inflection cannot cause a word to change its syntactic categories. Infection just changes the forms while derivation is creating new words from old words or in literary point of view called ‘word formation’ and change the words in their syntactic category. So, inflection is a result of applying processes to words which produced varies forms of the words while derivation is a result of combining morphemes which include the changing of its syntactic categories.

3. Borrowing in the English Language

When two different languages have contact over a certain period of time, they will surely influence each other. Words might be taken over from one language and are adapted to the other. This process is called borrowing. (Katamba, Francis: 1994) Throughout its long history English had contact with many different languages such as Old Norse, French, Latin, etc.

Not only are whole words borrowed together with their meanings, but also new words, namely neologisms, are generated on the basis of morphemes borrowed from those languages. In English, a product of such a process is telephone (from Greek tēle- meaning ‘afar, far off’ and phōnē meaning ‘sound, voice’) (Gramley, 2001; 24). The meaning of some of the new words (e.g:telephone) are often not directly obvious to the average speaker of English, and thus, their meaning has to be learned. For example the adjective visible, meaning ‘able to be seen’ has no direct association to the verb to see, and therefore the link between these two has to be established by learning. Gramley therefore calls such words as visible “hard words” (Gramley, 2001; 25). Those

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loans, especially some from Greek and Latin, which are felt to be pretentious or/and obscure by the average speaker of English are found to be denoted as “ink -horn terms” (Gramley, 2001; 25). Amongst the above mentioned reasons for borrowing from foreign languages, the most obvious and maybe also the most profound one is the introduction of new concepts for which there are no suitable words in the task language. Concerning this, Katamba writes that that at various periods in world history different civilizations have been pre-eminent in one field or another (like for example sciences, trade, military, and medicine). According to him, the normal course of development was then that the language of this civilization became the lingua franca for that specific field during the period of their pre-eminence (Katamba, 1994; 195). This is also reflected by the concentration of borrowings in certain semantic fields from that language to others.

4. Theory of Phonology and Phonetics

According to Beverley Collins and Inger M.Mees, phonology is concerned with the ways in which these speech sounds form systems and pattern in human language. The word phonology refers either to the representations of sounds and sound patterns in a speaker’s grammar or to the study of the sound pattern in a language or in human language in the general. Phonetics is a part of phonology, and provides the means for describing speech sounds. Most of the words in a language differ both in form and meaning, sometimes by just one sound. For example, the difference between sip and zip is signaled by the fact that the initial sound of the word is s [s] and the initial sound of the second word is z [z]. The

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forms of the two words are identical except for initial consonants. [s] and [z] can therefore distinguish or contrast words. They are distinctive sound in English called phonemes. Phonemes are not physical sounds. Victoria Fromkin defines a phoneme as the smallest unit of the language that distinct the meaning of words. A phoneme may create the different words and also will produce the different meaning. For example in the words bill and pill, they have different meaning because they consist of different phonemes. The word bill consists of phonemes /b/. /I/, /l/. While in the word pill consist of phonemes /p/, /I/, /l/. From the example above we can see that phoneme /b/ and /p/ are the distinctive sounds or phonemes that distinct between the word bill and pill.

They are abstract mental representations of the phonological units of a language. One phoneme may be realized phonetically as more than one phone or phonetic segment. The different phones that are the realizations of a phoneme are called the allophones of that phoneme. To distinguish between a phoneme and its allophones, a phoneme will be signaled with slashes / / while allophones with bracket [].

The sound in languages is divided into two general classes. The first class is the consonant while the second category is the vowel. Consonants are still categorized into two sub-classes based on places of articulation and manner of articulation.

In the knowledge of English, there are certain strings of phonemes which are permissible and other are not. For example, after a consonant such as [b], [g], [k], or [p], another stop consonant is not permitted by the rules of the grammar. It

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is stated that no more than three sequential consonants can occur at the beginning of a word and these three are restricted to [s] + [p, t, k] + [l, r, w, y]. These constraints on sequences of segments are called phonotactic constraints.

Phonetic constraints limit the possible phonological shapes of the stems and words. At their most basic, phonetic constraints determine the minimum length of content words in particular languages. For example, in Mohawk, each content word contains at least two syllables (Michelson 1988, cited by Hayes 1995:47). Other languages require that content words consist of at least a heavy syllable, where heavy means that the syllable contains a long vowel, diphthong, or a vowel and a weight bearing consonant.

Words in some language may also be phonemically distinguished by prosodic or suprasegmental features, such as pitch, stress, and segment duration or length. Languages in which syllables or words are contrasted by pitch are called tone languages. Intonation languages may use pitch variations to distinguish meanings of phrases and sentences. In English, words and phrases may be differentiated by stress, as in the contrast between the noun ‘pervert in which the first syllable is stressed, and the verb per’vert in which the final syllable is stressed.

The relationship between the phonemic representation of words and sentences and the phonetic representation (the pronunciation of these words and sentences) is determined by general phonological rules. there are some of phonological rules such as assimilation rules, deletion rules, etc. Assimilation rules is the process in which a sound takes on the characteristics of a neighboring

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sound. There are two necessary components that define assimilation which are a sound that changes (assimilating sound) and the sound that causes the change (the conditing sound) while deletion rules is rule that delete phonemic segments in certain contexts.

The example of assimilation rule : in+direct :indirect

in+potent:impotent in+mature:immature 5. Theory of Word Meaning

A word, as a basic unit of the language, play important rule toward the development of any linguistic field. Rochelle Lieber defined a word as a sequence of one or more morphemes that can stand alone in a language. (Lieber.2009:12), meaning to say, a word is a fundamental element in the term of the use of language.

In the book entitled An Introduction to English Morphology Words and Their Structure. Carstairs (Carstairs, 2002:5) states:

“a word is not just a building-block of sentences: it’s a building-block with a meaning that is unpredictable or at least sufficiently unpredictable that learners of English, and even sometimes native speakers, may need to consult a dictionary in order to discover it.”

From the statement above, we can see that the word always has its own meaning when it is used in certain sentence or any linguistic term. A word is constructed with morphemes. However, a word is not constructed only with morphemes but also with the affix. Therefore, the meaning of a word is not only affected by the meaning of morpheme but also the meaning of affix so the meaning will be unpredictable. Consulting the dictionary can be a way to find out

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the meaning of the certain words but we just can find the meaning of a word as a single unit. There are three main types of the word’s meaning which are lexical meaning, grammatical meaning, and also pragmatic meaning. Lexical meaning is the meaning of words which are found in the dictionary. Grammatical meaning is the meaning related to syntactic arrangement and grammar. Pragmatic meaning is the meaning that is associated with the use of language varieties in the discourse. C. Theoretical Framework

There are four theories used to analyze the problem in this study. Those four theories are theory of morpheme, theory of inflectional and derivational, theory of borrowing in English Language, theory of phonology and phonetics, and theory of word meaning.

Each of the theories above has their own function in this study. The theory of morpheme is the basic theory to find out the form of the stem each complex word in the data before the word is attached to the prefix {en-} or the suffix {-en}. The theory of borrowing in English Language can be very useful to determine the origin of each stem. This study uses theory of phonology and phonetic to analyze deeper about the characteristics of the stem from the complex words which are attached to the prefix {en-} or the suffix {-en}. This theory also will be very useful to know the changing of the phonological term before and after the {en-} prefixation or {-en} suffixation.

While the theory of inflection and derivation, and theory of word meaning will have important contribution to examine the meaning of the complex words which are attached to the prefix {en-} or the suffix {-en}. Finding out the meaning

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here also help the study to determine the function of each prefix {en-} or each suffix {-en} when they are applied to the stem and examine deeper the category of the complex word. Later, by using these theory, we can also compare and find the differences between the prefix {en-} or the suffix {-en} from the three previous analysis.

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study

The objects of this study are words with the affix {en}. This study use Oxford Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary as primary data source. The reason of choosing it as a source is because Oxford Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary is reliable dictionary for academic purposes, especially for linguistic need. In addition, this dictionary is used by most of the students so hopefully the reader will be more familiar with the data that are used in this study.

B. Approach of the Study

In this research, the writer used a morphological approach to answer the problems. A morphological approach is a study which identifies the words, morphemes, and affixes. A morphological approach is used to identify my study because the data were considered as derived words. However, in this study the knowledge about phonology is also used since word formation require some changes of phonological aspect which is called phonological conditioning.

C. Method of The Study

For this study, the present writer conducted a library research while method of the study was an empirical study. The present writer used an empirical study because the primary data was gathered first hand by the present writer. The purpose of library research was to find sources, theories and supporting data to complete this study which would be used for analyzing part both data collection and in analyzing process.

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1. Data Collection

In the section of the data collection, the data of {en-} prefixation was taken from Oxford Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary as the main source of the primary data. The data of the complex words of the {en-} prefixation was taken using population method in the certain page with the initial letters {en}. While the data of complex words of the {-en} suffixation was taken from Oxford Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary using population method base on alphabetic sequence it means the data was collected on each page. Although in the process of collecting the data, the present writer found stem with both prefix and suffix {en-...-en}. After the data was collected, the data was put in the table to classify the words that contain stems with prefix {en-}, suffix {-en}, and both prefix and suffix {en-...-en}. Then the present writer classified the words that contain stems with prefix {en-}, suffix {-en}, and both prefix and suffix {en} in lexical categories into different table. After that, the present writer selected the table which contain adjective stems with prefix {en-}, suffix {-en}, and both prefix and suffix {en-...-en}. The last step was providing the stem’s phonetics transcription and the meaning of the stem.

2. Data Analysis

The data analysis on this thesis was divided into four main sections. Each section also consists of several steps in order to analyze deeply. For the first section, the present writer tries to analyze the characteristics of the adjective stem with the prefix {en-}. The characteristics will be analyzed based on the origin, and syllable. First, the origin the prefix {en} and the suffix {-en} along with the stems

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will be checked in the etymology dictionary to know the origin of the affix {en} and the stems. Then, the stem will be analyzed based on morphology feature such as syllable so the present writer will know if there is a connection between the characteristics to the reason the stems can be attached to the prefix {en-} or the suffix {-en} separately.

For the second section, the data will be analyzed in based on phonology analysis. The analysis will include the phonology rule and the changes in the complex words. The first step is to try to identify the data that undergo phonology rules through the phonetics transcription of the stems and complex words. Then analyzing the phonological conditioning or the phonology rules that affect the word formation of the {en-} prefixation of {-en} suffixation. This step has the purpose to know the changes that occur when the word formation is happened.

In the third section, the data will be analyzed based on the changes in meaning. First step is try to find out the meaning of the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en} and the meaning of stems. The second step is to analyze the changes of meaning before and after the word formation. After finding the changes of the meaning, the complex words will be analyzed as the function change along with the meaning. this step has the purpose to know the affect of word formation on meaning and function and to analyze deeper on the characteristics of the complex word after the process of word formation.

The fourth section, the data will be compared to see the differences on the data. The first step is to try to find the differences in the characteristics, phonological influence and the meaning of both the stem word and the complex

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word which are attached to the prefix {en-} or the suffix {-en} in the three previous section. The purpose of this step is to highlight the unique characteristics of each stems of the prefix {en-} or the suffix {-en} which influence the process of affixation.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter will provide the result of the data collection and the analysis in order to answer the problems which are formulated in the sub-chapter problem formulation in chapter one. In analyzing the detail of the data, the present writer selected word that should be treated as the data or not, even though they also have morpheme {en} in the initial position or final position of the word with adjective stem. For example, the word encore is not included as the data because the word encore is not the result of word-formation in term of prefixation. Actually in English, we have word core, but the word core is not the stem of the word encore because it does not have similarity in concept between the word core and the word encore. The word encore is not composed by the prefix {en-} + stem core but it has been borrowed in form of complex word. The word encore was borrowed from French in early 18th centuries and still used until now.

After collecting the data, the researcher found about six complex words of {en-} prefixation and twenty five complex words of {-en} suffixation with adjective stem. All of those words are collected from Oxford Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Totally, there are thirty two words collected as shown on the table below.

Affix {en} Stem Occurrences Percentage

Prefix Adjective 6 21,9%

Suffix Adjective 25 78,1%

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Arnold (1993) states that the affixes which can still be used to create a new word indicate that the affixes are productive while the less productive ones means may have been used in the past to create a lot of words, but now they are not. This condition also happened in affix {en} through adjective stem. Based on the table 1, we can see that the suffix {-en} is relatively more productive rather than the prefix {en-}. Even though the prefix {en-} is quite productive in the other lexical stem such as noun and verb, the prefix {en-} in the adjective stem is less productive. We found the {en-} prefixation on adjective stems is less productive because there are many constraint in adjective stems that have to be considered to attach the prefix {en-}.

This chapter is divided into four main sections. On the four main sections, the first section is characteristic analysis of adjective stems from complex words which are attached to the prefix {en-} or the suffix {-en}. The aim of the first section is to present the characteristics of the adjective stem words from the complex words which are attached to the prefix {en-} or the suffix {-en}. The second section is the phonological analysis on the word-formation of the complex words which are attached to the prefix {en-} or the suffix {-en}. The third section is the analysis of the changes of the meaning and the function of the prefix {-en} or the suffix {-en} in the process of word formation. The last section contains the differences of the {en-} prefixation and the {-en} suffixation from the three previous section.

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A. The Characteristics of Adjective Stems Attached to the Prefix {en-} and The Suffix {-en}

From the whole content of Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary as the main object of the study, there are seven complex words which are attached to the prefix {en-}. All those seven words would be the primary data of this study.

1. The Characteristics of Adjective Stems Attached to the Prefix {en-} endear dear enlarge large

enrich rich ennoblenoble enable able ensuresure

There are six occurrences of the adjective stem from the complex words which are attached to the prefix {en-}. The first discussion is an analysis of the etymology of the stem. There are two words of adjective stem which are originally borrowed from Old English of Germanic origin. Those examples of the adjective stem from Old English of Germanic origin such as dear  endear and rich  enrich. The origins of the word can be seen in the explanation below (the Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, 1966):

dear: Old English dēore, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch dier 'beloved', also to Dutch duur and German teuer'expensive'.

rich: Old English rīce powerful, wealthy, of Germanic origin, related to Dutch rijk and German reich; ultimately from Celtic; reinforced in Middle English by Old French riche rich, powerful.

From this example, we can see that dear and rich are belong to Germanic Origin. Besides, there are also some adjective words which are borrowed from Middle English of Old French language such as able  enable, large enlarge, noble ennoble, and sure ensure. The origins of the word can be seen in the explanation below (the Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, 1966):

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able : late Middle English (also in the sense 'easy to use, suitable'): from Old French hable, from Latin habilis'handy', from habere 'to hold'.

large : Middle English (in the sense liberal in giving, lavish, ample in quantity): via Old French from Latin larga, feminine of largus copious.

noble : Middle English: from Old French, from Latin (g)nobilis noted, high-born, from an Indo-European root shared by know.

sure : Middle English: from Old French sur, from Latin securus free from care. From the data about etymological analysis above, we can conclude that most of the adjective of the prefix {en-} are originally from Middle English of Old French. From the etymological determination above, we can see that the most of the stems are derived from Old French and the prefix {en-} itself also originally derived from Old Frenchand productive in English.

The second discussion is adjective classification based on adjective morphological classification. There are four stems that belong to monosyllabic word. Monosyllabic words mean that the word has one syllable. For example, large, rich, dear, and sure are categories as monosyllabic. While there are three stems are considered disyllabic. Disyllabic words mean that the word has more than one syllable. For example, bitter, able, and noble belong to disyllabic. It concluded that the stems that attached to the prefix {en-} are mostly monosyllabic.

2. The Characteristics of Adjective Stems Attached to the Suffix {-en} At the end of the data collection, there are twenty five words which are attached to the suffix {-en} found in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. The first analysis about the characteristics of the stem attached to the suffix {-en} is the analysis based on etymological analysis. Most of the stems are borrowed from Old English of Germanic origin. There are about twenty two (21) complex words

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which the stems are from Old English of Germanic Origin. Some example of the complex words which the stem derived from Old English are:

Black  Blacken Sad Sadden Bright  Brighten Dark  Darken Fat  Fatten Hard  Harden Quick  Quicken Sharp Sharpen Short  Shorten

The origins of the word can be seen in the explanation below (the Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, 1966):

Sad : Old English sæd sated, weary, also weighty, dense, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch zat and German satt, from an Indo-European root shared by Latin satis enough. The original meaning was replaced in Middle English by the senses steadfast, firm and serious, sober, and later sorrowful.

Fat : Old English fǣtt well fed, plump, also fatty, oily, of West Germanic origin; related to Dutch vet and German feist

Weak: Old English wāc pliant, of little worth, not steadfast, reinforced in Middle English by Old Norse veikr, from a Germanic base meaning yield, give way. There are also some words which are borrowed from late Middle English of Old French. This study found three stems which are borrowed from Old French such as in the words flat  flatten, loose  loosen, moist  moisten. The origins of the word can be seen in the explanation below (the Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, 1966):

Flat : Middle English: from Old Norse flatr.noun sense 1early 19th cent. (Denoting a floor or storey): alteration of obsolete flet floor, dwelling, of Germanic origin and related to flat level.

Loose : Middle English loos free from bonds, from Old Norse lauss, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch and German los.

Moist : late Middle English: from Old French moiste, based on Latin mucidus mouldy (influenced by musteus fresh, from mustum, neuter (used as a noun) of mustus new).

From the etymological determination above, we can see that most of the stems are derived from Old English of Germanic Origin and the suffix {-en} itself also originally derived from Old English from word –nian.

The second discussion is adjective classification based on adjective morphological classification. In the data of adjective stems in {en-} suffixation,

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the words bright, cheap, dark, fat, hard, light, quick, sharp, moist, glad, flat, sad and short belong to monosyllabic words. So all adjective stems in the {-en} suffixation belong to monosyllabic words. However, not all adjective monosyllabic word can be attached to suffix {-en} such as dry, free, new, blank, blind, and clean. It prove that suffix {-en} have a derivational constraint to other stem. This constraint will be explained further in the phonological analysis.

B. Phonological Analysis in the Process of the Deadjectival Verbs

1. Phonological Analysis in the Process of the Deadjectival Verbs in {en-} Prefixation

The next analysis on the deadjectival verbs of the prefix {en-} will be discussed from phonological analysis. The data collection on this study also covers phonetic transcription both of the complex words and the stem words of the prefix {en-}. The aim of this phonological analysis is to examine whether there are some phonological modification before and after the stem words attached to the prefix {en-} and the constraint in performing word formation on the stems.

Generally, the form of the phonetic transcription on the initial position of the complex words is in the different form. The phonetic transcription from the prefix {en-} is /ɪn/ and /ɛn/. This study found that there is a phonological influence between the stem words and the complex words. The phonological influence here concerns with the changes before and after the addition of the prefix {en-}. This study notices that when the stem word with consonant [b] in the initial position,

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the prefix {en-} will change to /ɛm/ or /ɪm/. This modification involves allomorph.

Based on English phonology, consonant [b] belong to bilabial articulation which is [p, b, and m]. When stem has consonant of [p,b,m] or [l,r] meet with the prefix which has consonant [n] which are belong to alveolar in its final position, the consonant [n] will change into the same categories of the nearest or neighborhood allomorph. This phonological phenomenon is called assimilation rule. Assimilation rule which assimilates one segment to another by ‘copying’ or ‘spreading’ a feature of sequential phoneme, making the two phones more similar. There is assimilation process in the {en-} prefixation. For example, The assimilation rule of consonant [n] to [m] is called nasal assimilation because [n] is included as nasal consonant. The example of the assimilation in the study is enbitter  embitter. The process can be seen in:

Underlying forms #ɛn+#bɪtə# Nasal assimilation M

Surface forms /ɛmbɪtə/

There are other examples of assimilation rule in the {en} prefixation. For example, enlarge /ɛnˈlɑːdʒ/, endear /ɛnˈdɪə/, ennoble /ɛnˈnəʊb(ə)l/, and enrich /ɪn'rɪtʃ/. These example actually undergo assimilation process though it does not shows the changes of the consonant [n] because consonants [l], [d], [n], and [r] already belong to alveolar.

There are constraints why {en-} prefixation stems cannot be attached to suffix {-en}. For example, we find enlarge /ɛnˈlɑːdʒ/, endear /ɛnˈdɪə/, ennoble

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/ɛnˈnəʊb(ə)l/ and embitter /ɛmbɪtə/ but we cannot find *largen, *dearen, *noblen, and *bitteren. It is because the stem dear /ˈdɪə/, noble /ˈnəʊb(ə)l/, bitter/bɪtə/ have sonorant in the final letter which is vowel /ɪə/, /ə/ and lateral /l/ and voiced affricates /dʒ/ in the stem large /ˈlɑːdʒ/. So the stem that can be attached to prefix {en-} have vowel, bilabial consonants [m, n, p, b], alveolar consonants [t, d, l, r], velar [g] and voiceless fricatives [f,s] in the initial letter and sonorant (vowel, nasal, liquid) in final letter. There is a constraint on the {en-} prefixation of adjective stems. There are adjective stems that cannot be attached to the prefix {en-} such as white, hard, black, bright, etc because the stems have the consonant with the glide /w, h/ in initial letter such as white, wide, and weak and liquid [l,r] in the second letter such as black and bright eventhough there is bilabial consonant in the initial letter.

The other phonological analysis on the stem words of the prefix {en-} is about the stress shift. In Victoria Fromkin’s opinion, one or more of the syllables in each content word (words other than ‘little words’ such as to, the, a, of, and so on) are stressed. A stress shift is a phonological process when the stress pattern change or has different position after the word is added by the inflectional or derivational prefixes or suffixes. In the English phonetic transcription, stress pattern is symbolized with an apostrophe (‘) before the stressed syllable of the word.

Based on the analysis of the data of the prefix {en-}, this study finds a stress shift between the stem words and the complex words added by the prefix {en-}. This phenomenon can be examined by analyzing the phonetic transcription of the stem words and complex words. For example when we have the word bitter 

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embitter (/ˈbɪtə//ɛmˈbɪtə/), the stress position change from first syllable to second syllable. The process of stress shift can be seen in notation below:

Underlying forms //#bɪtə# #ɛm+#bɪtə#// Stress position +stress

+stress

Surface forms /'bɪtə ɛm'bɪtə/

The other example is when we have the word able  enable (/1ˈeɪb(ə)l//1ɛˈn2eɪb(ə)l/), there are stress shift changes. The stress shifts are moving from stressing the vocal /e/ to stressing the consonant [n]. The process of stress shift can be seen in notation below:

Underlying forms //#eɪb(ə)l# #ɛn+#eɪb(ə)l#// Stress position +stress Stress Insertion +stress Surface forms /ˈeɪb(ə)l ɛˈneɪb(ə)l/

From the first and the second examples, we can see that the stem has one or more than one syllable (poly-syllabic), the possibility of changing the stress pattern of the complex words are high. However the changes happened only on syllabic point of view while the stress remains in the stem.

2. Phonological Analysis in The Process of the Deadjectival Verbs in {-en} Suffixation

The next analysis on the deadjectival verbs of the suffix {-en} will be discussed from the phonological analysis. The data collection on this study also covers on phonetic transcription both of the complex words and the stem words of the suffix {-en}. Not only the phonetic transcription, but this study will also try to analyze the stress shift between the stem words and the complex words of the

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suffix {-en}. The aim of this phonological analysis is to examine whether there is some phonological change before and after the stem words attached to the suffix {-en}.

Generally, the form of phonetic transcription on the final position of the complex words is in the same form. The phonetic transcription from the suffix {-en} is /(ə)n/. This study found that there are phonological change between the stem words and complex words. The phonological change here concerns with the consonant change before and after the addition of the suffix {-en}.

The suffix {–en} can be attach to fricatives and stop as follows:

Quicken /ˈkwɪk. ən/ , Roughen /ˈrʌf. ə n/, Cheapen /ˈtʃiː.p ə n/

From the data of adjective stem of the suffix {-en}, we can see that all of the stem are monosyllabic stems. The stems end with stop and fricative [k, d, f, p] are obstruent. It means that the suffix {-en} can only be attached to adjective stem if adjective stem is monosyllabic stem and only if they end in an obstruent.

This study notices that when we have stem word with two consonant in which the consonant is considered as obstruent in the final position. There will be deletion of the consonant [t] in the final position. For example;

Soft Soften (/sɔːft// 'sɔːfn/)

Moist Moisten (/mɔɪst//ˈmɔɪs(ə)n/) Fast Fasten (/fɑːst//ˈfɑːs(ə)n/)

There is a process of deletion when a stem has two obstruent, phonological rules applied to delete the [t]. The notion will be state: [t] ᶲ/ C[+fricative] _V.

underlying forms //#sɔːft# #sɔːft#+(ə)n#//

T-deletion 0

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The suffix {–en} is attached to stem which already pass the process of deletion, namely sof-, mois-, and fas-. This means that the condition must be stated as: the suffix {-en} attaches to monosyllabic stems which end in obstruent.

This rule also make a constraint for the productivity of the suffix {-en}. The word quick, black, loose, thick, tough, cheap, and white are possible to attach to the suffix {-en} however, not all adjective monosyllabic word can be attached to suffix {-en} such as dry, free, new, blank, blind, and clean. We cannot have *dryen, *freen, *newen, *blanken, *blinden, and *cleanen. It is because dry /draɪ/ , free /fri/, new /nju/, blank /blæŋk/, blind /blaɪnd/, and clean /klin/ have sonorant /aɪ, i, u/ in the final letter of the stem dry, free, and new and nasal /n/ and glide /ŋ/ before the final letter which is a stop /k,d/. So the stems that can be attached to suffix {-en} have a consonant with stop, and fricatives in final letter while the stem that cannot be attached to suffix {-en} have vowel, liquid, voiced affricate and nasal in final letter.

In this study also found that some of the deadjectival verb form pairs of antonyms such as soften/harden, tighten/loosen, weaken/toughen, darken/lighten (brighten) however there are some that do not form the pair such as sweeten/*souren, lessen/*moren, thicken/*thinnen, and roughen/*smoothen.

C. The Meaning of The Deadjectival Verbs in the {en-} Prefixation and the {-en}Suffixation

This part is the next discussion about the meaning of the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en}. The aim of this part is to examine the function after the {en-}

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prefixation and the {-en}suffixation related to the meaning when the affixes are attached to certain word. The analysis on the meaning of the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en} is very important in order to answer the second problem formulation about the meaning of the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en}.

Probably, we will find more than one meaning from each prefix {en-} and suffix {-en} because the prefix {en} and the suffix {en} consider different morphemes which tent to have different meaning. However, this study will analyze the meaning of the prefix {en-} and the suffix {-en} step by step based on the stem. Besides, there are also another possibility of the problem we will find concerning the data about the meaning both on the complex word’s meaning and the stem’s meaning. As the data result, this study found that there are several complex words which are attached to the prefix {en-} or the suffix {-en} that have more than one meaning.

1. The Meaning of the Deadjectival Verbs in {en-} Prefixation endear (V) en- + dear (Adj)

enrich (V) en- + rich (Adj) ensure (V) en- + sure (Adj) enlarge (V) en- + large (Adj) embitter (V) en- + bitter (Adj) ennoble(V) en- + noble (Adj)

The prefix {en} form verbs endear, enrich, ensure, enlarge, embitter and ennoble from adjective base dear, rich, sure, large, bitter, and noble. These changes of lexical classes are proof that the prefix {en} is defined as derivational. As the derivational affixes, the prefix {en-} also has the certain function related to the meaning development. Based on the linguistic field, the prefix {en-} has meaning as “expressing conversion into the specified state”, “bring into the

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condition of”. The prefix {en-} occurred originally in loanwords from French and productive in English, forming verbs with the general sense “to cause (a person or thing) to be in” the place, condition, or state named by the stem; more specifically, in forming the verb through adjective: “to cause to be in” (enslave; entrust; enrich; encourage; endear). However, after the process of the {en-} prefixation, the meanings are slightly changed.

Based on the data result, there are three other meanings of the prefix {en-} when it is attached to the adjective stem. The first meaning is “make something or someone to X”. It means that by attaching the prefix {en-} to the adjective stem, it can produce the meaning related to make something to do X. The examples of the {en-} prefixation which produces the meaning as “make something or someone to do X” can be seen on the explanation below:

 Example 1 : bitter embitter

Change of meaning: feeling or showing anger, hurt, or resentment because of bad experiences or a sense of unjust treatment make someone feel bitter or resentful.

 Example 2 : large Enlarge

Change of meaning: of considerable of relatively great size, extent, or capacity  make or become larger of more extensive. Examples 1 and 2 show the changes of meaning from a state or description of something to an action. Example 1 bitter  embitter change the state of bitter to the action of making somebody to feel bitter. The example 2 large  enlarge change the description of large to an action which require redeveloping something to become larger.

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The second meaning is “give or provide something or someone to do X”. It means that by attaching the prefix {en-} to the adjective stem, it can produce the meaning related to giving or providing someone or something to do X.

 Example 3 : able  enable

Change of meaning : having the power, skill, means, or opportunity to do something  make something possible, Give (someone) the authority or means to do something.

 Example 4 : dear  endear

Change of meaning : regarded with deep affection  cause to be loved or liked

 Example 5 : sure  ensure

Change of meaning: certain to receive, get or do something  make certain of obtaining or providing something

In the example 3, 4, and 5, we can see the different meaning that can occur after the process of {en-} prefixation. In this example 3 and 5 are having the same concept of meaning. For example, the meaning of able is related to the meaning of having the quality and quantity to do something. This meaning will be change into giving the right to do something or providing someone to do something. In the example 4 dear is related to the affection but this concept change into causing someone to be loved or liked.

Example 6: rich  enrich

Change of meaning: having a great deal of money or assets  1)to improve the quality of something or 2) to make (somebody or something) rich or richer.

The third meaning is “improving X”. It means that by attaching the prefix {en-} to the adjective stem, it can produce the meaning related to improving X.

In the example 6, we can see the different meaning that can occur after the process of prefixation and somehow the few of them are not related with the meaning of the stem word. In this example the meaning of rich is related to the meaning of the second meaning of enrich which is related to having a quantity of

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assets or wealthy which in this case explain the improvement of gaining more the assets. However, the first one is not related at the meaning of the wealthy instead the meaning is more on the quality of something than quantity which means improving of gaining more knowledge.

Example 7: noble  ennoble

Change of meaning: 1) belonging by rank, title, or birth to aristocracy, 2) having or showing fine personal qualities or high moral principles  1) give someone a noble rank of title, 2) lead greater dignity or nobility of character. From example 7 above, we can see that the prefix {en-} can produce the meaning as “make someone or something to X”, giving or providing of something X, and improve X. These meaning shows that the complex words are doing some action. It means that the words are changed from just being a state word into an action word. So the function of the prefix {en-} is to change from adjective to verb. And this changes called the deadjectival verb which mean the verb is derived from adjective.

After the process of the deadjectival verb are done, the differences of the application of the deadjectival verb as a sentence component can be seen in the complex word. The differences can be seen based on the verb categories point of view. A verb that does not need any object in their usage as a sentence component is usually called as intransitive or intensive verb. While a verb that need any object in their usage as a sentence’s component is called transitive or extensive verb (Quirk et al 1980:14). The example of the sentence can be seen in the sentence below:

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Sentence: the evidence would enable us to arrive at firm conclusions. (WO/ to INF)

Based on the sentence that found in the data result as secondary data, we found that most of the deadjectival verbs except the verb ‘enlarge’ only belong to transitive verb. We can categorize the verbs as shown in the table:

The deadjectival Verbs

Morphological processes of the deadjectival verb affix {EN}

MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF THE DEADJECTIVAL

VERB AFFIX {EN}

MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF THE DEADJECTIVAL

VERB AFFIX {EN}

"Around here, however, we don’t look backwards

for very long. We keep moving forwards, opening

up new doors and doing new things, because

we’re curious… and curiosity keeps leading us

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Morphological processes of the deadjectival verb affix {EN}

MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF THE DEADJECTIVAL

VERB AFFIX {EN}

MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF THE DEADJECTIVAL

VERB AFFIX {EN}

"Around here, however, we don’t look backwards

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we’re curious… and curiosity keeps leading us

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