Pengelolaan Limbah Cair Rumah Sakit
PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH CAIR
RUMAH SAKIT
Disiapkan : Tri Joko,Ir.M.Si - 0811270271
LATAR BELAKANG
Latar Belakang
• Limbah Rumah Sakit merupakan salah satu sumber atau
penyebab potensial pencemaran lingkungan.Keberadaan
Rumah Sakit di tengah komunitas masyarakat seringkali
menimbulkan konflik akibat adanya kerusakan atau
permasalahan lingkungan seperti tercemarnya sungai yang
vital bagi kehidupan penduduk.
• Oleh karena itu, Pemerintah mewajibkan Rumah Sakit untuk
menyediakan Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah melalui
kebijakan – kebijakan yang mengatur upaya pengamanan
dampak limbah terhadap lingkungan, seperti :
a. UU No. 36/2009 tentang Kesehatan
b. UU No.32/2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan
Lingkungan Hidup
c. PP No 101 Tahun 2014 tentang Pengelolaan Limbah B3
d. Kep Men LH Nomor 5 TAHUN 2014 tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah
e. PerMen Kes nomor1204/MENKES/PerXI/2004 tentang
Sanitasi Rumah Sakit
PERSYARATAN KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN RUMAH SAKIT
(KEPMENKES RI No. 1204 /SK/X/2004)
1. Penyehatan ruang bangunan dan halaman rumah sakit.
2. Persyaratan hygiene dan sanitasi makanan dan
minuman.
3. Penyehatan air.
4. Pengelolaan limbah.
5. Pengelolaan tempat penyucian linen.
6. Pengendalian serangga, tikus dan binatang pengganggu
lain.
7. Dekontaminasi melalui disinfeksi dan sterilisasi.
8. Persyaratan pengamanan radiasi.
9. Upaya promosi kesehatan dari aspek kesehatan
lingkungan.
Persyaratan
pengelolaan limbah.
1. Limbah medis
padat.
2. Limbah non medis
padat.
3. Limbah cair.
4. Limbah gas.
(minimasi,
pemilahan,
pewadahan,
pengumpulan,
pengolahan, daur
ulang,
pemusnahan, dsb)
Persyaratan pengelolaan
tempat pencucian linen.
1. Suhu air panas
untuk pencucian.
2. Penggunaan jenis
deterjen dan
disinfektan.
3. Standar kuman.
PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH CAIR RUMAH SAKIT
PERMASALAHAN
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Jumlah, Kualifikasi, Kompetensi SDM
Perencanaan IPAL yang salah/tidak sesuai
IPAL sudah tua dan tidak handal
Operasi dan Pemeliharaan Tidak Benar
Sumber Air Limbah Berubah Kapasitas dan
Kualitas
6. IPAL tidak efektip, efisiensi rendah
7. Tidak didukung manajemen dalam OP
8. Tidak memiliki SOP IPAL
9. Sarana Laboratorium tidak memadai
10. Adanya perubahan Input Air Limbah
Skema diagram karakterisik limbah cair
Characterization of Hospital Wastewater, Risk Waste Generation
and Management Practices in Lahore, Muhammad Imran Meo1, Sajjad Haydar2, Obaidullah Nadeem3,
Ghulam Hussain2 and Haroon Rashid2
Study of Hospital Wastewater Characteristic in Malang City 1,Prayitno, 2,Zaenal Kusuma,3,Bagyo Yanuwiadi, 4,Rudy W Laksmono 1,Doctoral Student Of Environment Program,
Post Graduate Program Of Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
Pengolahan
Limbah Cair
Rumah Sakit
1.
Pengolahan Fisik :
sedimentasi, flotasi,
sentrifugasi,
penyaringan,
pengeringan,
insinerasi, penapisan
2. Pengolahan Kimia :
netralisasi, koagulasi
& Flokulasi, Oksidasi,
Reduksi
3. Pengolahan Biologi :
aerasi, lumpur aktif,
lagoon
4. Pengolahan Thermal
Laboratorium,
Poli Gigi,
Kamar bedah,
Radiologi
Laundry
Bak Kontrol
Saluran air limbah
Desinfeksi
Saluran air limbah
Pompa
Pre treatment
(Defoaming)
Pengolahan
Kimia
Bak Kontrol
Insinerasi
Filtrasi
Pemanfaatan
kembali (re Use)
Penyiraman Taman
dan kebutuhan lain
Kamar mandi / WC
Kamar jenazah
Kamar Perawatan
Dapur
Kafetaria
Pompa
Bak Penampung
Pompa
Saluran air limbah
Pre treatment
(Pemisah
Lemak)
Saluran air limbah
Lumpur Kering
Desinfeksi
Pengolahan Lumpur
Bak Kontrol
Saringan +
Comminutor
Pompa
Bak Kontrol
Pengolahan
Biologis
Pengolahan
Kimia
Filtrasi
Lemak
Desinfeksi
Bak Penampung
Insinerasi
Taman
Perpipaan air limbah
Pengolahan optional
Cuci Mobil
Distribusi
Pembersihan lantai
Perpipaan air bersih
Kebutuhan lainnya
Perpipaan lumpur
Pompa
Dibuang ke
badan air
PENDEKATAN PERENCANAAN WWTP
a.
b.
c.
d.
Strength and characteristics of wastewater
Flow rates and their fluctuations
Mass loading
Design Criteria :
1. Hydraulic flow diagram
2. Detention period or time
3. Flow through velocity
4. Settling velocity
5. Surface loading rate @ over flow rate
6. Weir loading rate
7. Organic loading (BOD @ COD @ VSS loading)
8. Food to Microorganism ratio, F/M
9. Mean cell Residence Time
10. Hydraulic Loading
11. Volumetric Loading
12. Basin geometry (L:B:D) length, breadth and depth ratio.
Krakteristik Input air limbah :
1. BOD5 = 80 – 125 mg/lt, COD = 100 – 200 mg/lt
2. Debit = 60 l/dt (disain pengembangan)
Pertimbangan lahan tersedia dan pemanfaatan sarana yg ada
1. Vol Loading = 0,2 – 0,3 kg BOD5/m3.d
2. Waktu kontak = 7 – 10 jam
Reminder: Important treatment technologies
Process
Technical options
Reason for popularity in ecosan
Composting
Composting plants for secondary
treatment
Composting toilet
Suitable for faecal matter and organic solid waste
treatment
Produces valuable end product (compost)
Low energy demand
Pathogen destruction (if thermophilic)
Anaerobic
treatment
Septic tanks
UASB
Anaerobic ponds
Anaerobic digesters
Suitable for faecal sludge, blackwater, faeces (e.g.
together with manure), organic solid waste
Preserves nitrogen (unlike aerobic wastewater
treatment)
Produced biogas for cooking, lighting, heating
“Natural
systems” (lowrate biological
systems)
Constructed wetlands
Aerobic or facultative
ponds/lagoons
Waste stabilisation ponds
Suitable for greywater treatment
Low energy use
Cheap if land available
Can have aesthetic and environmental benefits (e.g.
increased bird life)
High-rate
biological or
physical
systems
Package plants using attached
growth processes
Membrane bioreactor
Trickling filter
Suitable for greywater treatment in urban areas (limited
space)
High quality effluent is produced
Example of On-Site Wastewater Treatment for a Large
Healthcare Facility
Healthcare
sewage
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
filtrate
Equalization
Tank
Aeration
Tank
filtrate
Sludge
dewatering
press
Thickener
Aerobic
digester
activated
sludge
Clarifier
SECONDARY
TREATMENT
PRIMARY TREATMENT
SLUDGE TREATMENT
Sludge
cake
Composting, landfilling, land
reclamation, silviculture, or
other uses (depending on
levels of heavy metals, toxic
organics and pathogens)
TERTIARY
TREATMENT
Filter
(pressed sand
or carbon filter)
Chlorine or UV
disinfection
Treated
wastewater
Secondary Treatment Using Activated Sludge Process
Sludge drying bed or
mechanical dewatering
process
Pathogen Reductions Vary from:
low (99.99+%)
MANAJEMEN OPERASI DAN
PEMELIHARAAN IPAL
OPERASI DAN PEMELIHARAAN
Operasi
SUATU PROSES PEMANFAATAN SUMBER DAYA
UNTUK MENGHASILKAN PRODUK (BARANG
DAN JASA) YANG BERGUNA UNTUK MENCAPAI
TUJUAN DAN SASARAN ORGANISASI.
Pemeliharaan
UPAYA UNTUK MENJAGA SUPAYA SARANA
PRODUKSI & DISTRIBUSI MAMPU BERFUNGSI
SECARA MEMUASKAN SESUAI RENCANA.
27
SIKLUS DEMING
plan
action
continual
improvement
check
do
SIKLUS SISTEM MANAJEMEN OPERASI DAN
PEMELIHARAAN
PENGORGANISASIAN
PEBYUSUNAN DOKUMEN (sop &
instrksi kerja)
PELATIHAN STAFF
RENCANA PROGRAM
KERJA & PENJADWALAN
PELAKSANAAN
OPERASI &
PEMELIHARAAN
KEBUTUHAN SUMBER
DAYA DAN ANGGARAN
IDENTIFIKASI
KEBUTUHAN O&M
PELAPORAN
USULAN TINDAKAN KOREKSI
DAN TINDAKAN PREVENTIF
ANALISIS PENYEBEB
PENYIMPANGAN
SISTEM
MANAJEMEN
OPERASI &
PEMELIHARAAN
PENGUKURAN
KINERJA
PEMANTAUAN
EVALUASI KINERJA
OPERASI DAN
PEMELIHARAAN
EVALUASI TERHADAP
PENYIMPANGAN KINERJA DAN
PROSEDUR
29
PERSYARATAN MANAJEMEN OPERASI
DAN PEMELIHARAAN
1. DUKUNGAN PENUH DARI MANAJEMEN PUNCAK
2. KEPEMIMPINAN YANG KOMPETEN
3. TANGGUNG JAWAB YANG JELAS
4. DESENTRALISASI / PENDELEGASIAN WEWENANG
5. PENYEDIAAN SUMBER DAYA
6. DAPAT DIPERTANGGUNG JAWABKAN
7. KESEDERHANAAN
8. KELENGKAPAN
9. KELENTURAN
10.ARUS INFORMASI YANG CEPAT
30
TRICKLING FILTER
• Food to microorganism ratio (F/M)
• Represents the daily mass of food supplied to the
microbial biomass, X, in the mixed liquor suspended
solids, MLSS
• Units are Kg BOD5/Kg MLSS/day
• Since the hydraulic retention time, q = V/Qo,
then
Typical range of F/M ratio in activated sludge units
Treatment Process
F/M
Kg BOD5/Kg MLSS/day
Extended aeration
0.03 - 0.8
Conventional
0.8 - 2.0
High rate
> 2.0
Design parameters for activated sludge processes
q c ( d)
q ( h)
F/M
Qr/Q
X (mg/L)
Conventional
5-15
4-8
0.2-0.4
0.25-5
1,500-3,000
Complete-mix
5-15
3-5
0.2-0.6
0.25-1
3,000-6,000
Step-aeration
5-15
3-5
0.2-0.4
0.25-0.75
2,000-3,500
0.2-0.5
1.5-3
1.5-5.0
0.05-0.15
200 – 500
Contactstabilization
5-15
0.5-1
3-6
0.2-0.6
0.25-1
1,000-3,000
4,00010,000
Extendedaeration
20-30
18-36
0.05-0.15
0.75-1.5
3,000-6,000
High-rate
aeration
5-10
0.5-2
0.4-1.5
1-5
4,00010,000
Pure-oxygen
8-20
1-3
0.25-1.0
0.25-0.5
6,000-8,000
Process
Modifiedaeration
Operational characteristics of activated sludge processes
Process
Flow model
Aeration system
BOD5 removal
efficiency (%)
Conventional
Plug-flow
Diffused air,
mechanical aerators
85-95
Complete-mix
Complete-mix
Diffused air,
mechanical aerators
85-95
Step-aeration
Plug-flow
Diffused air
85-95
Modified-aeration
Plug-flow
Diffused air
60-75
Contactstabilization
Plug-flow
Diffused air,
mechanical aerators
80-90
Extended-aeration
Complete-mix
Diffused air,
mechanical aerators
75-95
High-rate aeration
Complete-mix
Diffused air,
mechanical aerators
75-90
Pure-oxygen
Complete-mix
Mechanical aerators
85-95
PENGOLAHAN KIMIA
Technologies
• Chemical methods
Coagulation, flocculation, combined with flotation and
filtration, precipitation, ion exchange, electroflotation,
electrokinetic coagulation.
• Physical methods
Membrane-filtration processes (nanofiltration, reverse
osmosis, electrodialysis, . . .) and adsorption techniques.
• Biological treatments
Biodegradation methods such as fungal decolorization,
microbial degradation, adsorption by (living or dead)
microbial biomass and bioremediation systems
Advantages and disadvantages
Chemical methods
Advantages :
• Rapid and efficient process
• Removes all pollutants types, produce a highquality treated effluent
• No loss of sorbent on regeneration and effective
Disadvantages :
• Expensive, and although the pollutants are
removed, accumulation of concentrated sludge
creates a disposal problem
• High energy cost, chemicals required.
Advantages and disadvantages
Physical methods
Advantages :
• The most effective adsorbent, great, capacity,
produce a high-quality treated effluent
• No sludge production, little or no consumption of
chemicals.
Disadvantages :
• Economically unfeasible, formation of byproducts, technical constraints
Advantages and disadvantages
Biological treatments
Advantages :
• Economically attractive, publicly acceptable
treatment
Disadvantages :
• Slow process, necessary to create an optimal
favorable environment, maintenance and
nutrition requirements
COAGULATION
• Definition
Destabilisation of colloid particles by the
addition of chemicals (coagulant)
• Applications
Industrial waste containing colloidal and
suspended solids (e.g. pulp and paper, textile)
Coagulant type
• Metal coagulants :aluminium-based
coagulants, Fero-based coagulants
magnesium chloride (MgCl2)
• Organic polymer coagulants : Polyacrylamide,
Chitosan, Moringa olifeira Alginates (brown
seaweed extracts)
Coagulant agent
Alum
Magnesium chloride
Polyacrylamide
Moringa oleifera
Chitosan
Coagulant - Reaction
• Some of the coagulants used include:
Aluminium sulphate
Ferric chloride
Ferric sulphate
Lime (not true coagulant)
Polymer as coagulant aid eg cationic, anionic, non-ionic.
PAC – new types
Al2(SO4)3.18H20+ 3Ca(HCO3)
2AI(OH)3+ 3CaSO4+ 6C02 + 18H20
AI(OH)3 or Al2O3 ( form as floc is the key element causing
destabilisation of charge).
Raw waste
Floc Formation
Settle floc
Flocculation
• is a process of forming aggregate of flocs to
form larger settleable particle. The process
can be described as follows:
Mutual collision of small floc resulting in bigger
size.
Usually slow speed or gentle mixing is used so
as not to break the large flocs due to shear.
Polymer or large molecular wt compound is
added to enhance floc build up. Most of them
are proprietary chemicals.
Flocculation mechanism
Flocculation mechanism
Flocculation
• The benefits of flocculation are:
To improve settling of particles in
sedimentaion tank
To increase removal of suspended
solids and BOD
To improve performance of settling
tanks
Differences
• Coagulation: is a chemical
technique which is directed
towards the destabilisation
of the charged colloidal
particals.
• Flocculation: is the slow
mixing technique which
promotes the agglomeration
of the stabilised particles.
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION
• Definition:
Removal of metal ions from
solution by changing the
solution composition, thus
causing the metal ions to
form insoluble metal
complexes.
solution with
soluble ions
chemical
reaction
insoluble
complexes
+
clean
Water
Natural methods of precipitation include settling or sedimentation, where
a solid forms over a period of time due to ambient forces like gravity or
centrifugation
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION
(Applications)
• Removal of metals from waste stream
– e.g. plating and polishing operations, mining, steel manufacturing,
electronics manufacturing
– include arsenic, barium, chromium, cadmium, lead, mercury, silver
• Treat e t of hard water – removal of Mg2+
and Ca2+
• Phosphorus removal
• Making pigments
• Removing salts from water in water
treatment
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION
(Theoretical Background)
K eq
(A )(B )
(AB s )
-
Due to dilute concentration,
Ksp = [A+] [B-]
= solubility product constant
where [ ] refer to molar concentration
Eg.
A+ + B-
ABs
Compound
Solubility
(mg/L)
Ksp
CaCO3
18
5 x 10-9
CaCl
745000
159 x 106
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION
(Basic Principles)
A. Add chemical
precipitants to
waste stream
B. Mix thoroughly
C. Allow solid
precipitates to
form floc by slow
mixing
D. Allow floc to
settle in clarifier
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION
(Types of Precipitation)
Heavy metals removal
• Hydroxide precipitation (OH-)
• Sulphide precipitation (S2-)
• Carbonate precipitation (CO32-)
Phosphorus removal
• Phosphate precipitation (PO42-)
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION
(Hydroxide Precipitation)
•
Add lime (CaO) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to waste
stream to precipitate heavy metals in the form of metal
hydroxides.
Cd2+ + Ca(OH)2 Cd (OH)2 + Ca2+
•
•
•
CaO in the form of slurry (Ca(OH)2) while NaOH in the
form of solution.
NaOH is easier to handle but is very corrosive.
Will form floc and settle in clarifier
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION
(Sulphide Precipitation)
•
•
•
•
Use of sulphide in the form of FeS, Na2S or NaHS
Better metal removal as sulphide salt has low solubility
limit
Cu2+ + FeS CuS + Fe2+
Limitation: can produce H2S (g) at low pH
2H+ + FeS H2S + Fe2+
At low pH, reaction will proceed to the right. Thus,
require pH > 8 for safe sulphide precipitation.
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION
Reaction rate
• Reaction rate is a measure of how fast a reaction
occurs, or how something changes during a given
time period.
• Consider the oxidation of glucose, C6H12O6 :
C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2 g → 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g)
• One of the things that happens during this reaction is
simply that glucose gets used up as it reacts with
oxygen in the air, and carbon dioxide and water start
to form.
• A common measure of reaction rate is to express
how the concentration of a reaction participant
changes over time. It could be how the
concentration of a reactant decreases, or how the
concentration of a product increases. This is the
standard method we will be using.
• Now that we have something that changes to
measure, we must consider the second key aspect
of determining rate - time. Rate is a measure of
how something changes over time.
Change in concentration
Change in time
OXIDATION
a method by which wastewater is treated by using oxidizing
agents.
Generally, two forms viz.
• Chemical oxidation and
• UV assisted oxidation using chlorine, hydrogen peroxide,
fe to ’s reage t, ozo e, or potassiu per a ga ate are used
for treating the effluents, especially those obtained from
primary treatment (sedimentation)
ION EXCHANGE
• Definition
Ion exchange is basically a reversible chemical process
wherein an ion from solution is exchanged for a similarly
charged ion attached to an immobile solid particle.
Removal of undesirable anions and cations from solution
through the use of ion exchange resin
• Applications
– Water softening
– Removal of non-metal inorganic
– Removal or recovery of metal
ION EXCHANGE
(Medium - resin)
•
•
•
Consists of an organic or inorganic
network structure with attached
functional group
Synthetic resin made by the
polymerisation of organic
compounds into a porous three
dimensional structure
Exchange capacity is determined by
the number of functional groups
per unit mass of resin
ION EXCHANGE
(Type of Resin)
a. Cationic resin - exchange positive ions
b. Anionic resin – exchange negative ions
(a)
(b)
ION EXCHANGE
(Exchange Reactions)
•
Cation exchange on the sodium cycle:
Na2 · R + Ca2+ Ca · R + 2Na+
where R represents the exchange resin. When all exchange sites are substantially
replaced with calcium, resin is regenerated by passing a concentrated solution of
sodium ions (5-10%) through the bed:
2Na+ + Ca · R Na2 · R + Ca2+
ION EXCHANGE
(Exchange Reactions)
•
Anion exchange replaces anions with hydroxyl ions:
SO42- + R · (OH)2 R · SO4 + 2OHwhere R represents the exchange resin. When all exchange sites are substantially
replaced with sulphate, resin is regenerated by passing a concentrated solution of
hydroxide ions (5-10%) through the bed:
R · SO4 + 2OH- SO42- + R · (OH)2
ION EXCHANGE
(Basic Principles)
H+, CN-
Cation
Resin
Cr3+, CN-
H+, OH-
Anion
Resin
Clean
water
ION EXCHANGE
(Selectivity)
• Cations:
Ra2+ > Ba2+ > Sr2+ > Ca2+ > Ni2+ > Cu2+ > Co2+ > Zn2+ > Mn2+ > Ag+
>Cs+ > K+ > NH4+ > Na+ > Li+
• Anions:
HCRO4- > CrO42- > ClO4- > SeO42- > SO42- > NO3- > Br- > HPO4- >
HAsO4- > SeO32- > CO32- > CN- > NO2- > Cl- > H2PO4-, H2AsO4-,
HCO3- > OH- > CH3COO- > FNote: The least preferred has the shortest retention time, and
appears first in the effluent and vice versa for the most
preferred.
PENGOLAHAN LUMPUR
SLUDGE TREATMENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Thickening : pemekatan lumpur secara gravity,
centrifugasi, rotary screens, gravity belt
Stabilization : aerboic digestion, anaerobic digestion,
lime, heat treatment.
Dewatering : Centrifugasi, Belt-press, vacuum
filtration, Filter-press
Drying
Inceneration
Landfill
FUNDAMENTALS OF TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
---- PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS ---1. Various water treatment processes
Sreening
Solid – liquid
separation
Precipitation
Clarifier
Conventional type
Slurry recirculation type
Sludge blanket type
Pelletized sludge
Blanket type
Floatation
Filtration
Thickener
Clarifying
filtration
Slow filter
Rapid filter
Pressure type
Gravity type
Precoat filter
Centrifugation
Membrane
filter
MF (Mikro – Filter)
UF (Ultra Filter)
RO (Reverse osmosis)
ED (Elektrodialysis)
Dewatering
Rotary vacuum filter
Filter Press
Belt Press
Centrifugal Precipitation
Centrifugal Precipitation
Phisicochemical
treatment
Neutralization
Coagulation and Flocculation
Oxidation and/
or Reduction
Adsorption
Chemical
oxidation/reduction
Aeration
Electrolysis
Ozonization
UV
Activated carbon
Activated alumina
Ion exchange
Cation excange resin
Anion excange resin
Chelate resin
Zeolite
Mikroorganisma di IPAL
• Bakteri (seperti spesies Acinetobacter,
nitrosomonas, nitrobacter dan Zoogloea
ramigera)
• Protozoa (seperti Aspidisca, Carchesium,
Opercularia, Trachelophyllum, Vorticella)
• Amoeba (seperti Cochliopodium dan Euglypha )
• Organisme lain yang ada antara lain jamur,
rotifer dan nematoda.
RUMAH SAKIT
Disiapkan : Tri Joko,Ir.M.Si - 0811270271
LATAR BELAKANG
Latar Belakang
• Limbah Rumah Sakit merupakan salah satu sumber atau
penyebab potensial pencemaran lingkungan.Keberadaan
Rumah Sakit di tengah komunitas masyarakat seringkali
menimbulkan konflik akibat adanya kerusakan atau
permasalahan lingkungan seperti tercemarnya sungai yang
vital bagi kehidupan penduduk.
• Oleh karena itu, Pemerintah mewajibkan Rumah Sakit untuk
menyediakan Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah melalui
kebijakan – kebijakan yang mengatur upaya pengamanan
dampak limbah terhadap lingkungan, seperti :
a. UU No. 36/2009 tentang Kesehatan
b. UU No.32/2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan
Lingkungan Hidup
c. PP No 101 Tahun 2014 tentang Pengelolaan Limbah B3
d. Kep Men LH Nomor 5 TAHUN 2014 tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah
e. PerMen Kes nomor1204/MENKES/PerXI/2004 tentang
Sanitasi Rumah Sakit
PERSYARATAN KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN RUMAH SAKIT
(KEPMENKES RI No. 1204 /SK/X/2004)
1. Penyehatan ruang bangunan dan halaman rumah sakit.
2. Persyaratan hygiene dan sanitasi makanan dan
minuman.
3. Penyehatan air.
4. Pengelolaan limbah.
5. Pengelolaan tempat penyucian linen.
6. Pengendalian serangga, tikus dan binatang pengganggu
lain.
7. Dekontaminasi melalui disinfeksi dan sterilisasi.
8. Persyaratan pengamanan radiasi.
9. Upaya promosi kesehatan dari aspek kesehatan
lingkungan.
Persyaratan
pengelolaan limbah.
1. Limbah medis
padat.
2. Limbah non medis
padat.
3. Limbah cair.
4. Limbah gas.
(minimasi,
pemilahan,
pewadahan,
pengumpulan,
pengolahan, daur
ulang,
pemusnahan, dsb)
Persyaratan pengelolaan
tempat pencucian linen.
1. Suhu air panas
untuk pencucian.
2. Penggunaan jenis
deterjen dan
disinfektan.
3. Standar kuman.
PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH CAIR RUMAH SAKIT
PERMASALAHAN
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Jumlah, Kualifikasi, Kompetensi SDM
Perencanaan IPAL yang salah/tidak sesuai
IPAL sudah tua dan tidak handal
Operasi dan Pemeliharaan Tidak Benar
Sumber Air Limbah Berubah Kapasitas dan
Kualitas
6. IPAL tidak efektip, efisiensi rendah
7. Tidak didukung manajemen dalam OP
8. Tidak memiliki SOP IPAL
9. Sarana Laboratorium tidak memadai
10. Adanya perubahan Input Air Limbah
Skema diagram karakterisik limbah cair
Characterization of Hospital Wastewater, Risk Waste Generation
and Management Practices in Lahore, Muhammad Imran Meo1, Sajjad Haydar2, Obaidullah Nadeem3,
Ghulam Hussain2 and Haroon Rashid2
Study of Hospital Wastewater Characteristic in Malang City 1,Prayitno, 2,Zaenal Kusuma,3,Bagyo Yanuwiadi, 4,Rudy W Laksmono 1,Doctoral Student Of Environment Program,
Post Graduate Program Of Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
Pengolahan
Limbah Cair
Rumah Sakit
1.
Pengolahan Fisik :
sedimentasi, flotasi,
sentrifugasi,
penyaringan,
pengeringan,
insinerasi, penapisan
2. Pengolahan Kimia :
netralisasi, koagulasi
& Flokulasi, Oksidasi,
Reduksi
3. Pengolahan Biologi :
aerasi, lumpur aktif,
lagoon
4. Pengolahan Thermal
Laboratorium,
Poli Gigi,
Kamar bedah,
Radiologi
Laundry
Bak Kontrol
Saluran air limbah
Desinfeksi
Saluran air limbah
Pompa
Pre treatment
(Defoaming)
Pengolahan
Kimia
Bak Kontrol
Insinerasi
Filtrasi
Pemanfaatan
kembali (re Use)
Penyiraman Taman
dan kebutuhan lain
Kamar mandi / WC
Kamar jenazah
Kamar Perawatan
Dapur
Kafetaria
Pompa
Bak Penampung
Pompa
Saluran air limbah
Pre treatment
(Pemisah
Lemak)
Saluran air limbah
Lumpur Kering
Desinfeksi
Pengolahan Lumpur
Bak Kontrol
Saringan +
Comminutor
Pompa
Bak Kontrol
Pengolahan
Biologis
Pengolahan
Kimia
Filtrasi
Lemak
Desinfeksi
Bak Penampung
Insinerasi
Taman
Perpipaan air limbah
Pengolahan optional
Cuci Mobil
Distribusi
Pembersihan lantai
Perpipaan air bersih
Kebutuhan lainnya
Perpipaan lumpur
Pompa
Dibuang ke
badan air
PENDEKATAN PERENCANAAN WWTP
a.
b.
c.
d.
Strength and characteristics of wastewater
Flow rates and their fluctuations
Mass loading
Design Criteria :
1. Hydraulic flow diagram
2. Detention period or time
3. Flow through velocity
4. Settling velocity
5. Surface loading rate @ over flow rate
6. Weir loading rate
7. Organic loading (BOD @ COD @ VSS loading)
8. Food to Microorganism ratio, F/M
9. Mean cell Residence Time
10. Hydraulic Loading
11. Volumetric Loading
12. Basin geometry (L:B:D) length, breadth and depth ratio.
Krakteristik Input air limbah :
1. BOD5 = 80 – 125 mg/lt, COD = 100 – 200 mg/lt
2. Debit = 60 l/dt (disain pengembangan)
Pertimbangan lahan tersedia dan pemanfaatan sarana yg ada
1. Vol Loading = 0,2 – 0,3 kg BOD5/m3.d
2. Waktu kontak = 7 – 10 jam
Reminder: Important treatment technologies
Process
Technical options
Reason for popularity in ecosan
Composting
Composting plants for secondary
treatment
Composting toilet
Suitable for faecal matter and organic solid waste
treatment
Produces valuable end product (compost)
Low energy demand
Pathogen destruction (if thermophilic)
Anaerobic
treatment
Septic tanks
UASB
Anaerobic ponds
Anaerobic digesters
Suitable for faecal sludge, blackwater, faeces (e.g.
together with manure), organic solid waste
Preserves nitrogen (unlike aerobic wastewater
treatment)
Produced biogas for cooking, lighting, heating
“Natural
systems” (lowrate biological
systems)
Constructed wetlands
Aerobic or facultative
ponds/lagoons
Waste stabilisation ponds
Suitable for greywater treatment
Low energy use
Cheap if land available
Can have aesthetic and environmental benefits (e.g.
increased bird life)
High-rate
biological or
physical
systems
Package plants using attached
growth processes
Membrane bioreactor
Trickling filter
Suitable for greywater treatment in urban areas (limited
space)
High quality effluent is produced
Example of On-Site Wastewater Treatment for a Large
Healthcare Facility
Healthcare
sewage
Bar Screen
Grit Chamber
filtrate
Equalization
Tank
Aeration
Tank
filtrate
Sludge
dewatering
press
Thickener
Aerobic
digester
activated
sludge
Clarifier
SECONDARY
TREATMENT
PRIMARY TREATMENT
SLUDGE TREATMENT
Sludge
cake
Composting, landfilling, land
reclamation, silviculture, or
other uses (depending on
levels of heavy metals, toxic
organics and pathogens)
TERTIARY
TREATMENT
Filter
(pressed sand
or carbon filter)
Chlorine or UV
disinfection
Treated
wastewater
Secondary Treatment Using Activated Sludge Process
Sludge drying bed or
mechanical dewatering
process
Pathogen Reductions Vary from:
low (99.99+%)
MANAJEMEN OPERASI DAN
PEMELIHARAAN IPAL
OPERASI DAN PEMELIHARAAN
Operasi
SUATU PROSES PEMANFAATAN SUMBER DAYA
UNTUK MENGHASILKAN PRODUK (BARANG
DAN JASA) YANG BERGUNA UNTUK MENCAPAI
TUJUAN DAN SASARAN ORGANISASI.
Pemeliharaan
UPAYA UNTUK MENJAGA SUPAYA SARANA
PRODUKSI & DISTRIBUSI MAMPU BERFUNGSI
SECARA MEMUASKAN SESUAI RENCANA.
27
SIKLUS DEMING
plan
action
continual
improvement
check
do
SIKLUS SISTEM MANAJEMEN OPERASI DAN
PEMELIHARAAN
PENGORGANISASIAN
PEBYUSUNAN DOKUMEN (sop &
instrksi kerja)
PELATIHAN STAFF
RENCANA PROGRAM
KERJA & PENJADWALAN
PELAKSANAAN
OPERASI &
PEMELIHARAAN
KEBUTUHAN SUMBER
DAYA DAN ANGGARAN
IDENTIFIKASI
KEBUTUHAN O&M
PELAPORAN
USULAN TINDAKAN KOREKSI
DAN TINDAKAN PREVENTIF
ANALISIS PENYEBEB
PENYIMPANGAN
SISTEM
MANAJEMEN
OPERASI &
PEMELIHARAAN
PENGUKURAN
KINERJA
PEMANTAUAN
EVALUASI KINERJA
OPERASI DAN
PEMELIHARAAN
EVALUASI TERHADAP
PENYIMPANGAN KINERJA DAN
PROSEDUR
29
PERSYARATAN MANAJEMEN OPERASI
DAN PEMELIHARAAN
1. DUKUNGAN PENUH DARI MANAJEMEN PUNCAK
2. KEPEMIMPINAN YANG KOMPETEN
3. TANGGUNG JAWAB YANG JELAS
4. DESENTRALISASI / PENDELEGASIAN WEWENANG
5. PENYEDIAAN SUMBER DAYA
6. DAPAT DIPERTANGGUNG JAWABKAN
7. KESEDERHANAAN
8. KELENGKAPAN
9. KELENTURAN
10.ARUS INFORMASI YANG CEPAT
30
TRICKLING FILTER
• Food to microorganism ratio (F/M)
• Represents the daily mass of food supplied to the
microbial biomass, X, in the mixed liquor suspended
solids, MLSS
• Units are Kg BOD5/Kg MLSS/day
• Since the hydraulic retention time, q = V/Qo,
then
Typical range of F/M ratio in activated sludge units
Treatment Process
F/M
Kg BOD5/Kg MLSS/day
Extended aeration
0.03 - 0.8
Conventional
0.8 - 2.0
High rate
> 2.0
Design parameters for activated sludge processes
q c ( d)
q ( h)
F/M
Qr/Q
X (mg/L)
Conventional
5-15
4-8
0.2-0.4
0.25-5
1,500-3,000
Complete-mix
5-15
3-5
0.2-0.6
0.25-1
3,000-6,000
Step-aeration
5-15
3-5
0.2-0.4
0.25-0.75
2,000-3,500
0.2-0.5
1.5-3
1.5-5.0
0.05-0.15
200 – 500
Contactstabilization
5-15
0.5-1
3-6
0.2-0.6
0.25-1
1,000-3,000
4,00010,000
Extendedaeration
20-30
18-36
0.05-0.15
0.75-1.5
3,000-6,000
High-rate
aeration
5-10
0.5-2
0.4-1.5
1-5
4,00010,000
Pure-oxygen
8-20
1-3
0.25-1.0
0.25-0.5
6,000-8,000
Process
Modifiedaeration
Operational characteristics of activated sludge processes
Process
Flow model
Aeration system
BOD5 removal
efficiency (%)
Conventional
Plug-flow
Diffused air,
mechanical aerators
85-95
Complete-mix
Complete-mix
Diffused air,
mechanical aerators
85-95
Step-aeration
Plug-flow
Diffused air
85-95
Modified-aeration
Plug-flow
Diffused air
60-75
Contactstabilization
Plug-flow
Diffused air,
mechanical aerators
80-90
Extended-aeration
Complete-mix
Diffused air,
mechanical aerators
75-95
High-rate aeration
Complete-mix
Diffused air,
mechanical aerators
75-90
Pure-oxygen
Complete-mix
Mechanical aerators
85-95
PENGOLAHAN KIMIA
Technologies
• Chemical methods
Coagulation, flocculation, combined with flotation and
filtration, precipitation, ion exchange, electroflotation,
electrokinetic coagulation.
• Physical methods
Membrane-filtration processes (nanofiltration, reverse
osmosis, electrodialysis, . . .) and adsorption techniques.
• Biological treatments
Biodegradation methods such as fungal decolorization,
microbial degradation, adsorption by (living or dead)
microbial biomass and bioremediation systems
Advantages and disadvantages
Chemical methods
Advantages :
• Rapid and efficient process
• Removes all pollutants types, produce a highquality treated effluent
• No loss of sorbent on regeneration and effective
Disadvantages :
• Expensive, and although the pollutants are
removed, accumulation of concentrated sludge
creates a disposal problem
• High energy cost, chemicals required.
Advantages and disadvantages
Physical methods
Advantages :
• The most effective adsorbent, great, capacity,
produce a high-quality treated effluent
• No sludge production, little or no consumption of
chemicals.
Disadvantages :
• Economically unfeasible, formation of byproducts, technical constraints
Advantages and disadvantages
Biological treatments
Advantages :
• Economically attractive, publicly acceptable
treatment
Disadvantages :
• Slow process, necessary to create an optimal
favorable environment, maintenance and
nutrition requirements
COAGULATION
• Definition
Destabilisation of colloid particles by the
addition of chemicals (coagulant)
• Applications
Industrial waste containing colloidal and
suspended solids (e.g. pulp and paper, textile)
Coagulant type
• Metal coagulants :aluminium-based
coagulants, Fero-based coagulants
magnesium chloride (MgCl2)
• Organic polymer coagulants : Polyacrylamide,
Chitosan, Moringa olifeira Alginates (brown
seaweed extracts)
Coagulant agent
Alum
Magnesium chloride
Polyacrylamide
Moringa oleifera
Chitosan
Coagulant - Reaction
• Some of the coagulants used include:
Aluminium sulphate
Ferric chloride
Ferric sulphate
Lime (not true coagulant)
Polymer as coagulant aid eg cationic, anionic, non-ionic.
PAC – new types
Al2(SO4)3.18H20+ 3Ca(HCO3)
2AI(OH)3+ 3CaSO4+ 6C02 + 18H20
AI(OH)3 or Al2O3 ( form as floc is the key element causing
destabilisation of charge).
Raw waste
Floc Formation
Settle floc
Flocculation
• is a process of forming aggregate of flocs to
form larger settleable particle. The process
can be described as follows:
Mutual collision of small floc resulting in bigger
size.
Usually slow speed or gentle mixing is used so
as not to break the large flocs due to shear.
Polymer or large molecular wt compound is
added to enhance floc build up. Most of them
are proprietary chemicals.
Flocculation mechanism
Flocculation mechanism
Flocculation
• The benefits of flocculation are:
To improve settling of particles in
sedimentaion tank
To increase removal of suspended
solids and BOD
To improve performance of settling
tanks
Differences
• Coagulation: is a chemical
technique which is directed
towards the destabilisation
of the charged colloidal
particals.
• Flocculation: is the slow
mixing technique which
promotes the agglomeration
of the stabilised particles.
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION
• Definition:
Removal of metal ions from
solution by changing the
solution composition, thus
causing the metal ions to
form insoluble metal
complexes.
solution with
soluble ions
chemical
reaction
insoluble
complexes
+
clean
Water
Natural methods of precipitation include settling or sedimentation, where
a solid forms over a period of time due to ambient forces like gravity or
centrifugation
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION
(Applications)
• Removal of metals from waste stream
– e.g. plating and polishing operations, mining, steel manufacturing,
electronics manufacturing
– include arsenic, barium, chromium, cadmium, lead, mercury, silver
• Treat e t of hard water – removal of Mg2+
and Ca2+
• Phosphorus removal
• Making pigments
• Removing salts from water in water
treatment
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION
(Theoretical Background)
K eq
(A )(B )
(AB s )
-
Due to dilute concentration,
Ksp = [A+] [B-]
= solubility product constant
where [ ] refer to molar concentration
Eg.
A+ + B-
ABs
Compound
Solubility
(mg/L)
Ksp
CaCO3
18
5 x 10-9
CaCl
745000
159 x 106
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION
(Basic Principles)
A. Add chemical
precipitants to
waste stream
B. Mix thoroughly
C. Allow solid
precipitates to
form floc by slow
mixing
D. Allow floc to
settle in clarifier
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION
(Types of Precipitation)
Heavy metals removal
• Hydroxide precipitation (OH-)
• Sulphide precipitation (S2-)
• Carbonate precipitation (CO32-)
Phosphorus removal
• Phosphate precipitation (PO42-)
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION
(Hydroxide Precipitation)
•
Add lime (CaO) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to waste
stream to precipitate heavy metals in the form of metal
hydroxides.
Cd2+ + Ca(OH)2 Cd (OH)2 + Ca2+
•
•
•
CaO in the form of slurry (Ca(OH)2) while NaOH in the
form of solution.
NaOH is easier to handle but is very corrosive.
Will form floc and settle in clarifier
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION
(Sulphide Precipitation)
•
•
•
•
Use of sulphide in the form of FeS, Na2S or NaHS
Better metal removal as sulphide salt has low solubility
limit
Cu2+ + FeS CuS + Fe2+
Limitation: can produce H2S (g) at low pH
2H+ + FeS H2S + Fe2+
At low pH, reaction will proceed to the right. Thus,
require pH > 8 for safe sulphide precipitation.
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION
Reaction rate
• Reaction rate is a measure of how fast a reaction
occurs, or how something changes during a given
time period.
• Consider the oxidation of glucose, C6H12O6 :
C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2 g → 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g)
• One of the things that happens during this reaction is
simply that glucose gets used up as it reacts with
oxygen in the air, and carbon dioxide and water start
to form.
• A common measure of reaction rate is to express
how the concentration of a reaction participant
changes over time. It could be how the
concentration of a reactant decreases, or how the
concentration of a product increases. This is the
standard method we will be using.
• Now that we have something that changes to
measure, we must consider the second key aspect
of determining rate - time. Rate is a measure of
how something changes over time.
Change in concentration
Change in time
OXIDATION
a method by which wastewater is treated by using oxidizing
agents.
Generally, two forms viz.
• Chemical oxidation and
• UV assisted oxidation using chlorine, hydrogen peroxide,
fe to ’s reage t, ozo e, or potassiu per a ga ate are used
for treating the effluents, especially those obtained from
primary treatment (sedimentation)
ION EXCHANGE
• Definition
Ion exchange is basically a reversible chemical process
wherein an ion from solution is exchanged for a similarly
charged ion attached to an immobile solid particle.
Removal of undesirable anions and cations from solution
through the use of ion exchange resin
• Applications
– Water softening
– Removal of non-metal inorganic
– Removal or recovery of metal
ION EXCHANGE
(Medium - resin)
•
•
•
Consists of an organic or inorganic
network structure with attached
functional group
Synthetic resin made by the
polymerisation of organic
compounds into a porous three
dimensional structure
Exchange capacity is determined by
the number of functional groups
per unit mass of resin
ION EXCHANGE
(Type of Resin)
a. Cationic resin - exchange positive ions
b. Anionic resin – exchange negative ions
(a)
(b)
ION EXCHANGE
(Exchange Reactions)
•
Cation exchange on the sodium cycle:
Na2 · R + Ca2+ Ca · R + 2Na+
where R represents the exchange resin. When all exchange sites are substantially
replaced with calcium, resin is regenerated by passing a concentrated solution of
sodium ions (5-10%) through the bed:
2Na+ + Ca · R Na2 · R + Ca2+
ION EXCHANGE
(Exchange Reactions)
•
Anion exchange replaces anions with hydroxyl ions:
SO42- + R · (OH)2 R · SO4 + 2OHwhere R represents the exchange resin. When all exchange sites are substantially
replaced with sulphate, resin is regenerated by passing a concentrated solution of
hydroxide ions (5-10%) through the bed:
R · SO4 + 2OH- SO42- + R · (OH)2
ION EXCHANGE
(Basic Principles)
H+, CN-
Cation
Resin
Cr3+, CN-
H+, OH-
Anion
Resin
Clean
water
ION EXCHANGE
(Selectivity)
• Cations:
Ra2+ > Ba2+ > Sr2+ > Ca2+ > Ni2+ > Cu2+ > Co2+ > Zn2+ > Mn2+ > Ag+
>Cs+ > K+ > NH4+ > Na+ > Li+
• Anions:
HCRO4- > CrO42- > ClO4- > SeO42- > SO42- > NO3- > Br- > HPO4- >
HAsO4- > SeO32- > CO32- > CN- > NO2- > Cl- > H2PO4-, H2AsO4-,
HCO3- > OH- > CH3COO- > FNote: The least preferred has the shortest retention time, and
appears first in the effluent and vice versa for the most
preferred.
PENGOLAHAN LUMPUR
SLUDGE TREATMENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Thickening : pemekatan lumpur secara gravity,
centrifugasi, rotary screens, gravity belt
Stabilization : aerboic digestion, anaerobic digestion,
lime, heat treatment.
Dewatering : Centrifugasi, Belt-press, vacuum
filtration, Filter-press
Drying
Inceneration
Landfill
FUNDAMENTALS OF TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
---- PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS ---1. Various water treatment processes
Sreening
Solid – liquid
separation
Precipitation
Clarifier
Conventional type
Slurry recirculation type
Sludge blanket type
Pelletized sludge
Blanket type
Floatation
Filtration
Thickener
Clarifying
filtration
Slow filter
Rapid filter
Pressure type
Gravity type
Precoat filter
Centrifugation
Membrane
filter
MF (Mikro – Filter)
UF (Ultra Filter)
RO (Reverse osmosis)
ED (Elektrodialysis)
Dewatering
Rotary vacuum filter
Filter Press
Belt Press
Centrifugal Precipitation
Centrifugal Precipitation
Phisicochemical
treatment
Neutralization
Coagulation and Flocculation
Oxidation and/
or Reduction
Adsorption
Chemical
oxidation/reduction
Aeration
Electrolysis
Ozonization
UV
Activated carbon
Activated alumina
Ion exchange
Cation excange resin
Anion excange resin
Chelate resin
Zeolite
Mikroorganisma di IPAL
• Bakteri (seperti spesies Acinetobacter,
nitrosomonas, nitrobacter dan Zoogloea
ramigera)
• Protozoa (seperti Aspidisca, Carchesium,
Opercularia, Trachelophyllum, Vorticella)
• Amoeba (seperti Cochliopodium dan Euglypha )
• Organisme lain yang ada antara lain jamur,
rotifer dan nematoda.