Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Dari Hasil Hidrolisis Crude Palm Oil dan Palm Kernel Oil
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Aehle, Wolfgang. (2004). Enzyme In Industry. Jerman : Wiley-VCH. Hal. 151153.
Alamu, O. J., Akintola, T. A., Enweremadu, C. C. and Adelleke, A. E. (2008).
Characterization of palm-kernel oil biodiesel produced through NaOHcatalysed transesterification process. Scientific Research and Assay. 3 (7),
308311.
AOCS Official Methode. (2009). Free fatty acid. Ca 5a-40.
Aziz, M., Florence, H dan Selim, K. (2015). Optimization of the hydrolysis of
safflower oil for the production of linoleic acid, used as flavor precursor:
Research Article. International Journal of Food Science. Volum 2. Hal. 110.
Barlianti,V., DelianaD., Muryanto; Eka, T. W., Yosia, R dan Yanni, S. (2015).
Enzymatic hydrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch toproduce reducing
sugar and its kinetic. Menara Perkebunan. Volum 83 (1). Hal. 37-43.
Bou, R., A. Aguilar J., Perpinan P., Ramos, M., Peris, L. Lorente dan A. Zúñiga.
(2006). Nosocomial outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections
related toaflexible bronchoscope. J Hosp Infect. Volum 64 (2). Hal. 12935.
CDC.(2014). http://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/pseudomonas.html.
tanggal 1 Desember 2016 pukul 00.45.
Diakses
Chamberlain, NR., Mehrtens, BG., Xiong, Z., Kapral, F. A., Boardman J. L.,
Rearick J. I. (1991). Correlation of carotenoid production, decreased
membrane fluidity, and resistance to oleic acid killing in Staphylococcus
aureus 18Z. Infect Immun. Volum 59. Hal. 4332–4337.
Choi, J., Nam-Hee, P., Seon-Yeon, H., Jae, H. S., Inseok, K., Kwang, K. C dan In,
S. C. (2013). The antibacterial activity of various saturated and unsaturated
fatty acids against several oral pathogens. Journal Of Environmetal
Biology. Volum 34. Hal. 673-676.
Choo, YM (1994). Palm oil carotenoids. Food Nutr. Bull. Volum15. Hal.130-137.
Chowdhury, K., L. A. Banu., S. Khan dan A. Latif. (2007). Studies on the fatty
acid composition of edible oil. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. Volum 42
(3). Hal. 311-316.
Conley, A. J dan Kabara, J. J. (1973). Antimicrobial action of esters of polyhydric
alcohols. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Volum 4 (5). Hal. 501506.
47
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Corley, R. H. V dan P. B. Tinker. (2003). The Oil Palm. Edisi keempat. Australia:
Wiley-Blackwell.
Departemen Kesehatan RI. (1979). Farmakope Indonesia. Edisi Ketiga. Jakarta:
Direktorat Jenderal POM RI. Hal. 807.
Desbois, Andrew P dan Valerie J. S. (2009). Antibacterial free fatty acids:
activities, mechanisms of action and biotechnological potential: Mini
Review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. Volum 85. Hal. 1629–1642.
Direktorat Jenderal POM RI. (2000). Parameter Standar Umum Ektrak
Tumbuhan Obat. Cetakan Pertama. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan RI
Direktorat Jenderal Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan Direktorat Pengawasan
Obat Tradisional. Hal. 17, 19.
Fauzi, Y., Widyastuti, Y. E., Satyawibawa, I dan Hartono, R. (2004). Kelapa
Sawit. Bogor: Penebar Swadaya. Hal. 22-50.
Fischer, C.L., David, R. D., Deborah, V. D., Derek, R. B., Kim, A. B dan Philip,
W.W. (2012). Antibacterial activity of sphingoid bases and fatty acids
against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. AAC.SSM.ORG. Hal.
1157–1161.
Gaman, P. M dan Sherington, B. (1992). Pengantar Ilmu Pangan Nutrisi Dan
Mikrobiologi. Edisi Kedua. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gajah Mada Press.
Gandhi, N. N. (1997). Application Of Lipase. JAOCS. AOCS Press.Vol 74.
Gunstone, F. D. (2002). Vegetable Oils In Food Technology: Composition,
Properties And Uses. Paris: Blackwell Publishing.
Gunstone, F. D. (2004). The Chemistry Of Oils And Fats: Sources, Composition,
Properties,And Uses. Oxford : CRC Press. Hal. 95-96.
Kabara, J. J., Dennis, M. S., Anthony J. C dan Joseph P. T. (1972). Fatty acids and
derivatives as antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial Agents And
Chemotherapy, American Society for Microbiology. Volum : 2 (1). Hal. 2328.
Kabara, J. J., Swieczkowski, D.M., Conley, A. J dan Truant, J. P. (1972). Fatty
acids and derivatives as antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial Agents
Chemotheraphy. Volum 2 (1). Hal. 23-28.
Ken, F., Waka, I., Jumpei, U., Mohammad, R., Shin-ichiro, K., Tamae, M.,
Asako, M., Tamaki, S., Shigenou, M., Masanori, D dan Atsuki, F. (2012).
Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis in mice: effects of topical bacteriophage
kpp12 administration. Plos One.Volum 7 (10). Hal. 1-8.
48
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Kelly, P. M., Oldfield, D. J dan Teehan, C. M. (1999). Coffee Stability of
Agglomerated whole Milk Powder and other Dairy Creamer Emulsion
(Coffee-Stability of dried Creamer). Ireland: The Dairy Products Research
Centre.
Kenny, J. G., Ward, D., Josefsson, E., Jonsson, I. M., Hinds, J., Rees, H. H.,
Lindsay, J. A., Tarkowski, A dan Horsburgh, M. J. (2009). The
Staphylococcus aureus response to unsaturated long chain free fatty acids:
survival mechanisms and virulence implications. Plos One. Volum 4. Hal.
4344.
Ketaren, S. (2005). Minyak dan Lemak Pangan. Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas
Indonesia. Hal. 49-65.
Kok, S., Ong-Abdullah M., Ee, G. C dan Namasivayam, P. (2011). Comparison of
nutrient composition in kernel of tenera and clonal materials of oil palm
(Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Food Chemistry. Volum 129. Hal. 1343-1347.
Kouski, M., Masoomeh, N dan Fatemeh, C. (2015). Physico-chemical properties,
fatty acid profile and nutrition in palm oil. Journal of Paramedical Sciences.
Volum : 6 (3). Hal. 117-134.
Li, R., Qiuyu, X., Minmin, T., Songlin, Z., Weijun, C., Xintao, L dan Xinpeng, B.
(2012). Chemical composition of Chinese palm fruit and chemical
properties of the oil extracts. African Journal of Biotechnology. Vol. 11
(39). Hal. 9377-9382.
Loung, Floriana Sundari. (2014). Aktivitas antibakteri hasil hidrolisis enzimatik
minyak kelapa murni dan minyak inti sawit terhadap Staphylococcus
Aureus dan Salmonella Thypi serta Escherichia Coli. Tesis. Medan:
Universitas Sumatera Utara. Hal. 40.
Macinni, A., Esther, I., Ersilia, N., Concetta, M., Aurora, D., Stefania, O dan
Pasqualina, B. (2015). Biological and nutritional properties of palm oil and
palmitic acid: Effects on Health. Review. Molecules 20.
Mahmoud, G. A., Mostafa, M. M., Koutb, F. M. M dan Magdy, M. K. B. (2015).
Characterization of lipase enzyme produced by hydrocarbons utilizing
fungus Aspergillus terreus. European Journal of Biological Research.
Volum 5 (3). Hal. 70-77.
Mangoensoekarjo, S dan Semangun, H. (2008). Managemen Agrobisnis Kelapa
Sawit. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press.
Mayasari, E. (2006). Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Karakterisitik, Infeksi dan
Penanganan. Medan : USU Repository.
Muchtadin, T. D. (1992). Karakteristik komponen intrinsik utama buah kelapa
sawit (Elais guineensis, Jacq) dalam rangka optimalisasi proses ekstraksi
49
Universitas Sumatera Utara
minyak dan pemanfaatan provitamin A. Disertasi. Bogor: Sekolah
Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Murzin, D. Y. and Simakova, I. L. (2008). Kinetic aspect of stereoselectivity in
hydrogenation of fatty acids. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A:
Chemical. No. 286, 156161.
Muthezhilan, R., Yogananth, N., Priyanka dan A, Jaffar Hussain. (2012). Fatty
acid composition and antimicrobial activity of Solanum torvum SW:
Research Article. Journal Of Modern Biotechnology. Volum 1 (2). Hal.
75–78.
Ngando-Ebongue, G. F., Mpondo-Mpondo, E. A dan Ewane, M. A. (2013). Some
quality parameters of crude palm oil from major markets of Douala,
Cameroon. African Journal of Food Science.Volum 7(12). Hal. 473-478.
Nik Norulaini, N. A., Md, Z. I. S., Anuar, O dan Mohd, O. A. K. (2004).
Supercritical enhancement for separation of lauric acid and oleic acid in
palm kernel oil (PKO). Separation and Purification Technology. No. 35.
Hal. 55-60.
Oil world Ista Mielke GmbH. (2007). Oil world annual 2006.
(Germany).
Hamburg
Oxoid. (1998). The Oxoid Manual. The 8th Edition. England.
Pantzaris, T. P dan Ahmad, M. J. (2002). Properties and utilization of palm kernel
oil. Palm Oil Dev. Volum 35. Hal. 11-23.
Pinheiro, Millena R. S., Heloisa, R. L., Renata, G. L. M dan M, Amélia M. (2008).
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: factors relating to mortality with
emphasis on resistance pattern and antimicrobial treatment. The Brazilian
Journal of Infectious Diseases. Volum 12(6). Hal. 509-515.
Poedjiadi, A. (1994). Dasar – dasar Biokimia. Jakarta : UI-Press.
Puguh, Setyapratomo. (2012). Produksi asam lemak dari minyak kelapa sawit
dengan proses hidrolisis. Jurnal Teknik Kimia. Volum: 7 (1). Hal. 26-31.
R, Santos D., Pimenta-Freire, G., Figueiredo, F. J. B dan Dias-Souza, M. V.
(2016). Interference of flavonoids and carotenoids on the antimicrobial
activity of some drugs against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. International Food Research Journal. Volum 23 (3). Hal. 12681273.
Radji, Maksum. (2013). Buku Ajar Mikrobiologi Panduan Mahasiswa Farmasi
dan Kedokteran. Jakarta : EGC.
50
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Raharja, S., Prayoga, S dan Teni, O. (2011). Hidrolisis enzimatik minyak ikan
untuk produksi asam lemak omega-3 menggunakan lipase dari Aspergillus
niger. Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pangan. Volum: 22 (1). Hal. 64-72.
Rani, S. N. N. A., Herlina, A. R., Rashidah, G dan Noramli, A. R. (2015). Free
fatty acid assessment of crude palm oil using a non-destructive approach.
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International
Journal of Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical
Engineering. Vol: 9 (1). Hal. 58-61.
Rossell, J. B., King, B dan Downes, M. J. (1985). Composition of oil. Journal of
American Oil Chemist Society. No 62, Hal. 221-230.
Rossell, J. B. (1985). Fractionation of lauric oils. Journal of American Oil
Chemist Society. 62, 485-490.
Sambanthamurthi, R., Sundram, K dan Tan, Y. (2000). Chemistry and
biochemistry of palm oil. Prog. Lipid Res. Volum 39. Hal. 507-558.
Salimon, J., Bashar, M. A dan Nadia, S. (2011). Hydrolysis optimization and
characterization study of preparing fatty acids from Jatropha curcas seed
oil. Chemistry Central Journal. Volum 5 (67). Hal. 1-9.
Selvamohan, T, V. Ramadas dan T. A, Sathya. (2015). Optimization of lipase
enzyme activity produced by Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens isolated from rock
lobster Panlirus homarus. International Journal of Modern Engineering
Research. Vol.2 (6). Hal. 4231-4234.
Silalahi, J., Romastauli, M dan Erly, S. (2014). Antibacterial activity of
hydrolyzed oils of different fatty acid composition against Salmonella thypi
and Lactobacillus plantarum. Pharm Tech Res. Volum 7 (2). Hal. 233-237.
Siregar, N. D. (2011). Penentuan ph dan suhu optimum untuk aktivitas ekstrak
kasar enzim lipase dari kecambah biji jarak kepyar (Ricinus communis l)
terhadap hidrolisis minyak wijen. Skripsi. Medan: Universitas Sumatera
Utara.
Sofwan, A. G. (2014. Minyak Nabati Utama dan Peran Dalam Nutrisi Manusia.
Medan : Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit.
Strateva, T dan Daniel Y. (2009). Review Pseudomonas aeruginosa – a
phenomenon of bacterial resistance. Journal of Medical Microbiology.
Volum 58. Hal. 1133–1148.
Sundram, K., Sambanthamurthi, R. dan Tan, YA (2003). Palm fruit chemistry and
nutrition. Asia Pac. J.Clin.Nutr. Volum 12 (3). Hal. 355-362.
Suwarto, dkk. (2014). Top 15 Tanaman Perkebunan. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya.
Hal. 136.
51
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Syah, A. N. A. (2008). Virgin Coconut Oil. Cetakan Kedua. Jakarta: Agromedia
Pustaka.
Villari, P., C, Sarnataro dan L, Iacuzio. (2000). Molecular epidemiology of
Staphylococcus epidermidis in a neonatal intensive care unit over a threeyear period. Journal Of Clinical Microbiology. Volum 38 (5). Hal. 17401746.
Xiao, H. (2007). Low trans fatty acid containing hydrogenated edible oils. Tesis.
Ohio: Miami University.
Winarno, F. G. (1983). Enzim Pangan. Jakarta: PT Gramedia.
Wiseman, J. (1984). Fats in animal nutrition. London: Butterworths.
52
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Aehle, Wolfgang. (2004). Enzyme In Industry. Jerman : Wiley-VCH. Hal. 151153.
Alamu, O. J., Akintola, T. A., Enweremadu, C. C. and Adelleke, A. E. (2008).
Characterization of palm-kernel oil biodiesel produced through NaOHcatalysed transesterification process. Scientific Research and Assay. 3 (7),
308311.
AOCS Official Methode. (2009). Free fatty acid. Ca 5a-40.
Aziz, M., Florence, H dan Selim, K. (2015). Optimization of the hydrolysis of
safflower oil for the production of linoleic acid, used as flavor precursor:
Research Article. International Journal of Food Science. Volum 2. Hal. 110.
Barlianti,V., DelianaD., Muryanto; Eka, T. W., Yosia, R dan Yanni, S. (2015).
Enzymatic hydrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch toproduce reducing
sugar and its kinetic. Menara Perkebunan. Volum 83 (1). Hal. 37-43.
Bou, R., A. Aguilar J., Perpinan P., Ramos, M., Peris, L. Lorente dan A. Zúñiga.
(2006). Nosocomial outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections
related toaflexible bronchoscope. J Hosp Infect. Volum 64 (2). Hal. 12935.
CDC.(2014). http://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/pseudomonas.html.
tanggal 1 Desember 2016 pukul 00.45.
Diakses
Chamberlain, NR., Mehrtens, BG., Xiong, Z., Kapral, F. A., Boardman J. L.,
Rearick J. I. (1991). Correlation of carotenoid production, decreased
membrane fluidity, and resistance to oleic acid killing in Staphylococcus
aureus 18Z. Infect Immun. Volum 59. Hal. 4332–4337.
Choi, J., Nam-Hee, P., Seon-Yeon, H., Jae, H. S., Inseok, K., Kwang, K. C dan In,
S. C. (2013). The antibacterial activity of various saturated and unsaturated
fatty acids against several oral pathogens. Journal Of Environmetal
Biology. Volum 34. Hal. 673-676.
Choo, YM (1994). Palm oil carotenoids. Food Nutr. Bull. Volum15. Hal.130-137.
Chowdhury, K., L. A. Banu., S. Khan dan A. Latif. (2007). Studies on the fatty
acid composition of edible oil. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. Volum 42
(3). Hal. 311-316.
Conley, A. J dan Kabara, J. J. (1973). Antimicrobial action of esters of polyhydric
alcohols. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Volum 4 (5). Hal. 501506.
47
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Corley, R. H. V dan P. B. Tinker. (2003). The Oil Palm. Edisi keempat. Australia:
Wiley-Blackwell.
Departemen Kesehatan RI. (1979). Farmakope Indonesia. Edisi Ketiga. Jakarta:
Direktorat Jenderal POM RI. Hal. 807.
Desbois, Andrew P dan Valerie J. S. (2009). Antibacterial free fatty acids:
activities, mechanisms of action and biotechnological potential: Mini
Review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. Volum 85. Hal. 1629–1642.
Direktorat Jenderal POM RI. (2000). Parameter Standar Umum Ektrak
Tumbuhan Obat. Cetakan Pertama. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan RI
Direktorat Jenderal Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan Direktorat Pengawasan
Obat Tradisional. Hal. 17, 19.
Fauzi, Y., Widyastuti, Y. E., Satyawibawa, I dan Hartono, R. (2004). Kelapa
Sawit. Bogor: Penebar Swadaya. Hal. 22-50.
Fischer, C.L., David, R. D., Deborah, V. D., Derek, R. B., Kim, A. B dan Philip,
W.W. (2012). Antibacterial activity of sphingoid bases and fatty acids
against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. AAC.SSM.ORG. Hal.
1157–1161.
Gaman, P. M dan Sherington, B. (1992). Pengantar Ilmu Pangan Nutrisi Dan
Mikrobiologi. Edisi Kedua. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gajah Mada Press.
Gandhi, N. N. (1997). Application Of Lipase. JAOCS. AOCS Press.Vol 74.
Gunstone, F. D. (2002). Vegetable Oils In Food Technology: Composition,
Properties And Uses. Paris: Blackwell Publishing.
Gunstone, F. D. (2004). The Chemistry Of Oils And Fats: Sources, Composition,
Properties,And Uses. Oxford : CRC Press. Hal. 95-96.
Kabara, J. J., Dennis, M. S., Anthony J. C dan Joseph P. T. (1972). Fatty acids and
derivatives as antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial Agents And
Chemotherapy, American Society for Microbiology. Volum : 2 (1). Hal. 2328.
Kabara, J. J., Swieczkowski, D.M., Conley, A. J dan Truant, J. P. (1972). Fatty
acids and derivatives as antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial Agents
Chemotheraphy. Volum 2 (1). Hal. 23-28.
Ken, F., Waka, I., Jumpei, U., Mohammad, R., Shin-ichiro, K., Tamae, M.,
Asako, M., Tamaki, S., Shigenou, M., Masanori, D dan Atsuki, F. (2012).
Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis in mice: effects of topical bacteriophage
kpp12 administration. Plos One.Volum 7 (10). Hal. 1-8.
48
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Kelly, P. M., Oldfield, D. J dan Teehan, C. M. (1999). Coffee Stability of
Agglomerated whole Milk Powder and other Dairy Creamer Emulsion
(Coffee-Stability of dried Creamer). Ireland: The Dairy Products Research
Centre.
Kenny, J. G., Ward, D., Josefsson, E., Jonsson, I. M., Hinds, J., Rees, H. H.,
Lindsay, J. A., Tarkowski, A dan Horsburgh, M. J. (2009). The
Staphylococcus aureus response to unsaturated long chain free fatty acids:
survival mechanisms and virulence implications. Plos One. Volum 4. Hal.
4344.
Ketaren, S. (2005). Minyak dan Lemak Pangan. Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas
Indonesia. Hal. 49-65.
Kok, S., Ong-Abdullah M., Ee, G. C dan Namasivayam, P. (2011). Comparison of
nutrient composition in kernel of tenera and clonal materials of oil palm
(Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Food Chemistry. Volum 129. Hal. 1343-1347.
Kouski, M., Masoomeh, N dan Fatemeh, C. (2015). Physico-chemical properties,
fatty acid profile and nutrition in palm oil. Journal of Paramedical Sciences.
Volum : 6 (3). Hal. 117-134.
Li, R., Qiuyu, X., Minmin, T., Songlin, Z., Weijun, C., Xintao, L dan Xinpeng, B.
(2012). Chemical composition of Chinese palm fruit and chemical
properties of the oil extracts. African Journal of Biotechnology. Vol. 11
(39). Hal. 9377-9382.
Loung, Floriana Sundari. (2014). Aktivitas antibakteri hasil hidrolisis enzimatik
minyak kelapa murni dan minyak inti sawit terhadap Staphylococcus
Aureus dan Salmonella Thypi serta Escherichia Coli. Tesis. Medan:
Universitas Sumatera Utara. Hal. 40.
Macinni, A., Esther, I., Ersilia, N., Concetta, M., Aurora, D., Stefania, O dan
Pasqualina, B. (2015). Biological and nutritional properties of palm oil and
palmitic acid: Effects on Health. Review. Molecules 20.
Mahmoud, G. A., Mostafa, M. M., Koutb, F. M. M dan Magdy, M. K. B. (2015).
Characterization of lipase enzyme produced by hydrocarbons utilizing
fungus Aspergillus terreus. European Journal of Biological Research.
Volum 5 (3). Hal. 70-77.
Mangoensoekarjo, S dan Semangun, H. (2008). Managemen Agrobisnis Kelapa
Sawit. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press.
Mayasari, E. (2006). Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Karakterisitik, Infeksi dan
Penanganan. Medan : USU Repository.
Muchtadin, T. D. (1992). Karakteristik komponen intrinsik utama buah kelapa
sawit (Elais guineensis, Jacq) dalam rangka optimalisasi proses ekstraksi
49
Universitas Sumatera Utara
minyak dan pemanfaatan provitamin A. Disertasi. Bogor: Sekolah
Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Murzin, D. Y. and Simakova, I. L. (2008). Kinetic aspect of stereoselectivity in
hydrogenation of fatty acids. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A:
Chemical. No. 286, 156161.
Muthezhilan, R., Yogananth, N., Priyanka dan A, Jaffar Hussain. (2012). Fatty
acid composition and antimicrobial activity of Solanum torvum SW:
Research Article. Journal Of Modern Biotechnology. Volum 1 (2). Hal.
75–78.
Ngando-Ebongue, G. F., Mpondo-Mpondo, E. A dan Ewane, M. A. (2013). Some
quality parameters of crude palm oil from major markets of Douala,
Cameroon. African Journal of Food Science.Volum 7(12). Hal. 473-478.
Nik Norulaini, N. A., Md, Z. I. S., Anuar, O dan Mohd, O. A. K. (2004).
Supercritical enhancement for separation of lauric acid and oleic acid in
palm kernel oil (PKO). Separation and Purification Technology. No. 35.
Hal. 55-60.
Oil world Ista Mielke GmbH. (2007). Oil world annual 2006.
(Germany).
Hamburg
Oxoid. (1998). The Oxoid Manual. The 8th Edition. England.
Pantzaris, T. P dan Ahmad, M. J. (2002). Properties and utilization of palm kernel
oil. Palm Oil Dev. Volum 35. Hal. 11-23.
Pinheiro, Millena R. S., Heloisa, R. L., Renata, G. L. M dan M, Amélia M. (2008).
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: factors relating to mortality with
emphasis on resistance pattern and antimicrobial treatment. The Brazilian
Journal of Infectious Diseases. Volum 12(6). Hal. 509-515.
Poedjiadi, A. (1994). Dasar – dasar Biokimia. Jakarta : UI-Press.
Puguh, Setyapratomo. (2012). Produksi asam lemak dari minyak kelapa sawit
dengan proses hidrolisis. Jurnal Teknik Kimia. Volum: 7 (1). Hal. 26-31.
R, Santos D., Pimenta-Freire, G., Figueiredo, F. J. B dan Dias-Souza, M. V.
(2016). Interference of flavonoids and carotenoids on the antimicrobial
activity of some drugs against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. International Food Research Journal. Volum 23 (3). Hal. 12681273.
Radji, Maksum. (2013). Buku Ajar Mikrobiologi Panduan Mahasiswa Farmasi
dan Kedokteran. Jakarta : EGC.
50
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Raharja, S., Prayoga, S dan Teni, O. (2011). Hidrolisis enzimatik minyak ikan
untuk produksi asam lemak omega-3 menggunakan lipase dari Aspergillus
niger. Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pangan. Volum: 22 (1). Hal. 64-72.
Rani, S. N. N. A., Herlina, A. R., Rashidah, G dan Noramli, A. R. (2015). Free
fatty acid assessment of crude palm oil using a non-destructive approach.
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International
Journal of Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical
Engineering. Vol: 9 (1). Hal. 58-61.
Rossell, J. B., King, B dan Downes, M. J. (1985). Composition of oil. Journal of
American Oil Chemist Society. No 62, Hal. 221-230.
Rossell, J. B. (1985). Fractionation of lauric oils. Journal of American Oil
Chemist Society. 62, 485-490.
Sambanthamurthi, R., Sundram, K dan Tan, Y. (2000). Chemistry and
biochemistry of palm oil. Prog. Lipid Res. Volum 39. Hal. 507-558.
Salimon, J., Bashar, M. A dan Nadia, S. (2011). Hydrolysis optimization and
characterization study of preparing fatty acids from Jatropha curcas seed
oil. Chemistry Central Journal. Volum 5 (67). Hal. 1-9.
Selvamohan, T, V. Ramadas dan T. A, Sathya. (2015). Optimization of lipase
enzyme activity produced by Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens isolated from rock
lobster Panlirus homarus. International Journal of Modern Engineering
Research. Vol.2 (6). Hal. 4231-4234.
Silalahi, J., Romastauli, M dan Erly, S. (2014). Antibacterial activity of
hydrolyzed oils of different fatty acid composition against Salmonella thypi
and Lactobacillus plantarum. Pharm Tech Res. Volum 7 (2). Hal. 233-237.
Siregar, N. D. (2011). Penentuan ph dan suhu optimum untuk aktivitas ekstrak
kasar enzim lipase dari kecambah biji jarak kepyar (Ricinus communis l)
terhadap hidrolisis minyak wijen. Skripsi. Medan: Universitas Sumatera
Utara.
Sofwan, A. G. (2014. Minyak Nabati Utama dan Peran Dalam Nutrisi Manusia.
Medan : Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit.
Strateva, T dan Daniel Y. (2009). Review Pseudomonas aeruginosa – a
phenomenon of bacterial resistance. Journal of Medical Microbiology.
Volum 58. Hal. 1133–1148.
Sundram, K., Sambanthamurthi, R. dan Tan, YA (2003). Palm fruit chemistry and
nutrition. Asia Pac. J.Clin.Nutr. Volum 12 (3). Hal. 355-362.
Suwarto, dkk. (2014). Top 15 Tanaman Perkebunan. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya.
Hal. 136.
51
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