ADDRESS TERMS IN UMAR KAYAM’S PARA PRIYAYI NOVEL AND THEIR TRANSLATED EXPRESSIONS IN VLADISLAV ZHUKOV‘S JAVANESE GENTRY NOVEL.

ADDRESS TERMS IN ENGLISH ROMEO AND JULIET MOVIE TEXT AND THEIR TRANSLATED EXPRESSIONS IN BAHASA INDONESIA

SUBTITLING MOVIE TEXT

A THESIS

Presented in Partial fulfillment of the Requirements to Acquire a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature

Isna Nur Imama 12211141011

ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS

YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY 2017

i

ADDRESS TERMS IN ENGLISH ROMEO AND JULIET MOVIE TEXT AND THEIR TRANSLATED EXPRESSIONS IN BAHASA INDONESIA

SUBTITLING MOVIE TEXT

A THESIS

Presented in Partial fulfillment of the Requirements to Acquire a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature

Isna Nur Imama 12211141011

ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS

YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY 2017

ii

APPROVAL SHEET

ADDRESS TERMS IN ENGLISH ROMEO AND JULIET MOVIE TEXT AND THEIR TRANSLATED EXPRESSIONS IN BAHASA INDONESIA

SUBTITLING MOVIE TEXT A THESIS

By: Isna Nur Imama

12211141011

Approved on Oktober, 15 2016

iii

RATIFICATION SHEET

ADDRESS TERMS IN ENGLISH ROMEO AND JULIET MOVIE TEXT AND THEIR TRANSLATED EXPRESSIONS IN THE BAHASA INDONESIA

SUBTITLING MOVIE TEXT A THESIS

Accepted by the Board of Thesis Examiners of Language and Arts Faculty of Yogyakarta State University on December 2016 and declared to have fulfilled the requirement to acquire a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Language and

Literature.

Board of Examiners

Position Name Signature

Chair Person :

Secretary :

First Examiner : Second Examiner :

Yogyakarta, Oktober 15 2016 Faculty of Language and Arts Yogyakarta State University Dean, Prof..

iv

PERNYATAAN

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya

Nama : Isna Nur Imama

NIM : 12211141011

Program Study: Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris

Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

Menyatakan bahwa karya ilmiah ini adalah hasil pekerjaan saya sendiri. Sepanjang pengetahuan saya, karya ilmiah ini tidak berisi materi yang ditulis oleh orang lain, kecuali bagian-bagian tertentu yang saya ambil sebagai bahan acuan dengan mengikuti tata cara dan etika penulisan karya ilmiah yang lazim.

Apabila ternyata terbukti bahwa pernyataan ini tidak benar, sepenuhnya menjadi tanggung jawab saya.

v MOTTOS

Buatlah orang lain bahagia,

maka hidupmu akan bahagia

All is well that ends well

You do not have to wait to be confident,

Just do it and eventually the confidence will

vi

DEDICATIONS

This thesis is lovely dedicated to: My beloved mother, father, sister and cousin

vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Alhamdulillah, all praise be to Allah SWT, the almighty and the most merciful, for all blessings and graces without which the researcher would have never finished this thesis. This writing cannot be completed without some help from other people. Thus, I would like to express my gratitude to:

1. my parents and my sister, who always give their endless love and support to me in finishing her study;

2. my cutest nephew, Bima Nur Alfaritsi who always asks me “iyek kapan lulus?”;

3. my uncle for the financial support to finish my sarjana sastra degree, Alhamdulillah Jazakillahu khoiro;

4. the first supervisor, Drs. Asruddin Barori Tou, M. A., Ph.D and the second supervisor, Yosa Abduh Alzuhdy, M. Hum., for their valuable time, knowledge, and guidance with all their patience and wisdom during the process of accomplishing this thesis;

5. my academic adviser, Niken Anggraeni, M. Hum., for giving advices during my academic years;

6. all of the lecturers of English Language and Literature Study Program who have taught me a lot of knowledge;

7. my specialist analyst, Reza Halimah, S.Pd.;

8. my boardinghouse mate Nadilla Noviana, for the help;

9. Dessy R.N, Uul Resminingati, Fairuz Jawda Lestari, Hazlynda Bt. Atta, and Bayu Santoso for giving support, advice and a faithful company;

10.Ilmaya and Ilmiya, who always give their time and place to me; 11.Putri Khasifah, who helps me for setting all of the pages in her thesis; 12.Zulvinda Aulia W., who gives her time to print my thesis;

13.all the members of PK., for all the support and prayers; 14.4 serangkai, who always give me unstoppable support;

15.Nur Afifah and all friends of the English Department, who supported and helped me along her study

viii

16.Sakti Ibnu Fauzi, Syaiful Hermawan and all the members of Arrodu, Alhamdulillah Jazakumullahu khoiro, for all their kindness;

17.the triangulators, Krisna Bayu Aji S.S., Ester Susetya N S.S., and Naufalina Lutfianingsih, for checking my thesis again and again during guidance.

Finally, I realize that this thesis is far from being perfect. Therefore, I would gratefully accept any comments and suggestions for the betterment of this thesis.

Yogyakarta, 19 December 2016

Isna Nur Imama 12211141011

ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE ... i

APPROVAL SHEET ... ii

RATIFICATION SHEET ... iii

PERNYATAAN ... iv

MOTTOS ... v

DEDICATIONS ... vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix

LIST OF TABLES ... xii

LIST OF FIGURES ... xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ... xiv

ABSTRACT ... xv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Problem ... 1

B. Identification of the Problem ... 3

C. Focus of and Formulation of the Problem ... 4

D. Objectives of the Research ... 5

E. Significance of the Research ... 5

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK A. Theoretical Review ... 6

1. Definitions of Translation ... 6

2. Process of Translation ... 7

3. Types of Translation ... 8

4. Address Terms ... 10

a. Definitions of Address Terms ... 10

x

1.) Pronouns ... 12

2.) Kinships ... 13

3.) Titles ... 14

4.) Names ... 15

5. Techniques of Translation ... 15

6. Meaning Equivalence ... 22

7. Movie ... 23

a. Subtitle ... 23

b. About Romeo and Juliet movie ... 24

8. Related Studies ... 25

B. Conceptual Framework ... 26

C. Analytical Construct ... 31

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD A. Type of Research ... 33

B. Data and Sources of Data ... 33

C. Techniques of Data Collection ... 34

D. Techniques of Data Analysis ... 36

E. Instruments of the Research ... 36

F. Trustworthiness of Data Analysis ... 36

CHAPTER IV RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Research Results ... 38

1. Description of Types of the Address Terms Used ... 38

2. Description of the Translation Techniques Used ... 39

3. Description of the Degree of Meaning Equivalence ... 40

B. Discussion ... 41

1. Types of the Address Terms ... 41

2. Techniques in Translating the Address Terms ... 49

xi

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusion ... 66

B. Suggestions ... 68

References ... 69

xii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: English Pronoun System (Larson (1984:131)) ... 12 Table 2: Indonesian Pronoun System (Simatupang (2000:77), adjusted ... 12 Table 3: The Mapping of English Kinship Terms (Larson (1984: 131)) ... 13 Table 4: The Mapping of Bahasa Indonesia Kinship Terms (Simatupang (2000:77))

... 14 Table 5: Data Sheets... 35 Table 6: The Frequency and the Percentage of the Types of Address Terms

... 38 Table 7: The Frequency and Percentage of the Translation Techniques ... 39 Table 8: Frequency and the Percentage of the Degree of Meaning Equivalence

xiii

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1: Process of Translation by Nida and Taber (1982) ... 7 Figure 2: Analytical Construct ... 31

xiv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS T1 : Text 1

T2 : Text 2 P : Pronoun K : Kinship T : Title N : Names

Amp : Amplification Bor : Borrowing

LT : Literal Translation R : Reduction

FE : Fully Equivalent PE : Partly Equivalent DM : Different Meaning NM : No Meaning

xv

ADDRESS TERMS IN ENGLISH ROMEO AND JULIET MOVIE TEXT AND THEIR TRANSLATED EXPRESSIONS IN BAHASA INDONESIA

SUBTITLING MOVIE TEXT

By: Isna Nur Imama

12211141011

ABSTRACT

This research investigates address terms in translation due to the fact that it is influenced by some vernaculars and cultural terms which reflect the way to address target addressees. Translating address terms which is considered one of the important aspects in language requires the translator to make the translation acceptable to the target readers. This research aims at revealing the types of address terms used and indicated techniques as well as revealing the degree of meaning equivalence including the translation of the address terms.

This research uses a descriptive qualitative research. The data are the expression units in the form of words or phrases representing address terms in English Romeo and Juliet

movie text as the first data source and their translated expressions in Bahasa Indonesia subtitling movie text as the second data source. The data were collected through observation. The main instruments of this research were the researcher and the data sheet. The data sheet consists of code, participants, texts, and the types of the address terms, the translation techniques and the degree of meaning equivalence. To achieve data trustworthiness, the data sheets was repeatedly checked by the researcher and some peer reviewers. Moreover, the results were discussed with two consultants.

The results of this research show that there are four types of address terms found namely pronoun, kinship, title, and name. Title is the most dominant type in text 1, and the way it is represented in text 2. The literal translation technique is the most frequently used technique in text 1 and text 2. The degree of meaning equivalence mostly used is fully equivalent meaning.

Keywords: translation, address terms, translation techniques, degree of meaning equivalence.

1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the problem

Subtitle is the translation of what the actors are saying in a movie into another language which are shown in a written form at the bottom of the screen. As Mariam Webster Dictionary said, subtitle is words that appear on the screen during a movie, a video, or a television show that are the translations of what the actors are saying. A subtitle result can be considered successful if the messages, thoughts, ideas, and concepts that exist in the source language can be delivered into the target language as a whole. To get a whole subtitle result regarded as difficult because of the differences in language and culture system between the source language and the target language. On the other hand, a good translator must not only be able to overcome differences in language and culture systems, but also, be able to use the address term itself.

An address term itself is a word or phrase that is intended by the speaker to the listener in a conversation process. A word, phrase, name, or title (or some combination of these) is used in addressing someone. It can be seen in some conversations in various situations, such as greeting or call, for example, your honour, professors, sir, and others. Address terms are also often expressed in daily communication either consciously or unconsciously. Therefore, address terms are important, especially in terms of politeness in language.

However, many differences in culture or social status between the speaker and the listener cause misunderstanding in calling names or titles. For example, in Indonesia, calling older people with only name will cause discomfort, but by doing so, speakers may try to be more familiar with the older people. This may not only occur in Indonesian but also in English, for example “Sweetheart, you can’t buy the necessities of life with cookies.” (Alan Arkin as Bill in Edward Scissorhands, 1990).

According to the matter above, as a developing country with so many culture varieties, address terms can be realized by literary works as a reflection of cultural aspect of a nation where they were written. However, for most of Indonesia people, it is not easy to understand a literary work in English. In order to be acceptable and understandable for people who do not understand English well, the literary work in English must be translated into Indonesia.

There are some English movies which have been translated into Indonesia. One of them is Romeo and Juliet movie. It was released in 2013, produced by Ilen Maisel, Nadja Swarovski and Julian Fellowes, starred by Douglass Booth as Romeo and Hailee Steinfeld as Juliet (www.subscen.com). Romeo and Juliet is a movie adapted from Shakespeare’s work. The researcher uses the English oral expressions in the movie and Bahasa Indonesia subtitle of Romeo and Juliet movie. The researcher chooses this data because in Romeo and Juliet movie subtitles there are expressions in a variety of situations of conversation contain address terms. For example “My lady and my lord will soon be home.”(Romeo and Juliet, 2013).

This is what the researcher wants to find in this research, how the address terms are used, particularly the criteria and the type of address terms used with the elements of politeness.

B. Identification of the problem

Romeo and Juliet movie is a 2013 British-Italian-Swiss romantic drama movie which was written by Julian Fellowes and directed by Carlo Carleia from William Shakespeare’s romantic tragedy adaptation.Their translated expression in Bahasa Indonesia subtitling movie text to give understanding about the various cultural terms to the Indonesia readers. Observing the fact, there are multiple cultural terms found in Romeo and Juliet movie text. Thus, there are some problems appear in Romeo and Juliet movie text and their translated expression in the Bahasa Indonesia subtitling movie textnamely address terms. Added to this, address terms appear as a problem in their translated expression in Bahasa Indonesia subtitling movie text. Due to the fact that Romeo and Juliet movie text contains some vernacular languages, it reflects the way the figures address someone else. The way they address someone also shows respect, social level and title in the society which impact the social culture condition. This is problematic since the way English address someone may be different from the way the target viewers address someone.

Based on the problems that appear above, it is important to make a research of translation analysis of address terms are found in Romeo and Juliet movie text and their translated expression in Bahasa Indonesia subtitling movie text.

C.Focus and Formulation of the Problem

The research’s title is Address terms in English Romeo and Juliet movie text and their translated expressions in Bahasa Indonesia subtitling movie text, here, the researcher focused on three points. The first point focuses on identifying the address terms in the dialogues of the movie. The second point is translation techniques used by the translator in translating address terms. The researcher decides to choose four techniques, they are amplification, borrowing, literal translation and reduction. The third point is the degree of meaning equivalence of the translation. Meaning equivalence covers equivalent meanings that consist of fully equivalent and partly equivalent, and non-equivalent meanings that consist of different meaning and no meaning. Based on the discussion above, the researcher formulates the problems as follows:

1. What are the types of address terms that occur in English Romeo and Juliet movie text and how they are expressed in the Bahasa Indonesia subtitling movie text?

2. What is the most frequently used technique of the four translation techniques in the translation of the address terms in the English Romeo and Juliet movie text into the Bahasa Indonesia subtitling movie text?

3. What is the degree of meaning equivalence of the address terms in the English Romeo and Juliet Movie text and their translated expressions in the Bahasa Indonesia subtitling movie text?

D.Objectives of the Research

1. To identify the types of address terms which are used in the English of Romeo and Juliet movie text how they are expressed in the Bahasa Indonesia subtitling movie text.

2. To describe the most frequently used technique of the four translation techniques to translate the address terms in the Romeo and Juliet Movie text. 3. To describe the degree of meaning equivalence of the translation of the

address terms in the Romeo and Juliet Movie text. E.Significance of the Research

1. For the Readers

This study can make the readers understand better about address terms in the translation analysis.

2. For the Writer

This study acts as a fulfilment of one of the requirements to achieve a Sarjana Sastra degree in Faculty of Languages and Arts of Yogyakarta State University.

3. For other Researchers

This study acts as a reference of translation studies. Especially, in the translation analysis of address terms in the subtitle.

6 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

A.Theoretical Review

1. Definitions of Translation

There are many translation experts who propose the definition of translation in many different ways. According to Nida (1982: 12), “Translating consists in producing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent to the message of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”. Bell (1991: 6) also defines translation as a replacement of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language. Hatim and Munday (2004: 3) define translation in two different senses, the first as a process and the second as a product. They suggest that “[t]he first sense focuses on the role of the translator in taking the original or source text (ST) and turning it into a text in another language or the target text (TT). The second sense focuses on the concrete translation product produced by the translator.”

From the devinitions given by the experts, it can be concluded that translation is a process of replacing or reproducing the message of a text from the source language to the target language or an attempt to replace a written message or statement from the source language into the target language by considering the meaning and style of the text in order to employ the equivalence

between the source language and the target language. Besides, language variety used to match the types of text being translated.

2. Process of Translation

Nida and Taber (1982) distinguish the process of translation into three stages; analysis, transfer and restructuring. The process of translation is illustrated in the following figure.

Figure 1.Process of Translation by Nida and Taber (1982) a. Analysis

The process of translation is firstly begun by analysing the text. As said by Nida and Taber (1982: 34) that there are three major steps in analysis; 11 determining the meaningful relationship between the words and the combination words, the referential meaning of the words and special combination of words (idiom), and the connotative meaning. In analysing the text, the translator tries to understand the ideas and the messages of the material of the source language.

b. Transfer

The next process is transferring the ideas and the messages into the receptor language (target language). Nida and Taber (1982: 33) say “The analysed material is transferred in the mind of the receptor from language A to language B.” From what Nida and Taber say, the translator has to determine the equivalence of the target language. Then the ideas and the messages in the source language texts are written in the receptor language.

c. Restructuring

After transferring, the translator has to restructure the translation to make the idea of the source language fully acceptable in the receptor language (target language). As said by Nida and Taber (1982: 33), the translator reconstructs and reanalysis the result of his translation.

2. Types of Translation

Larson (1984) in Journal of Humanities and social science distinguishes kinds of translation basically into (1) form-based translation and (2) meaning-based translation. Some other experts on translation studies, such as, Catford (1965:20-21) defines translation as the replacements of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). Newmark in Textbook of Translation (1988: 45) classifies eight types of translation based on the purpose of translation and the nature of the readership. They are word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation, and communucative translation.

Jacobson in Venuti (2000:114) distinguishes three types of translation. These three types are briefly put as follows:

a. Intralingual translation or rewording

Intralingual translation or rewording is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language. This type is simplified by synonims in the same linguistic code or language, paraphrase or replacing an idiom such as ‘pass away’ by ‘die’.

b. Interlingual translation or translation proper

Interlingual translation or translation proper is an interprettation of verbal signs by means of some other language. This types is seen in replacing certain code-units in SL by equivalent code-code-units in TL.

c. Inter-semiotic translation or transmutation

Inter-semiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign system. This type refers to the use of signs or signals for the purpose of communication; the most important semiotic system is human language in contrast to other systems such as sign language and traffic signals.

The types of translation which is suitable with this research is interlingual translation since the research is useing two languages.

3. Address Terms

a. Definitions of Address Terms

Braun (1988:7) in Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences defines the term as a means of “initiating contact.” He indicates that address terms often designate the interlocutors, but not necessarily so, since their literal and lexical meanings can differ from or even contradict the addressee’s personal and social features. For instance, in some cultures like Iranian and Arabic communities, a girl may address her friend’s mother as ‘aunt’ to show respect to her though there is no blood relation between them. To Afful (2006) in the Realization of Address Terms in Modern Persian in Iran: A Sociolinguistic Study, address terms refer to the linguistic expression by which a speaker designates an addressee in a face-to-face encounter. Oyetade (1995) In The Realization of Address Terms in Modern Persian in Iran: A Sociolinguistic Study defines address terms as words or expressions used in interactive, dyadic and face-to-face situations to characterize the person being talked to. Leech (1999) in Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy address terms are “important formulaic verbal behaviors well recognized in the sociolinguistics literature to signal transactional, interpersonal and deictic ramifications in human relationships.” It is believed that the behavior, norms and customs of a community can be recognized through studying its address terms.

Keshavarz (2001: 6) in Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences defines this set as “...linguistic forms that are used in addressing others to attract their

attention or for referring to them in the course of a conversation.”. According to Marriam Webster online dictionary address terms is a word, name, or title that is used when speaking or writing to someone “Honey” is an affectionate term of address in U.S. English. The researcher chooses the devinition of Keshavarz (2001:6).

b. Types of Address Terms

Dickey (1996) in Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy made further divisions. He classifies address terms to pronouns, verbs, and nouns and then categorized them as ‘bound’ and ‘free’ forms. Bound morphemes are those integrated into the syntax of a sentenceand free forms are those not integrated in this way. In Persian language, according to Aliakbari and Toni (2008) in Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy address terms can be classified as follow: “personal names, general titles, occupation titles, kinship related terms, religious oriented expressions, honorifics, terms of intimacy, personal pronouns, descriptive phrases and zero-address terms.”

Trudgill (1992:9) states that there are four varieties of the forms of English second person address. They include pronouns such as you; titles such as sir; names such as John, and endearments and expressions such as mate, buddy, honey, etc. Meanwhile, Simatupang (2000:77) divides address form into pronouns and kinship terms.

This research focuses on pronouns, kinships, titles and names. Each of them is described below.

1.) Pronouns

Both Bahasa English and Bahasa Indonesia have pronouns of address. In English uses one form you for the second person regardless of the member of people and the social relationship between interlocutors, while Indonesia has more than one second person singular form: kau/kamu (between peers and younger people), anda (polite way), and kalian (more than one). In Bahasa Indonesia and English pronoun systems have different formal meanings and conceptual meanings. Larson (1984: 131) and Simatupang (2000: 77) have stated pronoun system as in Table 1 and Table 2 below.

Table 1. English Pronoun System (Larson (1984:131))

Singular Plural

1st person I We

2nd person You

3rd person Masculine Feminime Neuter they

he she it

Table 2. Indonesian Pronoun System (Simatupang (2000:77), adjusted). Personal

pronoun Singular

Plural

1st person Aku, daku, hamba, saya kami kita

2nd _{person kau/kamu anda} kalian

3rd person dia beliau mereka

beliau-beliau

In the model of Bahasa Indonesia pronoun system above, it can be concluded that the pronoun system is divided both singular and plural into familiar and formal. Bahasa Indonesia pronoun system is more specific with the definition. Meanwhile, the English pronoun system is simpler without distinguishing singular and plural into familiar and formal. As we seen English pronoun system in the table 1.

2.) Kinships

The English kinship systems are different from the Indonesian kinship systems. That is why the translator should be careful in translating the English kinship terms into Indonesia kinship terms. Larson (1984: 131) and Simatupang (2000: 77) have stated kinship terms differently. As seen in tables 3 and 4 below.

Table 3. The Mapping of English Kinship Terms (Larson (1984:131))

Lineal Colineal _Ablineal

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine

Second generation

previous Previous generation

Grandfather grandmother

uncle aunty

cousin

father mother

Same

generation Ego brother sister

Next

generation Son daughter

nephew niece Second

generation following

Table 4. The Mapping of Bahasa Indonesia Kinship Terms (Simatupang (2000:77))

Lineal Colineal _Ablineal

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Second

generation previous Previous generation

kakek nenek

paman bibi

saudara sepupu

ayah ibu

Same

generation aku saudara(kakak/adik)

Next generation

anak

keponakan Second

generation following

cucu

From the table 4, it can be seen that Bahasa Indonesia Kinship terms do not differentiate masculine and feminine in both lineal and colineal for same generation, next generation, and second generation following. On the country, English kinship terms differentiate male and femaleinto masculine and feminine as the table 3.

3.) Titles

Trudgill (1974: 105) explains that the use of personal address depends on the relationship between an addresser and the relative status individuals involved in a conversation. Thus, title refers to given initials of individuals in order to show their social ranks, or gender in different circumstances. For example, the way a student talks to his lecturer is different in using the address terms from when he

talks to a friend. He may not use names but titles such as Ma’am, Miss, Mrs or Ms when talking to his female teacher.

4.) Names

The name terms are usually used by people that know each other. They are also used depending on the relationship and the status of the participants, for example Torik and Kiai Rais. Fasold (1990:2) states that people can address everyone in two ways: by their first name (FN) such as Bob and Jim or by their title and last name (TLN) such as Dr. John and Mrs Smith.

4. Techniques of Translation

J. P. Vinay and J. Darbelnet in Walinski (2015:58-63) devided into seven categories. They are;

a. Borrowing

Borrowing is a translation procedure that involves using the same word or expression in original text in the target text. The word or expression borrowed is usually written in italics. This is about reproducing an expression in the original text as is. In this sense, it is a translation technique that does not actually translate. Example: The gaucho was wearing a black sombrero and a worn old pair of bombachas.

b. Calque

When a translator uses a calque, he or she is creating or using a neologism in the target language by adopting the structure of the source language.

Example: The English word handball is translated into Spanish as balonmano. Or the English term skyscraper is gratte-ciel in French or rascacielos in Spanish.

c. Literal translation

Usually this is called a literal translation or metaphrase. This means a word-for-word translation, achieving a text in the target language which is as correct as it is idiomatic. According to Vinay and Darbelnet, a literal translation can only be applied with languages which are extremely close in cultural terms. It is acceptable only if the translated text retains the same syntax, the same meaning and the same style as the original text.

Example: Quelle heure est-il? ⇒ what time is it? d. Transposition

Transposition involves moving from one grammatical category to another without altering the meaning of the text. This technique introduces a change in grammatical structure.

Example: The President thinks that⇒Selon le Président e. Modulation

Modulation is about changing the form of the text by introducing a semantic change or perspective.

Example: Maybe you’re right⇒Tu n’as peut-être pas tort. f. Equivalence or Reformulation

This is a translation procedure which uses a completely different expression to transmit the same reality. Through this technique, names of institutions, interjections, idioms or proverbs can be translated.

g. Adaptation

Adaptation, also called cultural substitution or cultural equivalent, is a cultural element which replaces the original text with one that is better suited to the culture of the target language. This achieves a more familiar and comprehensive text. Example: baseball ⇒ football

Molina and Albir (2002: 509) define translation techniques as procedures to analyse and classify how translation equivalence works. There are 18 translation techniques below.

a. Adaptation

Adaptation is applied to replace a source text cultural element with one from the target text. For example:

T1 : His leg felt like a stone

T2 : Tungkai kakinya seperti terpaku b. Amplification

Amplification is applied to introduce details that are not formulated in the source text by giving information or explicative paraphrasing. For example:

T1 : There are many Indonesian at the ship. T2 : Banyak warga negara Indonesia di kapal itu. c. Borrowing

Borrowing is when a word or an expression is borrowed straight from another language. It can be pure (without any changes) or it can be naturalized (to fit the spelling rules in the target language). For example:

T1: Zig-zag T2: Zig-zag d. Calque

Calque is when words or phrases of the source language are translated literally. It is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression from of another, but then translates literally each of its elements. For example:

T1 : He is the new assistant manager T2 : Dia adalah asisten manajer yang baru. e. Compensation

Compensation is a translation technique that introduces a source text element of information or stylistic effect in another place in the target text because it can not be reflected in the same place as in the source text. For example:

T1 : A burning desire to share The Secret with the world consumed me.

T2 : Hasrat yang menyala-nyala untuk membagikan Rahasia kepada dunia membakar diri saya. (Hendrastuti, 2012: 189)

f. Description

Description is applied by replacing a term or expression with a description of its form or function. For example:

T1 : I like panetton.

T2 : Saya suka panetton, kue tradisional Italia yang dimakan pada saat tahun baru.

g. Discursive Creation

Discursive creation establishes a temporary equivalence that is totally unpredictable out of context. For example:

T1 : The Minangkabau Response to the Dutch Colonial rule in the Nineteenth Century.

T2 : Asal-usul Elite Minangkabau Modem: Respons terhadap Kolonial Belanda XIX/XX. (Havid Ardi, 2010: 400)

h. Established Equivalent

Established equivalent is for the same situation using a completely different phrase. It can be rendered by two texts using completely different stylistics and structural methods. For example:

T1 : Sincerely yours T2 : Hormat kami i. Generalization

Generalization is a translation technique which uses more general or neutral term in the target language. For example:

T1: becak T2: vehicle

j. Linguistic Amplification

Linguistic amplification is a translation technique that adds linguistic elements. This is often used in oral consecutive interpreting and dubbing. For example: T1 : everything is up to you!

k. Linguistic Compression

Linguistic Compression is a translation technique that synthesizes linguistic elements in the target text. This is often used in simultaneous interpreting and in subtitling. For example:

T1 : Are you sleepy? T2 : ngantuk?

l. Literal Translation

Literal translation is when a word or an expression is translated into word-for-word. It is the direct transfer of a source language text. For example:

T1 : The President gave the present to Michael last week. T2 : Presiden memberi hadiah itu pada Michael minggu lalu. m. Modulation

Modulation is a translation technique that changes the point of view, focus on cognitive category in relation to the source text; it can be lexical or structural. For example:

T1 : Nobody doesn’t like it. T2 : Semua orang menyukainya. n. Particularization

Particularization is a translation technique where a translator uses a more precise or concrete term in the target text. For example:

T1 : She likes to collect jewelery.

o. Reduction

Reduction is the opposite of amplification technique. It suppresses a source text information item in the target text. For example:

T1 : She got a car accident T2 : Dia mengalami kecelakaan p. Substitution

A translation technique that changes linguistic elements for paralinguistic elements or vice versa. For example:

Nod in Indonesia means “yes” q. Transposition

Transposition is related to the change in the grammar from the source language into target language. For example:

T1 : I have no control over this condition

T2 : Saya tidak dapat mengendalikan kondisi ini r. Variation

Variation is related to the change linguistic or paralinguistic elements (intonation, gestures) that affect aspects of linguistic variation: changes of textual tone, style, social dialect, geographical dialect, etc. For example, to introduce or change dialectal indicators for characters when translating for the theatre, changes in tone when adapting novels for children, etc. For example:

T1 : Give it to me now!

T2 : Berikan barang itu ke gue sekarang!

5. Meaning Equivalence

Baker (1992:10) defines equivalence in translation into five classifications: a. Equivalence in word level, in which translator has to replace one name (word)

in the source language for once in the receptor language but sometimes there is no word in the target language which expresses the same meaning as the source language,

b. Equivalence above word level, this translation goes one step further to consider what happens when words start combining with other words to stretches of language,

c. Grammatical equivalence is related to the equivalence of different grammatical system between the source language and target language,

d. Textual equivalence refers to the level of any target form which is observed to be equivalence to a given source lanuage, and

e. Pragmatic equivalence demands the translatot to ‘make a sense’ of a given source text to the target text of target language. It is related to coherence, that is a network or relation which organizes and creates a text and a network of conceptual relations which underlie the super face text in cohesion.

Nida (1969) in Despoina Panou (2013:2) maintains that there are two basic types of equivalence:

a. Formal Equivalence. In formal equivalence the TT resembles very much the ST in both form and content.

b. Dinamic Equivalence. In dynamic equivalence an effort is made to convey the ST message in the TT as naturally as possible. It could be argued that Nida is in favour of dynamic equivalence since he considers it to be a more effective translation procedure.

Depends on Bell (1991:6) says that a source that is transferred into a target language can be equivalent in different degrees. Based on Bell’s theory, meaning equivalence is divided into equivalent meaning which consist of different meaning and no meaning.

a. Equivalent meaning (EM)

1) Fully equivalent meaning occurs when the message of the source text is fully translated into the target text.

2) Partly equivalent meaning occurs when the translation is added some information in the target text which is not found in the source text. The message of the source text is not fully translated into the target text.

b. Non Equivalent Meaning (NEM)

1) Different meaning is when the meaning of the target text is differently translated from the source text.

2) No meaning is when one/some words are eliminated so that the target language loses the information content of the source text.

6. Movie a. Subtitle

Subtitle is the text of what the actors are saying in a movie into another language or the language itself that shown on the bottom of the screen. Usually,

movies are subtitled to give the translation text of dialogues. This occurs to make the audience understand the whole story of the movie. In the making os a movie, subtitling has a good impact. It can make the production much cheaper, more economical, and easier to produce in some languages but also it retains the authenticity of the original production (Goltlieb 1990:310).

b. About Romeo and Juliet movie

Romeo and Juliet is a 2013 British-Italian-Swiss romantic drama film adaptation of William Shakespeare’s romantic tragedy of the same name written by Julian Fellowes and Carlo Carlei. The movie stars are Douglas Booth and Hailee Steinfeld. This film opened in the United Kingdom and the United States on 11 October 2013.

This movie tells about the two households (Capulet and Montague) in Fair Verona, both alike in dignity. Capulet is a family of Juliet and Montague is a family from Romeo. Unfortunately, young Romeo falls in love with young Juliet at the Capulet’s party in costume. However, Tybalt who is the cousin of Juliet recognizes Romeo and wants to kill him. Lord Capulet warns Tybalt not disturb the party because it will make the prince angry. So, Romeo confesses his love for her and they kiss. After that, Juliet’s Nurse tells Romeo that Juliet is a Capulet, the great enemy of Montague.

While Romeo and Juliet are together, Lord Capulet decides that Juliet should marry a young man named Paris, but she refuses. Then, Juliet visits Friar Laurence and he gives her a poison that will make her seems dead, during which time Romeo will come to meet her in the Capulet’s house. The friar promises to send word of the plan to Romeo.

Juliet drinks the Friar’s poison that night. The next morning, the day of Juliet and Paris wedding, her Nurse finds her “dead” in bed. The whole house decries her suicide, and Friar insists they quickly place her into the family fault. Unfortunately, John has unable to deliver the letter to Romeo informing him of the plan, so when Romeo’s cousin brings him news that Juliet has died, Romeo is heart-broken. As soon as Friar Laurence realizes that his letter never reach Romeo’s hands, he rushes to the Capulet, hoping to arrive before Romeo does. Friar Laurence arrives to the vault just as Juliet wakes up. He tries to convince her to flee, but upon seeing Romeo’s dead body, she takes her own life as well. Finally, the two families agree to settle their feud and form an alliance despite the tragic circumstances.

7. Related Studies

The researcher reviews two earlier studies that are relevant to this research. The first research was conducted by Hanifah (2010). It discusses about the types and the techniques that used in translating address terms in the novels and the translation quality in the terms of accuracy and acceptability. Then, the results research of this show that the types of translation found in the novels are address terms in the form of pronouns, kinships, titles and names. Meanwhile, the translation techniques employed are borrowing, omission, transposition, literal translation and adaptation. Though the most frequently technique used is literal translation. Furthermore the result of accuracy and acceptability measurement shows that the translation fulfils two of three

parameters of translation quality which means that the translation of the novel Power-Crazy Ms Wiz is accurate and acceptable.

The second research was conducted by Candra Nila Fitriani (2014). She discusses the research about address terms. She also identifies four types of address terms. They are pronouns, kinships, titles and names. She finds twelve translation techniques occurring in the translation; adaptation, amplification, borrowing, compensation, description, generalization, literal translation, modulation, particularization, reduction, transposition, and the last is omittion. Somehow, the most translation techniques used are borrowing and literal translation. She also finds that the degree of meaning equivalence is divided into equivalent meaning which consists of fully equivalent and partly equivalent and non-equivalent meaning which consists of different meaning and no meaning. Though the most the degree of meaning equivalence used is fully equivalent.

B. Conceptual Framework

For the conception of address terms, this research adopts and applies the concept of address terms proposed by Trudgill and Simatupang. In this research, there are four types of address terms. This types of address terms employed by the researcher appear to be the first point. They are pronouns, kinships, titles, and names. She analyses the novel of Negeri 5 Menara.

A pronoun is a word which refers to a person in speech or in writing. The pronoun system of Bahasa Indonesia and English are different. The bahasa Indonesia pronoun system distinguishes between familiar and formal whereas

English does not. In bahasa Indonesia pronoun system in the singular form there are saya, aku, daku and hamba whereas in English only I. Also, in Bahasa Indonesia saya is more formal than aku in the singular form. In the Bahasa Indonesia pronoun system does not distinguish masculine, feminine and neutral while in English does as seen in the third personal pronoun of singular form of English pronoun system that the word he refers to male (masculine), she refers to a female (feminine) and it refers to a neutral thing.

A kinship is relationship between members of the same family. The English kinship system is more specific than the Bahasa Indonesia kinship system. For example, the word son and daughter in English are called anak in Bahasa Indonesia.

A title is a word before the name. It belongs to the social rank, age, position, in organization, sex, and etc. For example, my lord and my lady or tuanku dan nyonyaku. It is said so since the position of my lord and my lady is higher than the caller.

A name is usually to call other people that know each other. A name is also used depends on the relationship and the status of the participants. For example, Romeo, Juliet and Tybalt.

Related to this research, the researcher needs to find the most appropriate technique to support these aspect in text 2. In this research, the researcher states four techniques according to the theory of Molina and Albir (2002: 509) in translating address terms from Bahasa English into Bahasa Indonesia. They are amplification, borrowing, literal translation and reduction.

Amplification is applied to introduce details that are not formulated in the source text by giving information or explicative paraphrasing. For example, the word cousin in the text 1 is translated into saudaraku in the text 2. It is considered using amplification technique since cousin is paraphrased into saudaraku.

Borrowing is applied when a word or an expression is borrowed straight from another language. It can be pure (without any changes) or it can be naturalized (to fit the spelling rules in the target language). For example, the word lord in the text 1 is translated into lord in the text 2. The word lord is considered using Borrowing technique since a word lord borrowed from English.

Literal translation is when a word or an expression is translated into word for word. It is the direct transfer of a source language text. For example, killing two birds with one stone in the text 1 is translated into membunuh dua burung dengan satu batu in the text 2. The translator employs literal translation as the technique to translate the sentence. It is said so since the sentence in the text 1 translated in the text 2 as the same without concerning the meaning.

Reduction is the opposite of amplification technique. It suppresses a source text information item in the target text. For example, the word my lord in the text 1 is translated into tuan in the text 2. The translator employs reduction technique in translating the text 1 into the text 2. The word my in the text 1 is not translated in the text 2.

The researcher should notice that the meaning equivalence has important rules in trnslation. There are four kinds of meaning equivalence according to the theory of Bell (1991:6), i.e. equivalent meanings that consist of fully equivalent and partly equivalent. Then, non-equivalent meanings that consist of different meaning and no meaning.

Fully equivalent meaning occurs when the message of the source text is fully translated into the target text.

T1: Then hurry, nurse. Why do you dally so?

T2: Maka cepatlah, perawat. Mengapa kau bermain-main begitu?

The example above is categorized into fully equivalent. It could be seen in the translation of the sentence belowin the text 1 is fully translated in the text 2, to make the translation fully equivalent to the target readers, the translator simply translates the same of the text 1.

Partly equivalent meaning occurs when the translation is added some information in the target text which is not found in the source text. The message of the source text is not fully translated into the target text.

T1: Tell me, daughter, what do you think of marriage?

T2: Katakan kepadaku, putriku, apa yang kau pikirkan tentang pernikahan? Based on the example above is categorized into partly equivalent. It could be seen in the translation of daughter in the text 1 which is translated by adding the word ku intoputriku in the text 2.

Different meaning is when the meaning of the target text is differently translated from the source text. For example:

T1: Tybalt, I do but keep the peace T2: Tybalt, aku tidak ingin bertarung

Based on the example above is categorized into different meaning. It could be seen in the translation of sentence in the text 1 which is translated into different meaning in T2. No meaning is when one/some words are eliminated so that the target language loses the information content of the source text.

No meaning is when one/some words are eliminated so that the target language loses the information content of the source text.

T1: We here declare Marcutio T2: Kami menyatakan Marcutio

The example above is considered no meaning translation. It is said so since the word here in the text 1 is not translated in the text 2. The word here which is omitted by the translator.

C. ANALYTICAL CONSTRUCT

This research aims at identifying how often are the types address terms used in English Romeo and Juliet movie text and how they are expressed in the Bahasa Indonesia subtitling movie text, What is the occurence of the four translation techniques used in the translation of the address terms in the English Romeo and Juliet movie text into the Bahasa Indonesia subtitling movie text and the last is how is the degree of meaning equivalence of the address terms in the English Romeo and Juliet Movie text and their translated expression in the Bahasa Indonesia subtitling movie text

Figure 1. Analytical Construct Address Terms Translated Expressions Techniques: 1. Adaptation 2. Amplification 3. Borrowing 4. Calque 5. Compensation 6. Description

7. Discursive Creation 8. Established Equivalent 9. Generalization 10.Linguistic Amplification 11.Linguistic Compression

12.Literal Translation 13.Modulation 14.Particularization 15.Reduction 16.Substitution 17.Transposition 18.Variation Equivalence

Equivalent Meaning Non-Equivalent Meaning Types: 1. _Pronouns 2. _Kinships 3. _Titles 4. _Names Fully Equivalent Meaning TEXT 1:

(English Romeo and Juliet movie text)

TEXT 2: (Bahasa Indonesia subtitling movie text)

No Meaning Partly Equivalent Meaning Different Meaning

32 CHAPTER III REASEARCH METHOD

A. Type of Research

This research applied the descriptive method, this research attempted to describe address terms by classifying them into types of address terms and the translation techniques used by the translator in translating the expressions units representing address terms in the English Romeo and Juliet movie text and their translated expressions in the Bahasa Indonesia subtitling movie text.

B. Data and Sources of Data

The research data were expression units in the form of words or phrasses. The units of analysis are represented by dialougue units within which these was/were an address terms or term in Romeo and Juliet movie text as the first data source and their translated expressions in Bahasa Indonesia subtitling movie text as the second data source. The data were collected from an English Romeo and Juliet movie text and a Bahasa Indonesia Subtitling movie text. Both texts as data sources were taken from the Internet websites (https://subscene.com/subtitles/romeo-and-juliet-2013/english/853652 and https://subscene.com/subtitles/romeo-and-juliet-2013/indonesian/853918) on April 29th 2015.

C. Techniques of Data Collection

In this research, the steps were as follows:

1. _{downloading the data source from the internet (both English and Indonesian} subtitles),

2. _{watching the movie while analysing (adjusting the script and the dialogs),} 3. _{screen shooting the data source using the Aegisub application,}

4. _{identifying all expressions consisting address terms in the context of} dialogues and determining the types of address terms and the translation techniques used by the translator,

5. _{classifying based on the research objectives,} 6. _{writing down into the table,}

7. _{the valid data were coded in order to simplify the term of analysis data, for} instances: 1/00:01:51/00:01:51//N/N/Bor/FE.

According to the example, it means that the data number 1 was taken from the duration at the movie 00:01:51 of Romeo and Juliet English movie subtitle (text 1) and the Romeo and Juliet Indonesian movie subtitle (text 2). The types of address terms of the text 1 and the text 2 were Name. The data of address terms were translated by using Borrowing technique. The meaning equivalence of the data was fully equivalent.

34 Table 5. Data Sheet

1 : Number of the data 00:01:51 : Duration of the movie

P : Pronoun

K : Kinship

T : Title

N : Names

Amp : Amplification

Bor : Borrowing

LT : Literal Translation

R : Reduction

FE : Fully Equivalent PE : Partly Equivalent DM : Different Meaning

NM : No Meaning

Code Participants T1 & T2

Address Terms Types

Translation Techniques

Meaning Equivalence

Equ Non

P K T N AMP BOR LT R FE PE DM NM

1/00:01:51/

00:01:51 Juliet’s father to Tybalt

Ride, cousin!

√ √ √

D. Techniques of Data Analysis

The data were taken by several steps as follows:

1. The first step was reading the subtitle and its translations under the movie entitled Romeo and Juliet. It was aimed to identify the data which contained address terms and the translation techniques used by the translator. The data were in the context of dialogues.

2. Collecting the samples of address terms of the dialogues in both subtitles. 3. Categorizing the data based on the types of address terms, the translation

techniques and the meaning equivalence.

4. Consulting with the experts and revising the data to get the data validated. 5. Writting down on the table (valid data).

E. Instruments of the Research

The main instrument in this research was the researcher herself. The researcher took action as the planner, data collector, data analyser, and data reporter. Secondary instruments are the data sheet to analyse and classify the data.

F. Trustworthiness of Data and Analysis

To achieve the trustworthiness, the data and the analysis were checked by two supervisors, Mr. Asruddin B. Tou. and Mr. Yosa Alzuhdy and some peer reviewers, Reza Halimah S.Pd, Ester Susetya N. S.S.,

Krisna Bayu Aji S.S., Lutfiyaningsih Naufalina, who were regarded as qualified readers from English Education study program at State University of Yogyakarta. The peer reviewers were asked by the researcher to check the grammatical errors and the writting rules.

37 CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

A.Research Results

In this research results consists of the types of the address terms, the translation techniques and the degree of meaning equivalence. The results are explained on the tables based on three research problems formulated. It is contain the frequency and the percentage which represent the amount of the results.

1. Description of Types of the Address Terms Used

In this research, the researcher classifies address terms into four types, namely pronouns, kinships, titles and names. The table below shows the frequency and the percentage of the types of address terms.

Table 6. The Frequency and the Percentage of the Types of Address Terms

Types

T1 T2

Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

Pronouns 7 6.86% 7 6.86%

Kinships 14 13.73% 14 13.73%

Titles 60 58.82% 56 54.90%

Names 21 20.59% 21 20.59%

Unrealized - - 4 3.92%

Total 102 100% 102 100%

From table 6, it can be seen that the type of address terms which is mostly used in the subtitle is titles. it is said so since the percentage number of titles 58.82% in text 1 and 54.90% in text 2. The second type which is mostly used is names since the percentage number of names 20.59% in text 1 and text 2. It is followed by kinships which has the percentage number around 13.73% in text 1 and text 2. Meanwhile, the percentage number of pronouns 6.86% in text 1 and text 2. Then, the lowest number is unrealized address terms which only has 3.92 in text 1. 2. Description of the Translation Techniques Used

From 18 techniques by Molina and Albir, the researcher was employed 4 the dominant techniques, namely amplification, borrowing, literal translation, reduction. The table below shows the frequency and the percentage of the techniques employed in translating the address terms.

Table 7. The Frequency and Percentage of the Translation Techniques Techniques Frequency Percentage

Amplification 9 8.82%

Borrowing 25 24.51%

Literal Translation 60 58.82%

Reduction 8 7.85%

From table 7, it can be seen that the percentage number of amplification techniques is 8.82%, the percentage number of borrowing techniques is 24.51%, which the percentage number of literal translation techniques is 58.82%, and the percentage number of reduction is 7.85%. It can be seen that the translation technique which is mostly used by the translator in translating the subtitle is literal translation. The second technique which is mostly used is borrowing. It is followed by reduction and amplification.

3. Description of the Degree of Meaning Equivalence

In this research, the researcher divided the degree of meaning equivalence into four. They are fully equivalent, partly equivalent, different meaning and no meaning. The table and the percentage of the degree of meaning equivalence of the translation of the address terms shows in the table below.

Table 8. Frequency and the Percentage of the Degree of Meaning Equivalence Meaning equivalence Frequency Percentage

Fully Equivalent 84 82.35%

Partly Equivalent 12 11.77%

Different Meaning 2 1.96%

No Meaning 4 3.92%

From table 8, it can be seen that from 102 numbers of data, the translation of address terms in English Romeo and Juliet movie text and their translated expressions in Bahasa Indonesia subtitling movie text is mostly fully equivalent. It can be seen from the percentage of the fully equivalent translation which reaches 82.35%. The second is partly equivalent translation which the percentage number is 11.77%. It is followed by no meaning translation which the percentage number is 3.92 %. Then, most infrequent is the different meaning translation which the percentage number is 1.96%.

B. Discussions

1. Types of Address Terms

The types of address terms in this text 1 and text 2 were divided into four types, they are pronoun, kinship, title and name. The data found in English Romeo and Juliet movie text and their translated expressions in Bahasa Indonesia subtitling movie text. In analysing the address terms, the researcher uses,

Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Online Dictionary and Kamus Besar Bahasa

Indonesia. a. Pronoun

There are 7 data belongs to pronoun types. Below are some examples of the data.

(Datum: 2/00:02:41/00:02:43/P/LT/FE) T1: We here declare Mercutio.

In the datum above, the dialogue is between the prince and the audience. They were the prince and the participants at the tournament in Verona. The prince announces the winner of the tournament, and it causes a controversy among the audiences. The audiencees itself come from Montague and Capulet. The winner of the tournament is Mercutio from Montague. Thus, the audiences at the tournament are so crowded when the prince announces the winner.

The word we in text 1 used by the prince to address himself as the king. The word we is translated into kita in text 2. It is considered as address term in the type of personal pronoun. It is English pronoun. Both pronouns are categorized into first personal pronoun of the plural form. Furthermore, we here is used to address the addresser himself when announcing the winner to the audiences at that tournament. (Datum: 3 00:02:46/00:02:46/P/LT/FE)

T1: And so I bid you all enjoy the day

T2: Dan saya berharap anda semua untuk menikmati hari ini

In the datum above, the dialogue is also between the prince to the audience. In this condition the prince is also announces the winner of the tournament. The audience give an excited responses of that announcement. It is the same situation with the datum 2.

The word I in text 1 used by the prince to address himself as the king. It is considered as address term in the type of personal pronoun. It is English pronoun. Both pronouns are categorized into first personal pronoun of the singular form. Furthermore, I here is used to address the addresser himself when announcing the winner to all the audiences at that tournament.

(Datum 8/00:04:03/00:04:03/P/LT/FE)

T1: Put down your sword! You know not what you do.

T2: Turunkan pedangmu! Kau tidak tau apa yang kau lakukan.

The datum above is the dialogue of Benvolio to the servant. Benvolio is a

Montague’s family. In this seriouse situation, he wants to stop the fight between the servants of Montague and Capulet along the road. Montague is the big enemy of Capulet.

In the example above, the word you in text 1 is used by Benvolio to address the

servants on the road, you is considered second personal pronouns of the singular form. It is translated into kau in text 2 which is also considered second personal pronouns of the singular form in Bahasa Indonesia. It is used to address the person in English or Indonesia.

(Datum 10/10/00:04:21/00:04:21/P/LT/FE) T1: All montagues and thee.

T2: Semua keluarga montague dan kau.

The datum above is the dialogue between Tybalt with Benvolio. Tybalt is Capulet’s family. Benvolio is Montague’s family. Capulet is the big enemy of Montague.

The word thee in text 1 is used by Tybalt to address Benvolio in the conversation. the is an old language in English. It is considered as second personal pronoun of the singular form. It is translated into you in text 2 which is also considered as second personal pronoun of the singular form.

b. Kinship

There are 14 data belongs to kinship from the total data 102. Below are some examples of the data.

(Datum 1/00:01:51/00:01:51/K/AMP/PE) T1: Ride, cousin!

T2: Ride, saudaraku!

The datum above is the dialogue between Juliet’s father and Tybalt. Tybalt is the cousin of Juliet’s father. In this situation, Juliet’s father gives him support along the tournament.

In the datum above is categorized into kinship. It is said so since the word cousin in text 1 is translated into saudaraku in text 2. Both refer to a cousin. The word cousinis used by Juliet’s father to address Tybalt as his cousin.

(Datum 18/00:05:44/00:05:44/K/LT/FE) T1: Good afternoon, my cousin. Is it so? T2: Selamat siang, sepupuku. Apakah begitu?

The datum above is the dialogue of Benvolio with Romeo. Benvolio is Romeo’s cousin. In this situation, Benvolio talks to Romeo talking about the tournament and Romeo’s love. Benvolio wants to know who Romeo loves.

In English, the words my cousin in text 1 is translated into sepupuku in text 2. They are categorized into kinship since both refer to cousin. It is used by Benvolio to address Romeo as his cousin. It is translated purely without naturalizing the spelling in the text 2.

(Datum 29/00:09:33/00:09:33/K/LT/FE) T1: What is it, Mother?

T2: Apa itu, Ibu?

The datum above is the dialogue of Juliet to her mother. It is categorized into kinship. It is said so since the word mother in text 1 is translated into ibu in text 2. The word mother and ibu in are refer into ibu. It might be more respectfull to call her mother like that.

(Datum: 51/00:18:13/00:18:13/K/LT/FE)

T1: Uncle, the man Juliet is with is a Montague.

T2: Paman, pria yang bersama Juliet dia adalah seorang Montague.

The datum above is the dialogue of Tybalt to Juliet’s father. This is a serious situation. Tybalt talks to Juliet’s father about Romeo, a Montague and the big enemy of him or Capulet. It is when Romeo is dancing with Juliet. Both Juliet’s father and Tybalt are so angry.

The datum above is categorized into kinship. It is said so since the word uncle in the text 1 is translated into paman in text 2. Both refer to an uncle. The word uncleis a polite way used by Tybalt to address Juliet’s father as his uncle.

c. Title

There are 60 data categorized into title types from the total data 102. Below are some examples of the data.

(Datum 5/00:03:06/00:03:06/T/R/PE)

T1: My lady and my lord will soon be home T2: Tuan putri dan tuan akan segera pulang

The datum above is the dialogue of Nurse to Juliet. The nurse is a woman who takes care of Juliet. This situation is joking between Juliet to the nurse. The nurse is like her mom. she loves each other. The nurse knows everything about Juliet more than Juliet’s mother itself.

As seen in the example above, the translator translates mylord in text 1 into tuan in text 2. Both are formal forms of the address terms used by nurse when calling Juliet’s father when talking to Juliet. It is categorized into title since the addresser uses it to address Juliet’s father or an employer which shows her respect as a nurse.

(Datum 27/00:08:16/00:08:16/T/BOR/FE) T1: Pray you, Sir. Can you read?

T2: Bisakah kau membantuku tuan. Dapatkah anda membacakan ini?

The datum above is the dialogue of Peter to Romeo. Peter is a servant of Juliet’s father. In this situation, Peter is commanded by Juliet’s father informing and inviting some guess for mask party in Capulet.

In the example above, the translator translates sir into tuan in text 2. Both are formal forms of the address terms used by Peter as a servant when talking to Romeo. It is categorized into title since the addresser uses it to address Romeo which shows his respect to Romeo from Montague.

(Datum 32/00:10:08/00:10:08/T/LT/FE) T1: Yet, Madam, I must laugh to think a child.

The datum above is the dialogue of Nurse to Juliet’s mother. This situation is when Juliet’s mother talk about Juliet’s marriage with count Paris. The nurse thinks that Juliet still young. Thus, she is laughing when Juliet’s mother is talking about marriage.

The datum above is categorized into title. It is said so since the translator translates the word madam in text 1 into nyonya in text 2. The nurse uses madam to address Juliet’s mother as her employer, the woman whom the nurse respects. (Datum 46/00:14:58/00:14:58/T/LT/FE)

T1: My lady Juliet. T2: My lady Juliet.

The datum above is also the dialogue of Paris to Juliet. Paris is Juliet’s fiance who has selected by his father. He is also from Capulet.

In the example above, the translator also translates my lady into my lady in text 2. It is categorized into title since Paris uses it to address Juliet as his fiance, the woman whom Paris respects.

d. Name

There are 21 data categorized into name from the total data 102. Below are some examples of the data.

(Datum 9/00:04:06/00:04:06/N/BOR/FE)

T1: Turn now, Benvolio, and look upon the death. T2: Berpalinglah, Benvolio, dan lihatlah kematianmu

The datum above is the dialogue of Tybalt to Benvolio. Tybalt is the enemy of Romeo’s family. In that situation, they are fighting on the road after the tournament. Tybalt feels so angry for his defeat.

In the example above, the word Benvolio in text 1 is used by Tybalt to address Benvolio. The translator also translates Benvolio in text 2. Both are categorized into name in text 1 and text 2 since Benvolio is a name of a person.

(Datum: 11/00:04:28/00:04:28/N/BOR/FE) T1: Back, Tybalt! You argue with a child

T2: Hentikan, Tybalt! Kau bertengkar dengan anak kecil

The datum above is the dialogue between Benvolio and Tybalt. The situation in this example is the same situation in datum 9, where they are fighting on the road after the tournament. Actually Benvolio tries to stop Tybalt.

In the example above, the word Tybalt in text 1 is used by Benvolio to address Tybalt. The translator also translates Tybalt in text 2. Both are categorized into name in text 1 and text 2 since it is a name of a person.

(Datum 48/00:15:58/00:15:58/N/BOR/FE)

T1: Since Romeo is here, why is he in need of deputies?

T2: Sejak kapan Romeo disini, kenapa ia membutuhkan utusan?

The datum above is the dialogue of Rosaline to Benvolio. Rosaline is the first love of Romeo. She talks to Benvolio discussing about his deputies, why Romeo is in Capulet’s party. As she knows that Romeo or Montague is the big enemy of Capulet.

As seen in the example above, the word Romeo in the text 1 is used by Rosaline to address Romeo. The translator also translates it into Romeo in text 2. The addresser used a name to address Romeo since they are in the same age. It looks closer to each other. Both are categorized into name in text 1 and text 2 since it is a name of a person.

(Datum 99/1:29:00/1:29:00/N/BOR/FE) T1: No, thank you, Jack.

T2: Tidak, terimakasih, Jack.

The datum above is the dialogue of Romeo to Jack. Jack is the servant in the Romeo’s house. This dialogue happens when Jack offers a drink for Romeo. It could be seen that the word Jack is used by Romeo to address Jack in text 1. The addresser used a name to address a servant since he is in the sama age. Both Romeo and Jack are likes a friend. Thus, used a name looks colser. The translator also translates Jack into Jack in text 2. It is categorized into a name since both are names of person.

2. Techniques in Translating the Address Terms

The aims of this part is to analyse the techniques that employed by the translator in translating address terms in text 1 and the text 2. There are 121 data of address terms found in text 1 and text 2. The types of translation techniques in this text 1 and text 2 were divided into four techniques, they are amplification, borrowing, trilateral translation and reduction.

a. Amplification

There are 9 data of amplification techniques that employed by the translator to translate address terms that found in English Romeo and Juliet movie text and their translated expressions in Bahasa Indonesia subtitling movie text. The examples of amplification techniques are presented below.

(Datum 1/00:01:51/00:01:51/K/AMP/PE) T1: Ride, cousin!

T2: Ride, saudaraku!

The datum above is the dialogue between Juliet’s father and Tybalt. Tybalt is the cousin of Juliet’s father. In this situation, Juliet’s father gives him support along the tournament.

In the example above, the technique that employed is amplification technique in the address terms of cousin. It is translated into saudaraku in text 2. It is considered using amplification technique since cousin added an information of ku (English, my) in text 2. It is an emphasizing of Juliet’s father to address his cousin. It sounds like he loves his cousin a lot.

(Datum 34/00:10:29/00:10:29/K/AMP/PE)

T1: Tell me, daughter, what do you think of marriage?

T2: Katakan kepadaku, putriku, apa yang kau pikirkan tentang pernikahan? The datum above is the dialogue between Juliet’s mother and Juliet. It is when Juliet’s mother asks her about marriage. Juliet’s mother wants her marry with a man who is chosen by her parents, especially by Juliet’s father.

The amplification technique is employed in the example above. It can be seen that translator translates daughter into putriku in text 2. There is an adding the word ku in text 2 but in the the text 1 it does not. The word putriku in text 2 is the information that emphasized by her mother to Juliet. It is used by Juliet’s mother to address Juliet as her daughter.

(Datum 55/00:19:29/00:19:29/K/AMP/PE) T1: Lead her, gentle nephew, in a country dance.

T2: Ikuti perkataannya keponakanku, ikutlah tarian negara.

The datum above is the dialogue of Juliet’s father to Tybalt. This is a serious situation, it is when Tybalt becomes so angry since there is Romeo in their party. Juliet’s father tries to calm him at the moment. Juliet’s father is also ask him to dance at the party.

The datum above is employed an amplification technique. It is said so since the translator translates nephew in text 1 into keponakanku in the text 2. There is an adding to the word ku in text 2 but in the text 1 it does not. The word keponakanku also used by Juliet’s father to address Tybalt in emphasizing information that Tybalt is his nephew.

(Datum 75/00:34:32/00:34:32/N/AMP/FE) T1: Jesus Maria! What a deal of brine.

T2: Jesus dan Bunda Maria! Apa yang telah kau lakukan.

The datum above is the dialogue between Friar and Romeo. In this situation, Romeo talks to St. Friar as his fatherof the church about the woman whom he loves.

He makes his confession at that the church. The father of the church is the one who knows his child.

The amplification technique is employed in the example above. It can be seen that the translator translates Jesus Maria into Jesus dan Bunda Maria in text 2. The word dan in text 2 is the information that explained Jesus always with bunda Maria. Furthermore, The father used the word Jesus Maria to address their God. As we know sometimes people call their god by a name.

b. Borrowing

There are 25 data that employed borrowing by the translator to translate address terms that found in English Romeo and Juliet movie text and their translated expressions in Bahasa Indonesia subtitling movie text. The examples of borrowing technique are presented below.

(Datum: 4/00:03:03/00:03:03/N/BOR/FE) T1: Juliet? Juliet, please

T2: Juliet? Juliet, tolonglah

The example above is the dialogue between nurse and Juliet. It happens when nurse asking Juliet to stop joking, because of their parents are going to be home soon. Juliet are running while the nurse keeps asking her to stop. Juliet looks happy to flirt the nurse.

In the datum above, the translator employs borrowing technique in translating the address terms in text 2. It is said so since the word Juliet is purely translated into Juliet in text 2. Therefore, borrowing is the best technique to translate a name from text 1 into text 2.

(Datum: 15/00:05:09/00:05:09/T/BOR/FE)

T1: Bred of a foolish word by thee, Lord Capulet or Montague

T2: Dimulai hanya dari sebuah kata bodoh dengan kau, Lord Capulet atau Montague

The datum above is the dialogue between the prince and from all of the audienceses. In this situation, the prince is angry with lord Capulet and Montague since they are fight each other on the road. The prince warns them to fight each other.

In the datum above, borrowing technique is employed by the translator in translating this datum. Since the word lord is purely translated in text 2. The word lord is English term which means raja in Bahasa Indonesia. It is used by the prince to address both Capulet and Montague. The prince uses it to admire Montague and Capulet as the lord in Verona.

(Datum 56/00:20:22/00:20:22/T/BOR/FE) T1: Speak, sir.

T2: Bicaralah, sir.

The datum above is the dialogue of Juliet to Romeo. Juliet who is Lord Capulet’s daughter and falls in love with her. Juliet fells the same and they share a dance. They go together to a quite place and talking each other.

In the datum above, the translator employs borrowing technique in translating the address terms in text 2. It is said so since the word sir is purely translated into sir in text 2. Juliet address sir to address Romeo with the word sir. It is more polite for Juliet to call Romeo as people who just met each other.

(Datum: 88/00:47:42/00:47:42/T/BOR/FE)

T1: Boy! This will not temper the injuries you have done me. T2: Boy! Aku tidak akan melupakan dendamku kepadamu.

The datum above is the dialogue of Tybalt to Romeo. Tybalt is the enemy of Romeo, the big enemy of Montague. As always Tybalt is so angry whe he meets Romeo.

In the datum above, the translator employs borrowing technique in translating the address terms in text 2. It is said so since the word boy is purely translated into text 2. The word boy is used by Tybalt to address Romeo since he is angry with him. The translator translates into the same word to show the word boy is suitable than used other translation such as people’s name, pria, laki-laki, etc.

c. Literal Translation

There are 60 data of literal translation techniques that employed by the translator to translate address terms that found in English Romeo and Juliet movie text and their translated expressions in Bahasa Indonesia subtitling movie text. The examples of literal translation technique are presented below.

(Datum 6/00:03:09/00:03:09/T/LT/FE) T1: Then hurry, nurse. Why do you dally so?

T2: Maka cepatlah, perawat. Mengapa kau bermain-main begitu?

The datum above is the dialogue of Juliet to the nurse. This dialogue happens when the nurse calls Juliet, who keeps playing around. The nurse also is calling her name while she is running into Juliet. The nurse is like her own mom. She loves each other.

90

No/Code Participants T1 & T2

Address Terms Types Translation Techniques Meaning Equivalence

Equ Non

P K T N AMP BOR LT R FE PE DM NM

91/00:51:36/

00:51:36 Tybalt to Romeo

What, Romeo ? is it cowardice that holds you back?

√ √ √

Apa, Romeo? Apakah

pengecut itu yang memintamu kembali?

92/00:54:06/

00:54:06 Juliet’smother to the prince

He was my brother’s child.

√ √ √

Dia adalah anak kakakku.

93/00:54:09/ 00:54:09

Juliet’smother to the Prince

See how the blood is spilled of my dear kinsmen.

√ √ √

Lihat bagaimana darah yang tumpah dari sanak saudaraku terkasih.

94/00:59:22/

00:59:22 Romeo to Nurse

Good nurse, you speak of

Juliet? _{√ √ √}

Perawat yang baik, apa yang dikatakan Juliet?

95/1:10:47/1:

10:47 Juliet’ father to _{Juliet’s mother}

My girl is like a channel.

√ √ √

No/Code Participants T1 & T2 Address Terms Types Translation Techniques Meaning Equivalence

Equ Non

P K T N AMP BOR LT R FE PE DM NM 96/1:19:38/1:

19:38 Juliet to Friar

Farewell, dear Friar.

√ √ √

Selamat tinggal Friar tersayang. 97/1:22:40/1:

22:40 Nurse to Juliet

Mistrees.

√ √ √

Nyonya.

98/1:26:31/1: 26:31

Friar to Juliet’s parents

Sir, Madam, make ready for our

march, _{√ √ √}

Sir, Madam, siapkanlah upacara penguburannya.

99/1:29:00/1:

29:00 _{Romeo to Jack}

No, thank you, Jack.

√ √ √

Tidak, terimakasih, Jack.

100/1:35:07/ 1:35:07

Romeo to Benvolio

Partly, I must behold my lady’s

face. _√

√ √

Sebagian, aku harus melihat wajah kekasihku.

92

No/Code Participants T1 & T2

Address Terms Types

Translation Techniques

Meaning Equivalence

Equ Non

P K T N AMP BOR LT R FE PE DM NM 101/1:35:37

/1:35:37 Romeo to Benvolio

Good bye, dear friend.

√ √ √

Selamat tinggal, teman tersayang.

102/1:44:34

/1:44:34 Friar to Juliet

The watchman.

√ √ √