An Analysis Of Code Choice Found Among Case Education Staffs

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1. 1 Background of the Study

Nowadays, there are so many people who have more than one language. Most of them are having two or more languages, namely their native language and the second language. The language which is usually mastered well by people is their mother tongue or native language. Most of them firstly used their mother tongue to communicate to their family and society. However during their communication with other people and because of the need of understanding other people about what they mean, there is a demand for the people to master or know the other languages. This condition caused many people l earn another language to make their communication effective.

People who master more than one language is called bilingual or multilingual. Hundreds of millions people in the world routinely use two or more languages in their daily lives (multilingual). This also happens to the Indonesian people who are multilingual. Indonesian people master at least the Indonesian national language that is Bahasa Indonesia and their regional language. Well-educated people usually master foreign languages, such as English, Mandarin, etc. The fact that people can use more than one language encourages them to mix code whenever they speak. No wonder people can use more than one language at the same-time.

The condition where people use more than one language or code in the same topic, context, or people in communication is called code mixing. Code mixing usually occurs in bilingual or multilingual community or society and the function (meaning) of the languages cannot be clearly separated. This code mixing is used when the conversant use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance (Wardhaugh, 1986: 103) And still according to Wardhaugh (1986: 103) the definition of code switching occurs when the language used, changes according to the situation in which the conversant find themselves. The speakers here switch one code to another code or they speak in one language to another language.

Code is a term for any variety language. Kinds of code that are code switching and code mixing. If utterance is switched from one language to another language supporting a distinctive function, it is called code switching. According to Victoria and Rodman (1998), code switching is a term in linguistics referring to using more than one language or dialect in conversation. Code-switching can be distinguished from other language contact phenomena such as loan translation (calques), borrowing, pidgins and creoles, and transfer or interference.

Language mixing and switching can actually happen only in the language of a bilingual. The definition of bilingual itself is a person who has some functional ability in the second language (Spolsky, 1998: 45). On the other hand, Hamers and Blanc (1987: 265) define bilingual as “an individual who has an access to two or more different codes or languages”. While Macnamara (1967), as quoted by Hamers and Blanc (1987: 6) defines bilingual as “anyone who possesses a minimal competence in one of the four skills, i.e. listening comprehension, speaking, reading

Moreover, it is also possible for the bilingual or multilingual people to use more than one language in a communication even though in the same topic, context or people.

CaSE Education is an independent language school situated in the heart of Medan, North Sumatera. They provide English education to all age groups and abilities. They also run internationally recognized certificate preparation courses such as TOEFL, IELTS and ESOL. All classes will be taught by both native-speaking and local teachers. As an English education school, CaSE Education requires not only the teachers and students but also all the staffs to speak and provide every files and reports in English. The staffs have to communicate to both teachers and student in English. So, with that kind of situation, the staffs get accustomed in changing codes while they are speaking.

CaSE Education staffs are usually required to select a particular code whenever they choose to speak formally with customers, or they have to switch code when they are speaking with the English natives, and they may also decide to mix codes even within staffs sometimes very short utterances and thereby create a new code in a process known as code mixing. Code mixing and switching can occur in conversation between speakers turn or within a sinlge speaker turn.

The writer is one of the staffs of CaSE Education, and this thesis is intended to observe the use of code choice between administration staffs, they are staff 1 (the writer), staff 2 (Maylena) and staff 3 (Kelana).

For example, the following dialog shows a glimpse of code choice used among CaSE Education staffs (Indonesian) and when they were talking with Iain (English native-speaker)

Elan : Kak besok abis makan kita ada briefing sama Ia in. Melon : Briefing apa?

Elan : Kayaknya IOM. Kan Kamis placement test.

Melon : Kamis? Bah? Out of nowhere tiba-tiba placement test?

Elan : Ntah. Iya Kelana, kok tiba -tiba kali? (talking to staff 2 (Kelana))

Kelana : Si Ira lah itu. Dia baru email ke Iain Senin. Kata Iain gak apa – apa laa daripada bolak balek di postponed lagi.

(Iain came to the admin office)

Iain : So do you guys know we’re going to have a little briefing tomorrow?

Melon : Yep. How could they make that kind of decision? Iain : Yeah, I know. I would never understand IOM hahaha

Elan : hahaha yeah,right? Everytime they need something, it has to be now. But when it comes to us, they would like..”sorry no answer from Jakarta yet”. And keep postponing every schedule hahaha.. Iain : Yes, exactly. Hahaah well, for tomorrow, it’ll just take a minute

anyway, nothing extra from what we had last month. I just want to refresh what’s gonna happen in case you guys mmmhh…(forget) hhahaha. Oh,Elan. did the the boys finish with blue room because Anita will have Watching today so I want that class ready for 3 oclock Elan : I did tell them this morning. I will call to update.

Iain : Ok. Good.

into English but when Iain (English native-speaker) came, they switched their language into English because they were influenced by Iain as an English native-speaking person and he cannot speak Bahasa.

In line with the explanation above, the staffs can be considered as bilinguals since they have met the requirement of bilinguals stated by Hamers and Blanc. Besides, they have also met the requirements of bilinguals stated by Spolsky and Macnamara.

The staffs is actually one kind of speech community. The members of the same speech community should share linguistic norms, i.e. understanding, values and attitudes about language varieties present in their community. In this case, the staffs communicate with each other using the language that has certain specifications.

The phenomenon of code choice itself has become an interesting topic to be discussed, especially in CaSEducation. The reflection of people who has the similar English education background, mainly their job that is indeed English speaking area force them to keep on using code choice in their daily conversation. It may lead the people who are interested to speak English to begin imitating the way they communicate to each other. So, this research is conducted to observe this phenomenon more deeply.

Conversely, if an utterance either words, phrase, or clause consist does not support a distinctive function, it is called code mixing. In conclution, code mixing is a mixure of word, phrase, clause, or sentence of several languages. It means that code mixing occurs when a speaker uses a certain language in this communication and inserts some pieces of another language. In addition, code mixing does not only occur in spoken communication but also in written communication. When

code-switching occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or

language varieties, in the context of a single conversation.

The phenomenal of this code choice can not be separated with the phenomenon of bilingualism. In a bilingual society, espesially in this globalization CaSEducation staffs frequently use this code choice in case of communicating with customers, native-speaking and local teachers, and also students every day. From the phenomenal, the writer is interested in analyzing the code mixing and switching in CaSEducation’s staffs daily conversation because they use formal language to speak with their customers consist of cases information, requesting, and etc about CaSEducation's courses and programs and also to communicate between each other which emerge big tendencies to use code choice because so most utterances in these cases use English when they speak in Bahasa Indonesia. The writer focuses the study on analyzing the code mixing and switching by using utterances among CaSEducation’s staffs, their customers, their colleagues, students and teachers by make a report record in their daily work activities.

1.2 Problem of the Study

Based on the background of the study above, the writer finds some problems that appear in the study. And it arises some questions, such as:

a. What are the type of code mixing and switching used by CaSE’s staffs? b. Which type of code switching and code mixing is dominantly used by

CaSEducation’s staffs?

c. What are the causes of CaSEducation’s staffs in code choice in their daily work activities?

1.3 Objective of the Study

Related to the problems of the study above, the study is aimed to:

a. To find out the types of code mixing and switching used by CaSEducation’s staffs.

b. To find out which type of code mixing and switching is dominantly used by CaSEduation’s staffs

c. To find out the reason of CaSEducation’s staffs used in code choice in their daily work activities.

1.4 Scope of the Study

In the study, the writer makes a limitation to obtain a clear and detail description of the matter and some interesting cases that can be analyzed. The writer focuses the study on analyzing the type of code mixing and switching by using utterances of CaSEducation’s staffs in their daily work activities.

1.5 Significance of the Study

There are some significances of the study, such as:

a. The English students, since it will give a better understanding about the types of code mixing and switching as well as the reasons of people to use code mixing and switching in their daily life.

b. The lecturers, particularly in teaching Sociolinguistics to teach varying method of teaching code mixing which is not only occurred in written language but also in spoken language.

c. The study will provide a better technique for other writers to conduct further analysis about code mixing and switching using a certain media.

d. Giving information to the reader that actually English has become a common language nowadays which is often used in daily activities by mixing or switching Bahasa Indonesia into English.

1.6 Method of Study

The method applied of the study is qualitative method, which the detailed way in field research. In field research, the writer collects the data by making recordings of the conversations or utterances. Also the writer gives questioner for the staffs to fill in, that is intended to find out the reasons of using code choice among staffs. After analyzing the data, the writer described the study results and make a conclusion.

1.7 Review of Literature

The writer uses some informations from books that are related and previous study to support ideas of the analysis to completing the study.

An Analysis of Code Mixing in the Talk Show 'Just Alvin' by Juli Andriana Siboro. In the study, the writer analyzed the types of code mixing using by presenter and the guest star in talk show Just Alvin.

An Analysis of the Code Mixing Found in “Cewek Matre” Novel by Ellin Br Ginting. In the study, the writer analyzed type of code mixing is dominantly in “Cewek Matre” Novel by Alberhiene Endah.

Analisis Campur Kode Pada Mahasiswa Jurusan Manajemen Perhotelan dan Manajemen Pariwisata Akademi Pariwisata (Akpar) Medan by Booni Tauhid. In the

communication network in Medan Tourism Academic and identified the factor that influenced the code mixing.

Code Mixing and Code Switching in “Smart Business Talk” of Smart Radio 101.8FM in The Theme ‘How To Become a Superstar Sales Person’ by Emmy K. Sinulingga. In the study, the writer analyzed about the using of code switching and code mixing that used by the presenter of the radio to broadcast directly.

Elan : Kak besok abis makan kita ada briefing sama Ia in. Melon : Briefing apa?

Elan : Kayaknya IOM. Kan Kamis placement test.

Melon : Kamis? Bah? Out of nowhere tiba-tiba placement test?

Elan : Ntah. Iya Kelana, kok tiba -tiba kali? (talking to staff 2 (Kelana))

Kelana : Si Ira lah itu. Dia baru email ke Iain Senin. Kata Iain gak apa – apa laa daripada bolak balek di postponed lagi.

(Iain came to the admin office)

Iain : So do you guys know we’re going to have a little briefing tomorrow?

Melon : Yep. How could they make that kind of decision? Iain : Yeah, I know. I would never understand IOM hahaha

Elan : hahaha yeah,right? Everytime they need something, it has to be now. But when it comes to us, they would like..”sorry no answer from Jakarta yet”. And keep postponing every schedule hahaha.. Iain : Yes, exactly. Hahaah well, for tomorrow, it’ll just take a minute

anyway, nothing extra from what we had last month. I just want to refresh what’s gonna happen in case you guys mmmhh…(forget) hhahaha. Oh,Elan. did the the boys finish with blue room because Anita will have Watching today so I want that class ready for 3 oclock Elan : I did tell them this morning. I will call to update.

Iain : Ok. Good.

The conversation above happened between the writer, staff 1 (Melon), and staff 2 (Kelana) as Indonesian. First, they talk in Bahasa but they mixed some words

into English but when Iain (English native-speaker) came, they switched their language into English because they were influenced by Iain as an English native-speaking person and he cannot speak Bahasa.

In line with the explanation above, the staffs can be considered as bilinguals since they have met the requirement of bilinguals stated by Hamers and Blanc. Besides, they have also met the requirements of bilinguals stated by Spolsky and Macnamara.

The staffs is actually one kind of speech community. The members of the same speech community should share linguistic norms, i.e. understanding, values and attitudes about language varieties present in their community. In this case, the staffs communicate with each other using the language that has certain specifications.

The phenomenon of code choice itself has become an interesting topic to be discussed, especially in CaSEducation. The reflection of people who has the similar English education background, mainly their job that is indeed English speaking area force them to keep on using code choice in their daily conversation. It may lead the people who are interested to speak English to begin imitating the way they communicate to each other. So, this research is conducted to observe this phenomenon more deeply.

Conversely, if an utterance either words, phrase, or clause consist does not support a distinctive function, it is called code mixing. In conclution, code mixing is a mixure of word, phrase, clause, or sentence of several languages. It means that code mixing occurs when a speaker uses a certain language in this communication and inserts some pieces of another language. In addition, code mixing does not only occur in spoken communication but also in written communication. When

code-switching occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation.

The phenomenal of this code choice can not be separated with the phenomenon of bilingualism. In a bilingual society, espesially in this globalization CaSEducation staffs frequently use this code choice in case of communicating with customers, native-speaking and local teachers, and also students every day. From the phenomenal, the writer is interested in analyzing the code mixing and switching in CaSEducation’s staffs daily conversation because they use formal language to speak with their customers consist of cases information, requesting, and etc about CaSEducation's courses and programs and also to communicate between each other which emerge big tendencies to use code choice because so most utterances in these cases use English when they speak in Bahasa Indonesia. The writer focuses the study on analyzing the code mixing and switching by using utterances among CaSEducation’s staffs, their customers, their colleagues, students and teachers by make a report record in their daily work activities.

1.2 Problem of the Study

Based on the background of the study above, the writer finds some problems that appear in the study. And it arises some questions, such as:

a. What are the type of code mixing and switching used by CaSE’s staffs? b. Which type of code switching and code mixing is dominantly used by

CaSEducation’s staffs?

c. What are the causes of CaSEducation’s staffs in code choice in their daily work activities?

1.3 Objective of the Study

Related to the problems of the study above, the study is aimed to:

a. To find out the types of code mixing and switching used by CaSEducation’s staffs.

b. To find out which type of code mixing and switching is dominantly used by CaSEduation’s staffs

c. To find out the reason of CaSEducation’s staffs used in code choice in their daily work activities.

1.4 Scope of the Study

In the study, the writer makes a limitation to obtain a clear and detail description of the matter and some interesting cases that can be analyzed. The writer focuses the study on analyzing the type of code mixing and switching by using utterances of CaSEducation’s staffs in their daily work activities.

1.5 Significance of the Study

There are some significances of the study, such as:

a. The English students, since it will give a better understanding about the types of code mixing and switching as well as the reasons of people to use code mixing and switching in their daily life.

b. The lecturers, particularly in teaching Sociolinguistics to teach varying method of teaching code mixing which is not only occurred in written language but also in spoken language.

c. The study will provide a better technique for other writers to conduct further analysis about code mixing and switching using a certain media.

d. Giving information to the reader that actually English has become a common language nowadays which is often used in daily activities by mixing or switching Bahasa Indonesia into English.

1.6 Method of Study

The method applied of the study is qualitative method, which the detailed way in field research. In field research, the writer collects the data by making recordings of the conversations or utterances. Also the writer gives questioner for the staffs to fill in, that is intended to find out the reasons of using code choice among staffs. After analyzing the data, the writer described the study results and make a conclusion.

1.7 Review of Literature

The writer uses some informations from books that are related and previous study to support ideas of the analysis to completing the study.

An Analysis of Code Mixing in the Talk Show 'Just Alvin' by Juli Andriana Siboro. In the study, the writer analyzed the types of code mixing using by presenter and the guest star in talk show Just Alvin.

An Analysis of the Code Mixing Found in “Cewek Matre” Novel by Ellin Br Ginting. In the study, the writer analyzed type of code mixing is dominantly in “Cewek Matre” Novel by Alberhiene Endah.

Analisis Campur Kode Pada Mahasiswa Jurusan Manajemen Perhotelan dan Manajemen Pariwisata Akademi Pariwisata (Akpar) Medan by Booni Tauhid. In the study, the writer analyzed code mixing which occurred in a bilingual/multilingual

communication network in Medan Tourism Academic and identified the factor that influenced the code mixing.

Code Mixing and Code Switching in “Smart Business Talk” of Smart Radio 101.8FM in The Theme ‘How To Become a Superstar Sales Person’ by Emmy K. Sinulingga. In the study, the writer analyzed about the using of code switching and code mixing that used by the presenter of the radio to broadcast directly.