Hy 101 Test 2 Study Guide Key Terms
Key Terms:
Etruscans- Early people in Northern Italy
- Did not descend from Indo-Europeans
- Most powerful region
- 12 powerful city-states led by kings and warriors
- Most powerful militia wise
- Traded with Greek
Aeneas - Story of Troy leaving and finds the city of Rome
- Proves that stories then were for morality and not fact
- Romulus and Remus- Story of two twins that found Rome
Patricians/Plebs - Society in Rome was divided into Patricians and Plebs
- Patricians (Aristocrats) - The more wealthy
- Plebeians (Lower Class) - Merchants and Farmers
- Difference between the two is the Patricians established first
Twelve Tables - Law Code devised around 450 BCE
- Collection of laws binding upon everyone in the community
- Addressed things like
- Rules of trials
- Debt and property
- Rights of a Roman father over family members
- Crime
Tribunes - Represent the Plebeians (Ordinary people)
- Had veto power over Roman affairs
Consul - A pair of men that led had the power to go to war and carrying out law (Imperium)
- Held position for only 1 year, to avoid corruption
- Aristocrats put them in power after overthrowing king
Senate - Men from the oldest, most well-established and most distinguished Roman families
- After consul you become the senate
- Held position for life
- Never actually passed anything just gave POWERFUL advice
Paterfamilias- The head of large family units
- Were generally the senior males (grandfather, uncle)
- Represented the household’s beliefs
Patron/Client - A system was created to help people that lacked family or membership
- Patron- Helped out client with gifts, land, and money
- Client- A person in which got help from the Patron
- This cooperation helped strengthen relationship between the poor and rich
Punic Wars – Series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage. Rome won.
- 1. Navy
- 2. Italian country
- Hannibal attacked with elephants
- 3. Destruction of Carthage
- Sow fields with salt
Optimates/Populares – political divisions
- Optimates – wealthy
- Populares – normal people. ‘of the people’.
Marius – Spanish soldier who was a part of the Optimates
- Blue blooded
- Successful consul
- Served as consul more than once
- Reformed Roman military
- Soldiers were called ‘Marius Mules’
Sulla – Rival of Marius
- Soldiers fought Marius’s soldiers
- Won the rivalry and became dictator
Pompey – One of first triumvirate
- Ally of Sulla
Crassus – Commander from Pompey
- Fireman
First Triumvirate – Three people who pulled the strings in Roman politics. Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar
Julius Caesar – Declared himself dictator of life
- Died on the steps of the Senate
- Victory in Gaul, general, tactician
- Died on steps of Senate (stabbed)
- Defeats Pompey, takes Rome
- Good leader, cuts tax, dictator, public works
Cicero – Lawyer
- Consul, philosopher
- Latin
- Concordia (harmony)
- Course packet letter to son*
- Didn’t like Caesar
Second Triumvirate – Second alliance consists of Marcus Antonius, Octavian, and Lepidus
Octavian/Augustus – First emperor of Rome
Princeps/Principate – Another title given to Augustus
- First citizen, first among equal
- Head citizen
Virgil (Aeneid) – poet
- Wrote Aeneid, Aeneid settled Rome after being exiled from Troy
Horace – Ode writer
- Wrote about toiling on a farm, laboring, praising country estates
- Wrote about glorification of Cleopatra
Livy – Roman historian who wrote 142 books
- Only ten survived
Pax Romana – Roman Peace
Coliseum – Flavian Amphitheatre
- Gladiator fights and sporting events
Five Good Emperors – Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius
- Not tyrants
Trajan
- Trajan’s Column tells the story of Trajan’s conquests (victory propaganda)
Romanitas - Romanness
Diaspora – Jews scattered
Prophets – wrote about Messiah returning
Messiah – great king/leader who returned
Synagogue – Worship place for Jewish
Rabbi – Community leaders, teachers, interpreters
Jesus of Nazareth – teacher, rabbi, prophet
Apostles – 12 apostles were sent forth to spread the message
- Persecution and death
Paul of Tarsus – Greek apostle who spread the word of Christ
Gnostics – Secret knowledge
Bishops – Overseer, anchor
- Trained priests
- Took part in rituals
Edward Gibbon – Historian who wrote “Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire”
“Barracks Emperors” – Came to power through battles
- Most successful recruited barbarians
Diocletian – Barracks Emperor who divided Rome into East and West side.
Tetrarchy – Rule by four
Prefecture/Diocese – Broke the empire down even further.
- Broke into Prefectures which were then broke into dioceses
Constantine – First Christian emperor
- Led to the conversion of Rome to Christianity
- Kind of a political move
Federates Huns – Raiders from central Asia
- Nomadic, no homes, traveled by horse, very fierce
Attila – Leader of Huns, gothic word for ‘Daddy’
Visigoths – Fled to Rome to escape the Huns, Rome refused them
Alaric – Leader of Visigoths
- Defeated Romans at Adrianople
Council (Nicea, Chalcedon) – debates over Christianity, Trinity
Saints – people who did important things (martyrs)
Edict of Milan – Allowed Christianity to exist in the Roman Empire
Monks – Men who lived in temples and wrote illustrated books and copied scriptures
- Small community
Jerrome – Translated the script in Latin
Patriarch – Highest ranking bishops
Vulgate – Common Latin
Augustine of Hippo – Teacher, philosopher who was a pagan
Hagiography- Saint Cults, relics
Sibling cultures- East and West Roman Empire, different, but the same
Byzantium/ Byzantine- Eastern Roman Empire became this
Justinian - Converted Eastern empire (Byzantines) into Christianity
- Wanted to reunite Roman empire
- Archbishop’s Palace, Ravenna – Jesus wearing Roman general outfit
- Halo meant he was a Saint (called a Nimbus)
Body of Civil Law (Corpus Iuris Civilis) – Justinian, established himself legally
Hagia Sophia – Church of patriarch of Constantinople
- Burned in rebellion
- Replaced in 537
- Converted into museum
Themes – Military regions/district
Strategoi – General
Haram – Polytheism and peace
Ka’Ba - Shrine
Mecca – Muhammad is from here (Quaraysh tribe)
Muhammad – Foundation of Islam, had visions
Qur’an - Recitation
Islam – The religion of Muhammad
Hadith – Sayings and remembrances of Muhammad
Hijra – Migration from Mecca to Medina in 622 AD
Caliph – New leader, a successor
Sunnis – Broad, traditional, would accept a lack of bloodline
Shi’as - Small and strict
Ummayads – Rule like Byzantine, Romanish, Damascus
Abbasids – Five Pillars; sharia and hadith
Anglos/Saxons – From Germany, invaded Britian
Sutton Hoo – Kings burial ground
Staffordshire Hoard – large collection of anglo-saxon gold/silver/garnet
-Dated to 7th century
Franks – Barbaric and polytheistic people from France
Clovis – Starter of the Franks
Counts – Roman imperial administration
Dukes – Military Leaders
St. Denis – Patron saints who was a missionary around 400
-Preached in Paris, was beheaded, picked up head and kept preaching
Rule of St. Benedict – Rules for Monks
Gregory the Great – Died in 604
-Sponsored missionary trips
Franks’ Casket – Made of whalebones, looks like ducks kneeling at alter
-Blend of pagan and Christianity
-3 wise men in Roman armor standing on Norse runes
Codex – Collection of decrees of previous Roman Empires (500 years) party of body of civil law
Mayors of the Palace – in charge when the king was away
-Charles Martel and Pippin the Short
Charles Martel – Missionaries were sent to pagan places by him
-Martel means hammer
Pippin the Short – Son of Charles Martel, Father of Charlemagne
-Sent ambassadors to bishops to Rome to question his right to rule
Charles the Great – Charlemagne
-771-814
Aachen – One of Charlemagne’s capitals
Capitularies – Tells you what to do with Saxon property.
-Chapter heading in the new law
Missi Dominici – Lords ambassadors
-Traveled and discussed with upstanding citizens the laws and swear oaths to the kings
-Try to assert law, just not enough
Carolingian Minuscule – Script they came up with to writing
Treaty of Verdun – Charlemagne’s sons split up his land with this treaty
Vikings - North men
-Raid by river system
-Violent/Plunder
-Commercial
-Not dumb
Lord/Lordship – Person in kingdom with servants/slaves/knights and army
Vassal – Loyal volunteer,
-Servant offers fidelity
Fief – Various rights and lands
-Sustains vassal
Homage – Public ritual where vassal offers himself to lord
Knight – Military servant
-Did bidding
-Fighting/training
-Brutal
-Rode horses
Chivalry – Word comes from the word ‘horse’
-Horsiness
Cluny – community of monks
-Elects their own abbot
-Liberty
-910
Peace/Truce of God
Gregory VII – Led the movement as pope for liberty in the Roman church
-Restart celibacy
-Teach the way you feel, not by authority
Curia/Camera
-Curia – Court, product of bishop trying to govern clergy
-Appeals over church matter
-Camera – Office of treasury/finance
-Collect tithes/taxes
-More money = more sophisticated way to track it
Courtliness – Manners in front of the king
-Refined, virtuous, character
Crusade – Pilgrimage to sacrifice yourself to religion and holiness
-Solemn Vows and Oaths
-Pope Urban II asked for pilgrimage of soldiers to protect Christianity.
Etruscans- Early people in Northern Italy
- Did not descend from Indo-Europeans
- Most powerful region
- 12 powerful city-states led by kings and warriors
- Most powerful militia wise
- Traded with Greek
Aeneas - Story of Troy leaving and finds the city of Rome
- Proves that stories then were for morality and not fact
- Romulus and Remus- Story of two twins that found Rome
Patricians/Plebs - Society in Rome was divided into Patricians and Plebs
- Patricians (Aristocrats) - The more wealthy
- Plebeians (Lower Class) - Merchants and Farmers
- Difference between the two is the Patricians established first
Twelve Tables - Law Code devised around 450 BCE
- Collection of laws binding upon everyone in the community
- Addressed things like
- Rules of trials
- Debt and property
- Rights of a Roman father over family members
- Crime
Tribunes - Represent the Plebeians (Ordinary people)
- Had veto power over Roman affairs
Consul - A pair of men that led had the power to go to war and carrying out law (Imperium)
- Held position for only 1 year, to avoid corruption
- Aristocrats put them in power after overthrowing king
Senate - Men from the oldest, most well-established and most distinguished Roman families
- After consul you become the senate
- Held position for life
- Never actually passed anything just gave POWERFUL advice
Paterfamilias- The head of large family units
- Were generally the senior males (grandfather, uncle)
- Represented the household’s beliefs
Patron/Client - A system was created to help people that lacked family or membership
- Patron- Helped out client with gifts, land, and money
- Client- A person in which got help from the Patron
- This cooperation helped strengthen relationship between the poor and rich
Punic Wars – Series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage. Rome won.
- 1. Navy
- 2. Italian country
- Hannibal attacked with elephants
- 3. Destruction of Carthage
- Sow fields with salt
Optimates/Populares – political divisions
- Optimates – wealthy
- Populares – normal people. ‘of the people’.
Marius – Spanish soldier who was a part of the Optimates
- Blue blooded
- Successful consul
- Served as consul more than once
- Reformed Roman military
- Soldiers were called ‘Marius Mules’
Sulla – Rival of Marius
- Soldiers fought Marius’s soldiers
- Won the rivalry and became dictator
Pompey – One of first triumvirate
- Ally of Sulla
Crassus – Commander from Pompey
- Fireman
First Triumvirate – Three people who pulled the strings in Roman politics. Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar
Julius Caesar – Declared himself dictator of life
- Died on the steps of the Senate
- Victory in Gaul, general, tactician
- Died on steps of Senate (stabbed)
- Defeats Pompey, takes Rome
- Good leader, cuts tax, dictator, public works
Cicero – Lawyer
- Consul, philosopher
- Latin
- Concordia (harmony)
- Course packet letter to son*
- Didn’t like Caesar
Second Triumvirate – Second alliance consists of Marcus Antonius, Octavian, and Lepidus
Octavian/Augustus – First emperor of Rome
Princeps/Principate – Another title given to Augustus
- First citizen, first among equal
- Head citizen
Virgil (Aeneid) – poet
- Wrote Aeneid, Aeneid settled Rome after being exiled from Troy
Horace – Ode writer
- Wrote about toiling on a farm, laboring, praising country estates
- Wrote about glorification of Cleopatra
Livy – Roman historian who wrote 142 books
- Only ten survived
Pax Romana – Roman Peace
Coliseum – Flavian Amphitheatre
- Gladiator fights and sporting events
Five Good Emperors – Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius
- Not tyrants
Trajan
- Trajan’s Column tells the story of Trajan’s conquests (victory propaganda)
Romanitas - Romanness
Diaspora – Jews scattered
Prophets – wrote about Messiah returning
Messiah – great king/leader who returned
Synagogue – Worship place for Jewish
Rabbi – Community leaders, teachers, interpreters
Jesus of Nazareth – teacher, rabbi, prophet
Apostles – 12 apostles were sent forth to spread the message
- Persecution and death
Paul of Tarsus – Greek apostle who spread the word of Christ
Gnostics – Secret knowledge
Bishops – Overseer, anchor
- Trained priests
- Took part in rituals
Edward Gibbon – Historian who wrote “Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire”
“Barracks Emperors” – Came to power through battles
- Most successful recruited barbarians
Diocletian – Barracks Emperor who divided Rome into East and West side.
Tetrarchy – Rule by four
Prefecture/Diocese – Broke the empire down even further.
- Broke into Prefectures which were then broke into dioceses
Constantine – First Christian emperor
- Led to the conversion of Rome to Christianity
- Kind of a political move
Federates Huns – Raiders from central Asia
- Nomadic, no homes, traveled by horse, very fierce
Attila – Leader of Huns, gothic word for ‘Daddy’
Visigoths – Fled to Rome to escape the Huns, Rome refused them
Alaric – Leader of Visigoths
- Defeated Romans at Adrianople
Council (Nicea, Chalcedon) – debates over Christianity, Trinity
Saints – people who did important things (martyrs)
Edict of Milan – Allowed Christianity to exist in the Roman Empire
Monks – Men who lived in temples and wrote illustrated books and copied scriptures
- Small community
Jerrome – Translated the script in Latin
Patriarch – Highest ranking bishops
Vulgate – Common Latin
Augustine of Hippo – Teacher, philosopher who was a pagan
Hagiography- Saint Cults, relics
Sibling cultures- East and West Roman Empire, different, but the same
Byzantium/ Byzantine- Eastern Roman Empire became this
Justinian - Converted Eastern empire (Byzantines) into Christianity
- Wanted to reunite Roman empire
- Archbishop’s Palace, Ravenna – Jesus wearing Roman general outfit
- Halo meant he was a Saint (called a Nimbus)
Body of Civil Law (Corpus Iuris Civilis) – Justinian, established himself legally
Hagia Sophia – Church of patriarch of Constantinople
- Burned in rebellion
- Replaced in 537
- Converted into museum
Themes – Military regions/district
Strategoi – General
Haram – Polytheism and peace
Ka’Ba - Shrine
Mecca – Muhammad is from here (Quaraysh tribe)
Muhammad – Foundation of Islam, had visions
Qur’an - Recitation
Islam – The religion of Muhammad
Hadith – Sayings and remembrances of Muhammad
Hijra – Migration from Mecca to Medina in 622 AD
Caliph – New leader, a successor
Sunnis – Broad, traditional, would accept a lack of bloodline
Shi’as - Small and strict
Ummayads – Rule like Byzantine, Romanish, Damascus
Abbasids – Five Pillars; sharia and hadith
Anglos/Saxons – From Germany, invaded Britian
Sutton Hoo – Kings burial ground
Staffordshire Hoard – large collection of anglo-saxon gold/silver/garnet
-Dated to 7th century
Franks – Barbaric and polytheistic people from France
Clovis – Starter of the Franks
Counts – Roman imperial administration
Dukes – Military Leaders
St. Denis – Patron saints who was a missionary around 400
-Preached in Paris, was beheaded, picked up head and kept preaching
Rule of St. Benedict – Rules for Monks
Gregory the Great – Died in 604
-Sponsored missionary trips
Franks’ Casket – Made of whalebones, looks like ducks kneeling at alter
-Blend of pagan and Christianity
-3 wise men in Roman armor standing on Norse runes
Codex – Collection of decrees of previous Roman Empires (500 years) party of body of civil law
Mayors of the Palace – in charge when the king was away
-Charles Martel and Pippin the Short
Charles Martel – Missionaries were sent to pagan places by him
-Martel means hammer
Pippin the Short – Son of Charles Martel, Father of Charlemagne
-Sent ambassadors to bishops to Rome to question his right to rule
Charles the Great – Charlemagne
-771-814
Aachen – One of Charlemagne’s capitals
Capitularies – Tells you what to do with Saxon property.
-Chapter heading in the new law
Missi Dominici – Lords ambassadors
-Traveled and discussed with upstanding citizens the laws and swear oaths to the kings
-Try to assert law, just not enough
Carolingian Minuscule – Script they came up with to writing
Treaty of Verdun – Charlemagne’s sons split up his land with this treaty
Vikings - North men
-Raid by river system
-Violent/Plunder
-Commercial
-Not dumb
Lord/Lordship – Person in kingdom with servants/slaves/knights and army
Vassal – Loyal volunteer,
-Servant offers fidelity
Fief – Various rights and lands
-Sustains vassal
Homage – Public ritual where vassal offers himself to lord
Knight – Military servant
-Did bidding
-Fighting/training
-Brutal
-Rode horses
Chivalry – Word comes from the word ‘horse’
-Horsiness
Cluny – community of monks
-Elects their own abbot
-Liberty
-910
Peace/Truce of God
Gregory VII – Led the movement as pope for liberty in the Roman church
-Restart celibacy
-Teach the way you feel, not by authority
Curia/Camera
-Curia – Court, product of bishop trying to govern clergy
-Appeals over church matter
-Camera – Office of treasury/finance
-Collect tithes/taxes
-More money = more sophisticated way to track it
Courtliness – Manners in front of the king
-Refined, virtuous, character
Crusade – Pilgrimage to sacrifice yourself to religion and holiness
-Solemn Vows and Oaths
-Pope Urban II asked for pilgrimage of soldiers to protect Christianity.