Pronunciation variations of Indonesian President`s speech in APEC CEO Summit 2014.

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vii ABSTRACT

Traditya, Aurelia Vina. (2015). Pronunciation Variations of Indonesian President’s

Speech in APEC CEO Summit 2014. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.

pronunciation variations can be seen in the video of Indonesian President’s speech in

APEC CEO Summit 2014. The Indonesian President, Mr. Ir. H. Joko Widodo, is a Javanese, and he had to deliver his presentation to the international CEOs in English.

Mr. Joko Widodo spoke English with strong Javanese accent and it caused the existence of English pronunciation variations during his speech. Thus, this final paper

has a question: “What are the pronunciation variations in Indonesian President’s

APEC CEO Summit 2014 speech as being compared to Standard English

pronunciation?” This final paper used document analysis as the research method.

The results of this research are the phenomena of some English pronunciations variations, which are divided into consonant sounds and vowel sounds. There are ten kinds of pronunciation variations of consonants. They are classified into five sound deletions and five assimilations or sound changes. Some of the consonants pronunciation variations are common variations, which also happen in countries with English as their mother tongue. The other pronunciation variations are the unique characteristics of pronunciation variations, which are influenced by Javanese accent.

The pronunciation variations of vowel sounds are unable to be classified, because of the inconsistency of vowel sound changes by Mr. Joko Widodo during his speech. One vowel sound could change into several sounds. It happened because Mr. Joko Widodo often pronounced some English words with their similar pronunciation of Indonesian words.

Keywords: pronunciation, variations, pronunciation variations, APEC, APEC CEO Summit 2014

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viii ABSTRAK

Traditya, Aurelia Vina. (2015). Pronunciation Variations of Indonesian President’s Speech in APEC CEO Summit 2014. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.

Bahasa Inggris sebagai salah satu bahasa international diucapkan oleh banyak orang dari berbagai negara, dengan berbagai latar belakang, dan berbagai budaya. Fenomena ini menimbulkan adanya variasi pelafalan bahasa Inggris, terutama yang diucapkan oleh non-pembicara bahasa Inggris asli. Salah satu contoh adanya variasi pelafalan bahasa Inggris dapat dilihat dalam video pidato Presiden Indonesia dalam Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi CEO APEC 2014. Presiden Indonesia, Bapak Ir. H. Joko Widodo, adalah seorang Jawa, dan beliau harus menyampaikan presentasinya pada para CEO internasional dalam bahasa Inggris.

Bapak Joko Widodo berbicara dalam bahasa Inggris dengan logat Jawa yang kuat, dan hal ini menyebabkan adanya variasi pelafalan bahasa Inggris selama pidatonya. Dengan demikian, makalah ini mempunyai sebuah pertanyaan: “Apa saja variasi pelafalan dalam pidato Presiden Indonesia di Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi CEO APEC 2014, yang dibandingkan dengan pelafalan standar bahasa Inggris?” Makalah ini menggunakan analisis dokumen sebagai metode penelitiannya.

Hasil penelitian ini adalah adanya beberapa variasi pelafalan bahasa Inggris, yang dibagi menjadi bunyi konsonan dan bunyi vokal. Terdapat sepuluh macam variasi pelafalan bunyi konsonan. Mereka diklasifikasikan menjadi lima penghilangan bunyi dan lima asimilasi atau perubahan bunyi. Beberapa variasi pelafalan bunyi konsonan merupakan variasi umum, yang juga terjadi di negara-negara yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa Ibu mereka. Variasi pelafalan lainnya merupakan variasi pelafalan berkarakteristik unik, yang dipengaruhi oleh logat Jawa.

Variasi pelafalan bunyi vokal tidak dapat diklasifikasikan, karena perubahan bunyi vokal yang tidak konsisten oleh Bapak Joko Widodo selama pidatonya. Satu bunyi vokal dapat berubah menjadi beberapa bunyi. Hal ini terjadi karena Bapak Joko Widodo sering melafalkan beberapa kata bahasa Inggris dengan kata-kata bahasa Indonesia yang pelafalannya mirip.

Kata kunci: pronunciation, variations, pronunciation variations, APEC, APEC CEO Summit 2014

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IN APEC CEO SUMMIT 2014

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN FINAL PAPER

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Aurelia Vina Traditya

Student Number: 101214108

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

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PRONUNCIATION VARIATIONS

OF IND

ONESIAN PRESIDENT’S

SPEECH

IN APEC CEO SUMMIT 2014

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN FINAL PAPER

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Aurelia Vina Traditya

Student Number: 101214108

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

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I dedicated this final paper for: My almighty God, Jesus Christ

My beloved father, Petrus Coelestinus Moh Pambudi My beloved mother, Agustina Setyawati

My beloved sister, Jeanne Vika Traditya

My beloved brother-in-law, Yulius Anggara Adi Swasana And my beloved little nephew, Wolfgang Kenzie Rajendra Swasana

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vii ABSTRACT

Traditya, Aurelia Vina. (2015). Pronunciation Variations of Indonesian

President’s Speech in APEC CEO Summit 2014. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.

English as one of the international languages is spoken by a lot of people from various countries, with various backgrounds and various cultures. This phenomenon creates the existence of English pronunciation variations, especially which are spoken by non-native English speakers. One example of the existence of English pronunciation variations can be seen in the video of Indonesian President’s speech in APEC CEO Summit 2014. The Indonesian President, Mr. Ir. H. Joko Widodo, is a Javanese, and he had to deliver his presentation to the international CEOs in English.

Mr. Joko Widodo spoke English with strong Javanese accent and it caused the existence of English pronunciation variations during his speech. Thus, this final paper has a question: “What are the pronunciation variations in Indonesian President’s APEC CEO Summit 2014 speech as being compared to Standard English pronunciation?” This final paper used document analysis as the research method.

Keywords: pronunciation, variations, pronunciation variations, APEC, APEC CEO Summit 2014

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viii ABSTRAK

Traditya, Aurelia Vina. (2015). Pronunciation Variations of Indonesian

President’s Speech in APEC CEO Summit 2014. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.

Bahasa Inggris sebagai salah satu bahasa international diucapkan oleh banyak orang dari berbagai negara, dengan berbagai latar belakang, dan berbagai budaya. Fenomena ini menimbulkan adanya variasi pelafalan bahasa Inggris, terutama yang diucapkan oleh non-pembicara bahasa Inggris asli. Salah satu contoh adanya variasi pelafalan bahasa Inggris dapat dilihat dalam video pidato Presiden Indonesia dalam Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi CEO APEC 2014. Presiden Indonesia, Bapak Ir. H. Joko Widodo, adalah seorang Jawa, dan beliau harus menyampaikan presentasinya pada para CEO internasional dalam bahasa Inggris.

Bapak Joko Widodo berbicara dalam bahasa Inggris dengan logat Jawa yang kuat, dan hal ini menyebabkan adanya variasi pelafalan bahasa Inggris selama pidatonya. Dengan demikian, makalah ini mempunyai sebuah pertanyaan:

“Apa saja variasi pelafalan dalam pidato Presiden Indonesia di Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi CEO APEC 2014, yang dibandingkan dengan pelafalan standar bahasa Inggris?” Makalah ini menggunakan analisis dokumen sebagai metode penelitiannya.

Variasi pelafalan bunyi vokal tidak dapat diklasifikasikan, karena perubahan bunyi vokal yang tidak konsisten oleh Bapak Joko Widodo selama pidatonya. Satu bunyi vokal dapat berubah menjadi beberapa bunyi. Hal ini terjadi karena Bapak Joko Widodo sering melafalkan beberapa kata bahasa Inggris dengan kata-kata bahasa Indonesia yang pelafalannya mirip.

Kata kunci: pronunciation, variations, pronunciation variations, APEC, APEC CEO Summit 2014

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to send my gratitude to God, my Jesus Christ, for His blessing and guidance that He has given to me for all this time, especially in the process of finishing this final paper. Jesus Christ always forgives me for my mistakes and guides me to walk on the right path for a brighter future.

Second, I would like to thank Drs. Barli Bram, M. Ed., Ph. D., who has helped me for the consultations to finish this final paper. I really appreciate his willingness to be available almost anytime and being glad to help me and other students for consultations and advice. May God always bless him.

Third, I would like to thank all lecturers and staffs of Sanata Dharma University, especially from English Education Study Program for teaching and guiding me to study in this university for these five years. The knowledge and the experiences that I have got here are very precious for my life.

Fourth, I would like to give my special thanks to my father, Petrus Coelestinus Moh Pambudi, and also my mother, Agustina Setyawati, who have supported and taken care of me, so that I can finish this final paper. I also thank my sister, my brother-in-law, my nephew and other family members for their support and prayers.Without them, I could not imagine what I would become today.

Fifth, I would like to thank all my friends and everyone for their support and prayers. They are precious in my life. They open my eyes and make me realize that I am not alone. They are always there to help and support me.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE ... i

APPROVAL PAGES ... ii

DEDICATION PAGE ... iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... v

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ... vi

ABSTRACT ... vii

ABSTRAK ... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xi

LIST OF TABLES ... xiii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Research Background ... 1

B. Research Method ... 5

CHAPTER II. DISCUSSION 8 A. Review of Related Literature ... 8

B. Brief Biography of President of Indonesia, Ir. H. Joko Widodo ... 13

C. Findings ... 14

1. Consonants ... 14

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xii

CHAPTER III. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 21

A. Conclusions ... 21

B. Recommendations ... 22

REFERENCES ... 25

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xiii

LIST OF TABLES

Page Table 2.1 English Consonants of Received Pronunciation ... ..9 Table 2.2 English Vowels of Received Pronunciation... ... 10 Table 2.3 Findings of English Consonants Change...17

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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This first chapter contains the introduction of the paper. This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part is called the research background which contains the background information and rational of the study, the second part is the research method which explains the methodology for this study.

A. Research Background

In this globalization era, English has become one of the official languages which is used by people at international affairs or fora. As being stated by Jenkins (2000), English has been taught to speakers of other languages since 15th Century. Since then, English has become the global international language. Jenkins (2000) adds that since 15th Century until 20th Century, the teaching and learning of English pronunciation was very strict. English as Second Language (ESL) learners and also English as Foreign Language (EFL) learners were required to speak English with the „correct‟ pronunciation, as „good‟ as the English „native speakers‟. Then, it has been decided that the Standard English (SE) for EFL and ESL teaching and learning activities is called as Received Pronunciation (RP). It is supported by Kurtiniene (2014) who states “The accent which is most often associated with SE is known as Received Pronunciation” (p. 8). Lin (2014) states “...English pronunciation influences the development of communicative competence that is required for building up the communicative bridge between

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speakers and listeners” (p. 16). Therefore, Standard English with RP is considered to help the development of communicative competence of the language users.

ESL and EFL learners have been taught about Standard English in the formal education. However, human language cannot be separated from accents. As stated by Collins and Mees (2003), accents refer to the “several ways in which the language can be pronounced” (p. 2). Accents are various in different regions. These variants of accents create the rise of pronunciation variations. According to Collins and Mees (2003), RP is categorized as prestige accent, because it is spoken by few people with high social status. Collins and Mees (2003) state that prestige accent is “a variety regarded highly even by those who do not speak it, and associated with status, education, and wealth.” (p. 3). Although this RP is rarely spoken by common people in this era, this accent is often chosen as the Standard English. RP is often being used as a tool to compare and analyze the pronunciation variations of English.

Pronunciation variations in a certain language are able to add the function of language as the tool for expressing the speaker‟s identity. It happens because usually variations in language pronunciation come from the influence of native language or the original region where the speaker lives. Widdowson (1982) explains how the development and variants of a language are influenced by human intrusion. Then, they are used by the speakers as the tool to express their identity. Pronunciation variations are not only connected to the identity of the person or the speaker, but they also represent the identity of a certain group as the speaker‟s origin.

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Some people still keep pronunciation variations of a certain foreign language to show their identity or their origin. However, not all people use pronunciation variations as the influenced of their own accents to show the origin‟s identity. Many people are trying to speak English by using the very similar or exactly the same pronunciation like the English „native speakers‟ to show their ability or professionalism, especially when they have to talk in great events like international fora. Dalton and Seidlhofer (1994) state “Pronunciation is so much a matter of self-image that students may prefer to keep their accent deliberately, in order to retain their self-respect or to gain the approval of their peers” (p. 7). Somehow, this teaching method of English does not always give positive effect. According to Dalton and Seidlhofer (1994), forcing EFL learners to speak English with SE pronunciation “may be seen as forcing them to reject their own identity” (p. 7).

Some people can not be forced to speak foreign language by using the standard pronunciation which similar to the native speakers‟ pronunciation of that foreign language. Standard pronunciation is not something which has to be forced for someone to master it. The main function of language is as the tool for communication. In communication, the most important factor is the intelligibility. Bamgbose (1998) describes intelligibility as “a complex of factors comprising recognizing an expression, knowing its meaning, and knowing what that meaning signifies in the sociocultural context” (p. 11). From this description of intelligibility, it can be concluded that as long as a speech is intelligible, any kind of pronunciation variations can be accepted. Therefore, the listeners also need to

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have understanding and acceptance or positive judgment towards the non-native speakers. In order to accept a certain spoken language by non-native speakers, an understanding of knowledge about pronunciation variations of certain language is necessary. Hazen (2001) states “if people had a better understanding of how language works, they would probably be less inclined to make negative judgments about speakers of different dialects” (p. 1). So, this is the reason that in this era, pronunciation variations are more accepted, even in formal international fora.

The phenomenon of pronunciation variations happens during the presentation of Mr. Joko Widodo as President of Republic of Indonesia in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) CEO Summit 2014 in Beijing. The news reports reported about his performance in giving presentation in front of hundreds of CEOs by using English with his strong Javanese accent. The CEOs and many people who watched the news praised him for his straightforward and simple presentation. It shows that the listeners or the audience were still able to recognize and understand his English speech, although it was influenced by his strong Javanese accent. His confidence in using his Javanese accent during the presentation in English is quite unique and attracted people‟s attention. From this phenomenon, the researcher came out with a research question: “What are the pronunciation variations in Indonesian President‟s APEC CEO Summit 2014 speech as being compared to Standard English pronunciation?”

The researcher believes that this paper can give benefits to language learners and teachers, especially the students and the lecturers of English Education Study Program. Pronunciation variation is part of linguistics study. It

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shows the variations of English pronunciation which are different from common pronunciation variations which occur in Inner Circle countries. Kachru (2006) states that Inner Circle countries are the countries where the people are English native speakers like the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, or Canada. Indonesia is categorized as a member of Expanding Circle or the countries where English does not have official status and being taught through the education system. Therefore, these pronunciation variations can give additional knowledge for students who want to study further about linguistics, especially in the field of phonetics and phonology. Besides, pronunciation variations are also part of lesson material which is beneficial to train the students‟ listening, speaking, and pronunciation skills. Those skills are parts of important subjects in English Education Study Program. Charity and Mallinson (2011) state that language is the important part of culture and identity. So, understanding the variations and diversity of language is critical to be taught in multicultural education. Therefore, this paper can be beneficial as a reference for linguistic study or further research for both English Education Study Program students and lecturers.

B. Research Method

This final paper is qualitative research, which is the type of research method which does not require statistics or quantitative data. Patton (1985) states that qualitative research is “an effort to understand situations in their uniqueness as part of a particular context and the interactions there” (p. 1). Looking at this definition, qualitative research focuses more in analyzing a certain phenomenon

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and it is explained in words, instead of numbers. The focus of analysis in qualitative research is a certain phenomenon of a certain time or context. Merriam (2002) states “Qualitative researchers are interested in understanding what those interpretations are at particular point in time and in a particular context” (p. 4).

According to Merriam (2002), there are several key characteristics of qualitative research. The first is that “the researchers strive to understand the meaning people have constructed about their world and their experiences” (p. 4 -5). Merriam (2002) explains further that “it is not attempting to predict what may happen in the future necessarily, but to understand the nature of that setting” (p. 5). The second characteristic is “the researcher is the primary instrument for data collection and data analysis” (p. 5). Merriam (2002) adds “the researcher can expand his or her understanding through nonverbal as well as verbal communication, process information (data) immediately, clarify and summarize material, check with respondents for accuracy of interpretation and explore unusual or unanticipated responses” (p. 5). Merriam (2002) states that the content of qualitative inquiry is „richly descriptive‟. Merriam (2002) states further “Words and pictures rather than numbers are used to convey what the researcher has learned about a phenomenon” ( p. 5).

From the several types of qualitative research is document analysis, because the data which is used is in a form of video recording with the transcript. Document analysis is one of data collection and analysis types of qualitative research. This type of data analysis requires library research without observing the phenomenon directly. According to Singh (2006), document analysis is also called

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as content analysis. It “deals with the systematic examination of current records or documents as sources of data” (p. 150). Singh (2006) also mentions the examples of sources data, such as “official records and reports, printed forms, text-books, reference books, letters, autobiographies diaries, pictures, films and cartoons” (p. 150). Ary, Jacobs, and Sorensen (2010) also states that “content analysis focuses on analyzing and interpreting recorded material to learn about human behavior. The material may be public records, textbooks, letters, films, tapes, diaries, themes, reports, or other documents” (p. 29).

Video recording as the main data to be analyzed is taken from APEC‟s official account on youtube.com. The video focuses on the presentation speech of Indonesian President. Other presentations or speeches of other heads of government are available in other videos. There is no subtitle or transcript directly on the video, so the researcher makes a transcript of the speech. By matching the available transcript and the video, the phenomena of pronunciation variations can be analyzed directly. In analyzing the pronunciation variations, RP and General American (GA), which are considered as Standard English pronunciation, is used as a tool to compare and to analyze the difference or the characteristics of English pronunciation variations which are influenced by Javanese accent. The RP and GA English as the tool for comparison are taken from Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary as the reliable source.

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8 CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part is the review of related literature which contains the theories as the base of the research. The second part is the findings of the research.

A. Review of Related Literature

Pronunciation variations are variations of pronunciation which are different from the standard pronunciation of a certain language. Pronunciation variations which are discussed in this paper are related to the influence of accent. Crystal (2008) defines accent as “those features of pronunciation which identify where a person is from, regionally and socially” (p. 3). So, people from different regions or countries have different accents. These varieties of accents influence the pronunciation of the speakers when they speak in their own languages or other languages. However, each language has its own standard of pronunciation. In English, it is called as Standard English (SE). Trudgill (1999) considers SE as

“the most important dialect in the English-speaking world from a social, intellectual, and cultural point of view” (p. 123). Kurtiniene (2014) states “The accent which is most often associated with SE is known as Received

Pronunciation” (p. 8). According to Kurtiniene (2014), Received Pronunciation or RP is considered as “the pronunciation that is associated with the educated, typically the middle and upper classes of the community” (p. 8). Aitchison (2003)

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makes a list of English RP sounds. The list of RP sounds are divided into two parts as consonants and vowels. The sounds of English RP consonants are listed below.

Table 2.1 English Consonants of Received Pronunciation English Consonants English Consonants

/p/ as in pill

/b/ as in bill

/t/ as in tin

/d/ as in din

/k/ as in cot

/g/ as in got

/m/ as in meat

/n/ as in neat

/ŋ/ as in sing

/l/ as in lake

/r/ as in rake

/f/ as in fast

/v/ as in vast

/θ/ as in thin

/ð/ as in then

/s/ as in sink

/z/ as in zinc

/ʃ/ as in ship

/ʒ/ as in beige

/h/ as in hat

/ʧ/ as in chin

/ʤ/ as in gin

/w/ as in wet

/j/ as in yet

Source: Aitchison (2003, p. 46-47)

The table above provides the English RP consonants. According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2007), there are allophones of those RP consonants, which are part of Standard English pronunciation. As an example is

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the occurrence of aspiration or puff of air in the pronunciation of aspirated stops such as /p/, /t/, and /k/, which have allophones to become [ph], [th], and [kh] when they are pronounced in the beginning of a word. Another characteristic of RP consonants is the pronunciation of /r/ sound. Although it is commonly written as /r/, but according to IPA (Intenational Phonetic Alphabets) chart, it is written as /ɹ/. The pronunciation of the sound /ɹ/ is based on how English native speakers from the Inner Circle countries pronounce it. They pronounce it as /ɹ/ without vibration of the tongue, instead of /r/ which needs strong vibration of the tongue.

Beside the consonants sounds, there are vowels sounds as listed below.

Table 2.2 English Vowels of Received Pronunciation

English Vowels English Vowels

/æ/ as in pat

/ :/ as in part

/e/ as in pet

/ɪ/ as in pit

/i:/ as in peat

/ / as in pot

/ɔ:/ as in port

/ʊ/ as in put

/u:/ as in boot

/ʌ/ as in but

/ :/ as in bird

/ə/ as in ago

/eɪ/ as in bay

/aɪ/ as in buy

/ɔɪ/ as in boy

/aʊ/ as in bout

/əʊ/ as in boat

/ɪə/ as in beer

/eə/ as in bare

/ʊə/ as in doer,dour

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On the list of English RP vowels above, there are several diphthong sounds. Those diphthongs are part of the characteristics of RP which do not always exist in other accents.

In the variations of pronunciation, there are not only allophones, but there are also several types of variations in phonology. Variations in phonology cannot be separated from phonological processes which create variants of language phonology. The common phonological processes are assimilation, deletion, weakening, vowel change, and some others.

There are two definitions of assimilation, which are stated by McCarthy and Smith (2003), and also Ramelan (1994). McCarthy and Smith (2003) define

assimilation as “a phonological process in which a segment changes to resemble its neighbors more closely” (p. 320). As similarly to the definition of assimilation from McCarthy and Smith (2003), Ramelan (1994) defines assimilation as the process when a phoneme changes into another phoneme. Based on those definitions, assimilation is able to be called as the change of sounds.

Connine and Pinnow (2006) give examples of common pronunciation variations of English, which commonly occur in the Inner Circle countries. Those variations are included as the variations of phonology, which are commonly called as phonological variations. The examples of phonological variations which are commonly spoken by English native speakers in the Inner Circle countries are word final /t, d/ deletion, word medial flap, schwa deletion, and nasal flap. Word final /t, d/ deletion can also be called as final consonant deletion. An example of word final /t, d/ deletion phenomenon can be found in American English. Connine

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and Pinnow (2006) state that “word final stops can be articulated with or without a release burst in American English” (p. 237). Some examples of words with word final /t, d/ deletion as the phonological variation are in the pronunciation of the words „and‟, „just‟, „mist‟, and many others. In spoken speech or conversation, those words with word final /t/ or /d/ are sometimes pronounced by deleting the word final /t/ or /d/. Connine and Pinnow (2006) state that an example of word

medial flap can be found in “the flapped variant of coronal stops in post-tonic position as in „pretty‟ ” (p. 238). Schwa deletion can be found in the example of pronunciation the word “history” /„hɪstəɹɪ/ becomes /„hɪstɹɪ/ (p. 239). While the example of nasal flap is the pronunciation of the word “twenty” /„thw ntɪ/ becomes /„thw ɹɪ/ (Connine and Pinnow, 2006).

English pronunciation variations have more variations in the Outer Circle and Expanding Circle countries. These pronunciation variations are commonly known as the part of accents. There are so many variations of accents around the world. Different regions have different accents. Wells (1995) describes about the differences of accents, which can be distinguished based on “their phonetic detail, phonological structure and the differences in the use of particular phonemes in particular words or morphemes” (p. 72-73). In further explanation, Wells (1995) mentions an example of how to pronounce /r/. Wells (1995) states that “one fundamental division in English accent type depends upon a difference in phonotatic distribution of consonant /r/” (p.75).

After looking at the explanation of theories and examples of pronunciation variations, this paper focuses on the pronunciation variations which are influenced

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by Javanese accent, because Javanese is the origin of the speaker in the video, Mr. Ir. H. Joko Widodo as the President of Indonesia. According to Thurgood (2004),

Javanese accent is famously known by its „breathy voice‟ in its consonants. These breathy voice consonants are typical of Javanese phones which are often to be heard even when they speak in other languages. Thurgood (2004) states “Javanese breathiness has often been described in connection with a light versus a heavy series of obstruents. The two series contrast at five places of articulation (labial, dental, retroflex, palatal, and velar) in terms of the absence or presence of breathy

phonation” (p. 279). This statement is supported by Horne (1961), who says “the light consonants are sharp and clear, while heavy consonants have a murmured,

fuzzy quality” (p. 29). Javanese breathy consonants are the voiced consonants such: /b, d, ɖ, dʒ, g/, while the light consonants are /p, t, ƫ, tʃ, k/. However, the breathy voice can be heard more obviously in the voiced consonants. There is burst aspiration in the pronunciation of voiced consonants such: /b, d, ɖ, dʒ, g/ (Thurgood, 2004).

Besides the breathy voice, there are also more other types of pronunciation variations which might exist in the pronunciation of English by Javanese people. A presentation speech in APEC CEO Summit 2014 by Ir. H. Joko Widodo as the President of Indonesia becomes the example of English pronunciation variations with Javanese accent. The brief biography of Ir. H. Joko Widodo is explained below.

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B. Brief Biography of President of Indonesia, Ir. H. Joko Widodo

As an evidence that the accent which is used by Joko Widodo is Javanese accent, here is the brief biography of Joko Widodo as the President of Indonesia. Ir. H. Joko Widodo is the 7th President of Indonesia since October 20, 2014 until now. He is a Javanese descent who was born in Surakarta of Central Java on June 21, 1961. His father‟s origin was from Karanganyar and his grandparents were from Boyolali. Joko Widodo spent most of his life in Central Java, especially Surakarta. He was raised in Surakarta and studied from Elementary School until Senior High School in Surakarta too. He continued his study at Gajah Mada University in Yogyakarta. After he finished his studies, he became a successful businessman in Surakarta. In 2005, he became the Mayor of Surakarta for 7 years. In 2012, he started to leave Javanese region to become the Governor of Jakarta. Then, he was elected as President of Indonesia in 2014.

C. Findings

This section presents the findings of the research. The findings are divided into two main parts. The first finding is the pronunciation variations of consonant sounds. The second finding is the pronunciation variations of vowel sounds.

1. Consonants

The pronunciation variations in President Joko Widodo‟s speech are part of phonological processes and grammatical influence. The variations are able to be categorized into two types of phonological processes. They are deletion

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(deletion of certain sounds during pronunciation) and assimilation (the change of sound becomes other sound). In the deletion category, some of them can be included as standard variations of English pronunciation, but there are also other variations of sound deletions.

First, there are four types of sound deletions in this finding which are listed and explained below.

a. Sound deletion of /r/

The deletion of /r/ sound is rather similar to RP or British accent, where the deletion happens when the sound /r/ is located in the middle of word or between 2 other sounds, or when it is located as the word final. This /r/ deletion is different from General American or GA accent, which is part as the standard variants of English in the Inner Circle countries. The speakers of GA still tend to pronounce the /r/ sound at any position in word (front, middle, and final of a word). Some examples of /r/ deletion are in the pronunciation of „first‟ which is pronounced as /f :s/ instead of /f :rst/ and the word „year‟ which is pronounced as /ji :/instead of /j :r/.

b. Sound deletion of /d/ or /t/

The sound deletion of /d/ or /t/ is common phonological process, even in the Inner Circle countries. This sound deletion of /d/ or /t/ is quite often being spoken by English speakers both native and non-native. This sound deletion of /d/ or /t/ is also part of standard variants of English. Connine and Pinnow (2006) have

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also put the example of this /t/ or /d/ sound deletion on the theory above. Some common /t/ or /d/ sound deletion in the video of Mr. Joko Widodo‟s speech are in

the words „want‟, „last‟, „plant‟and „island‟.

c. Sound deletion of /s/

The sound deletion /s/ happens in the pronunciation of a word with ending

„-nce‟, just likein the word „distance‟. Instead of pronouncing it as /dɪstəns/, Mr. Joko Widodo pronounced it as /dɪstən/. If this word is pronounced separately from the context, it might be misunderstood as the word „distant‟ as an adjective, instead of ‟distance‟ as a noun. Besides that, the deletion of sound /s/ also happens in the pronunciation of the word „six‟. For few times, Mr. Joko Widodo pronounced it as /sɪk/ instead of /sɪks/, which can be misheard like the word „sick‟ if it is spoken out of the context.

d. Sound deletion of /l/

The deletion of sound /l/ happens once, on the pronunciation of the word

„health‟, which is pronounced as /het/ instead of /helθ/. There are no more evidence of other words with sound /l/ deletion as the pronunciation variation which is different from standard English.

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e. Sound deletion of /n/

Sound deletion /n/ also happens once, like sound deletion /l/. It happens in the pronunciation of the word „government‟, which was pronounced as /gafəmən/, instead of /gʌvərnmənt/. The sound /n/ in the middle of the word is deleted.

Besides the sounds deletion of consonants, there are also sounds change that can be found in the video. In linguistics, the change of sound into another similar sound is called as assimilation, which is part of phonological process. Those sounds change can be listed below.

Tabel 2.3 Findings of English Consonants Change

Standard English Pronunciation English Pronunciation Variations by Mr. Joko Widodo

/ɹ/ /r/

/θ/ /t/

/ʃ/ /s/

/v/ /f/

/z/ /dʒ/

f. Sound change of /ɹ/ becomes /r/

English native speakers in the Inner Circle countries, including standard English RP speakers, tend to pronounce the sound /r/ as /ɹ/, without strong vibration of the tongue. But in the video of President Joko Widodo‟s speech, the sound /r/ is literally pronounced as /r/, with strong vibration of the tongue. In some words, President pronounced the sound /r/ with obvious vibration, but

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sometimes he deleted the sound /r/. This is the reason the sound /r/ is written in both the list of sound deletion and also the list of sound change. Some examples

where the sound /r/ is pronounced with obvious vibration are in the words „your‟, „refrigerators‟, „fertilizers‟, and „enterprise‟.

g. Sound change of /θ/ becomes /t/

The first example of assimilation as the phonological process is the sound

change of /θ/ becomes /t/. The sounds /θ/ does not exist in Javanese. Therefore, they are pronounced to the most similar sound: /t/. It happens in the pronunciation

of the word „thank‟ from „thank you‟. Mr. Joko Widodo pronounced it as /t ŋkju/, instead of /θæŋkju:/. This sound change also happen in the pronunciation of the

word „thousand‟, which was pronounced as /t usən/, instead of /θaʊznd/.

h. Sound change of /ʃ /becomes /s/

The sound /ʃ / does not exist in Javanese language. Therefore, it is pronounced to the most similar sound /s/. In the speech video, it happens in the pronunciation of „fisherman‟, which is pronounced as /fisərmen/, instead of /fɪʃəmən/. It also can be heard obviously in the word „show‟, which is pronounced as /so/, instead of /ʃoʊ/.

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In both Javanese and Indonesian, the sounds /v/ is always pronounced voiceless as /f/. The voiced sound /v/ is very uncommon in Javanese accent. It

can be heard during Mr. Joko Widodo‟s speech, when he pronounced words

which consist the sound /v/, he pronounced them as voiceless sound /f/. For

example, in the pronunciation of the word „vessel‟, instead of pronouncing it as /vesəl/, Mr. Joko Widodo pronounced it as /fesəl/. However, this sound change of /v/ into /f/ does not always happen that way during Mr. Joko Widodo‟s speech.

For example, when he pronounced the word „seven‟, he was still able to pronounce it as /s vən/, with the voiced sound /v/ still can be heard.

j. Sound change of /z/ becomes /dʒ/

The sound change of /z/ becomes /dʒ/ happens in the pronunciation of the

word „zone‟. President Joko Widodo pronounced it as /dʒon/, insead of /zoʊn/. It happens because the sound /z/ is rarely or almost never used in both Javanese and Indonesian. The closer sounds to /z/ are /dʒ/ and /s/.

Besides the pronunciation variations which are based on theory of phonological processes, there are also unusual or unique pronunciation variations

of President‟s English speech with Javanese accent. The other variation which is influenced by Javanese accent is the pronunciation of some consonants, like the sounds /b/, /d/, /g/, and / dʒ/. Those voiced consonants do not change into other similar sounds like in assimilation phonological process, but they are pronounced in a little bit unique way. Those voiced consonants are pronounced with aspiration

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as aspirated sounds. Usually, English consonants which are pronounced with aspiration are the voiceless consonants like: /p/, /t/, /k/, and /tʃ/. But according to the pronunciation in the video by President Joko Widodo as a Javanese person, the aspiration happens in the voiced consonants.

2. Vowels

Variations of pronunciation for vowel sounds are more complicated than pronunciation variations for consonant sounds, because in vowel sounds, one vowel can change in more than one variants. But basically, President Joko Widodo pronounced many words literally as the written form. For example, the

word „water‟ is literally pronounced as /watər/, instead of /wɔ:təɹ/. So does the

word „area‟ which was pronounced as /area/, instead of /eriə/. Besides that, there are also words which are pronounced similarly like the Indonesian version. For example the word „cement‟. In Indonesian, the Indonesian of „cement‟ is „semen‟. So, President Joko Widodo pronounced it as /səmen/, instead of /sɪment/.

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21 CHAPTER III

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter is divided into two parts, which called as conclusions and recommendations. Conclusions cover the summary of major findings to the previous research question: “What are the pronunciation variations in Indonesian President‟s APEC CEO Summit 2014 speech as being compared to Standard English pronunciation?” In addition, recommendations cover the benefits for language learners, language teachers or lecturers, and also for the future researchers.

A. Conclusions

This part summarizes the major findings of the research about phenomenon of pronunciation variations. The analysis of this research focused on pronunciation variations that occurred in Indonesian President‟s English speech at APEC CEO Summit 2014 in Beijing. The research intended to analyze the pronunciation variations of English speech which is influenced by Javanese accent, because the Indonesian President as the speaker, is a Javanese.

As the answer to the previous research question: “What are the pronunciation variations in Indonesian President‟s APEC CEO Summit 2014 speech as being compared to Standard English pronunciation?”, the findings of this research show several pronunciation variations. They are divided into consonant sounds and vowel sounds. There are five consonant sound deletions,

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such as the sounds /r/, /d/ (or /t/), /s/, /l/, and /n/. Besides that, there are also five assimilations or consonant sounds change, such as the sounds /ɹ/ becomes /r/, /θ/ becomes /t/, /ʃ /becomes /s/, /v/ becomes /f/, and /z/ becomes /dʒ/. Those pronunciation variations are influenced by the strong accent of Javanese by Mr. Joko Widodo as the speaker. Another findings of pronunciation variations of consonants are the occurence of breathy voice in some voiced consonants like /b/, /d/, /g/, and / dʒ/. This breathy voice is considered as the unique characteristic of Javanese accent.

The pronunciation variations of vowel sounds are more complicated than consonant sounds, and they are unable to be classified separately, because of the inconsistency of sound changes during the speech by Mr. Joko Widodo. One vowel sound could change into several sounds. It happened because some of English words were pronounced by the similar pronunciations of Indonesian words.

B. Recommendations

This research might be beneficial for language learners, language teachers, and further researchers.

1. For Language Learners

First, the researcher would like to suggest for language learners care and pay more attention to the pronunciation variations of foreign languages which might be a lot and unique, especially which come from the non-native speakers of

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foreign languages or outside the Inner Circle countries of certain language. Gaining more knowledge about pronunciation variations will help to have a communicative interaction with foreigners.

2. For Language Teachers or Lecturers

Second, the researcher would like to suggest language teachers of college level or university level (lecturers), for example the lecturers of English Language Education Study Program, to introduce pronunciation variations of foreign language to their students. For example, language teachers can play video recordings or audio recordings of a certain foreign language during listening class or pronunciation class. Through this example of method, students will be trained to recognize and understand the pronunciation variations of the foreign language they learn.It will be important and useful for the foreign language students to understand more pronunciation variations from different countries or regions. The language teachers themselves also need to be more professional and able to recognize a lot of pronunciation variations of foreign language they master.

3. For Future Researchers

Third, the researcher would like to suggest for future researchers to conduct research about pronunciation variations of one certain language which is used in some wide regions. The pronunciation variations which are going to be analyzed will be better if those kinds of pronunciation variations with strong

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accent and „unique‟ pronunciation which are different from the standard pronunciation.

This research focused on the pronunciation variations with Javanese accent. Future researchers may do research about the pronunciation variations with other accent from other regions or other tribes in Indonesia, or perhaps outside Indonesia. This kind of research is beneficial as new knowledge for language learners, especially to practice their listening towards various pronunciation variations of a certain language.

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REFERENCES

Aitchison, J. (2003). Teach yourself: Linguistics. New York: Hodder and Soughton. Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., & Sorensen, C. K. (2010). Introduction to research in

education (8th ed). Belmont: Wadsworth.

Bamgbose, A. (1998). Torn between the norms: innovations in world englishes [Electronic version]. World Englishes, 17(3), 1-14.

Charity, H. A. H., & Mallinson, C. (2011). Understanding English language variation in U.S. schools. New York: Teachers College Press.

Collins, B. & Mees I. M. (2003). Practical phonetics and phonology. London: Routledge.

Connine, C. M., & Pinnow E. (2006). Phonological variation in spoken word recognition: Episodes and abstractions [Electronic version]. The Linguistic Review. (23), 235-245.

Crystal, D. (2008). A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics (6th ed). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

Dalton, C. & Seidholfer, B. (1994). Pronunciation. Oxford: Oxford Univesity Press.

Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., & Hyams, N. M. (2007). An introduction to language.

Boston: Thomson Wadsworth.

Hazen, K. (2001). Teaching about dialects. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics.

Hornby, A.S. (Ed.). (2005). Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary (7th ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Horne, E. C. (1961). Beginning javanese. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Jenkins, J. (2000). The phonology of English as an international language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Kachru, B. (ed.). (2006). The handbook of world Englishes. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Kurtiniene, G. (2014). A course in english phonetics for efl university students.

Retrieved May 10, 2015, from

http://www.flf.vu.lt/dokumentai/mokslas/el_knygu_versijos/A_Course_in_En glish_Phonetics.pdf

Lin, L-C. (2014, March). Understanding pronunciation variations facing esl students [Electronic version]. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science.

4(5(1)), 16-20.

McCarthy, J. J. & Smith, N. (2003). Phonological processes: assimilation [Electronic version]. Linguistics Department Faculty Publication Series. (20), 320-323. Merriam, S. B. (2002). Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and

analysis. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Patton, M. Q. (1985, April). Quality in qualitative research: Methodological principles and recent developments. Invited address to Division J of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago.

Ramelan. (1994). English phonetics. Semarang: UNNES Press.

Singh, Y. K. (2006). Fundamental of research methodology and statistics. New Dehi: New Age International (P) Ltd.

Thurgood, E. (2004, December). Phonation types in javanese [Electronic version].

Oceanic Linguistics. 43(2), 277-295.

Trudgill, P. (1999). The dialects of England. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

Widdowson, H.E. (1982). What do we mean by ‘international language’?. In C. Brumfit (Ed.), English for international communication (pp. 9-13). Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Wells, J. C. (1995). Accents of English 1: An introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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27 APPENDIX

Full Transcript of Presentation of Mr. Joko Widodo, President of Indonesia at APEC CEO Summit 2014 in Beijing, China – 10 November 2014

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lo2jx_IFAoU

Ladies and gentlemen, all CEOs, good morning. First, on behalf of Indonesian government and the people of Indonesia, I would like to thank you for

your coming to my presentation. Today, I’m happy, I’m very happy to be among

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I’m very happy because we can talk about business, about investment with all of

you.

The picture show you our map of Indonesia. We have population two hundred forty million. And the distance is like from London in U.K. to Istanbul in Turkey. And imagine, we have seventeen thousand island. Seventeen thousand island.

Our national budget on two thousand fifteen is one hundred sixty seven billion U.S. and for fuel subsidy is twenty seven billion U.S. It’s huge. So, we want to channel our fuel subsidy from consumption to the productive activity. From consumptive productivity to....uhmm...from consumptive activity to productive activity.

We want to channel our fuel subsidy to the farmer for seed, for fertilizers, and also for irrigation. And we want to build the dam. Twenty five dam in five years from our fuel subsidy to maintain the water supply to the farming area.

Some subsidy we want to channel to the fisherman to give them boat engine, to give them refrigerator. We want to increase the income of the fisherman. Some sub...fuel subsidy, we want to channel to micro and small enterprise in the villages. We want to help them raise their working capital. And some subsidy we want to channel to the health program, the eduction program. And the subsidy we want to channel to the infrastructure.

In five years, we want to build twenty four seaport and deep seaport. As you know we have seventeen thousand island so we need seaport and we need deep seaport. And this is your opportunity. Twenty four seaport and deep seaport.

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The picture show you our Jakarta port, Tanjung Priok port. In two thousand nine, the capacity is three point six million TEUs(Twenty-foot Equivalent Units) a year and our plan in two thousand seventeen is around fifteen million TEUs a year. This is the potential port in Indonesia. This is your opportunity. We want to build in Sumatra island, in Kalimantan island, in Java island, in Sulawesi island, in Maluku island, and also in Papua island.

And we plan to build our railway track, railway network. Now we have already in Java. We want to build in Sumatra island, in Kalimantan island, in Sulawesi island, and also in Papua island. This is your opportunity.

Now we talk about mass transportation. We want to build our man...uhmm..mass transportation in six big cities in Indonesia. We have started in Jakarta last year and we want to build in Medan, in Makassar, in Semarang, in Bandung, in Surabaya. So, this is also your opportunity. Because you know our national budget is limited.

Now we talk our maritime agenda. We want to build sea toll. What is sea toll? Sea toll is maritime transportation system. To make our transportation cost lower, to make our transportation cost more efficient. We want to build from the west to the east. We hope not only the vessel can enter our sea toll but also mother vessel can enter the sea toll. So the price, the cost of the transportation more efficient. For example, the price of the cement, one sack cement in Java island is six U.S. dollar per sack cement. Imagine, twenty five time. So, we hope with our sea toll the price in all of the island is the same.

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Electricity. We need power plant. We need around thirty five thousand megawatt to build our industry. To build our project. To build our industrial zone, our manufacture zone. So, we need power plant. This is also your opportunity to invest in this project. Because we need our power plant for manufacturing and industrial zone.

Many investor, a lot of investor, when they come to me, almost of them, they always complain about land acquisition. I will push my minister, my governor, my mayor, to help clearing this problem. I have experience with land acquisition. When I was a governor, we have project Jakarta Outer Ring Road started fifteen years ago, but it stop eight years ago because we have problem here. One a half kilometer unfinish because there is one hundred forty three family do not accept with the compensation price. So, last year, I invite them. I go to the ground and I invite them for lunch and dinner. Four time. Ah, this is me. I invite them and then we talk about the problem, four time. Four time meeting. And the problem is clear. And now the toll road has been use seven month ago.

Now we talk business permit. We have national one stop service. National one stop service office. That can help you, that will serve you, that will facilitate you, that will give you your business permit. For example, principle business permit need 3 days to process.

Finally, again, on behalf of Indonesian government, and the people of Indonesia, I would like to thank you for listening my presentation. We are waiting for you to come to Indonesia. We are waiting for you to invest in Indonesia. Thank you, thank you. Good morning.

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REFERENCES

Aitchison, J. (2003). Teach yourself: Linguistics. New York: Hodder and Soughton. Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., & Sorensen, C. K. (2010). Introduction to research in

education (8th ed). Belmont: Wadsworth.

Bamgbose, A. (1998). Torn between the norms: innovations in world englishes [Electronic version]. World Englishes, 17(3), 1-14.

Charity, H. A. H., & Mallinson, C. (2011). Understanding English language variation in U.S. schools. New York: Teachers College Press.

Collins, B. & Mees I. M. (2003). Practical phonetics and phonology. London: Routledge.

Connine, C. M., & Pinnow E. (2006). Phonological variation in spoken word recognition: Episodes and abstractions [Electronic version]. The Linguistic Review. (23), 235-245.

Crystal, D. (2008). A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics (6th ed). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

Dalton, C. & Seidholfer, B. (1994). Pronunciation. Oxford: Oxford Univesity Press.

Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., & Hyams, N. M. (2007). An introduction to language.

Boston: Thomson Wadsworth.

Hazen, K. (2001). Teaching about dialects. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics.

Hornby, A.S. (Ed.). (2005). Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary (7th ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Horne, E. C. (1961). Beginning javanese. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Jenkins, J. (2000). The phonology of English as an international language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

(2)

Kachru, B. (ed.). (2006). The handbook of world Englishes. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Kurtiniene, G. (2014). A course in english phonetics for efl university students.

Retrieved May 10, 2015, from

http://www.flf.vu.lt/dokumentai/mokslas/el_knygu_versijos/A_Course_in_En glish_Phonetics.pdf

Lin, L-C. (2014, March). Understanding pronunciation variations facing esl students [Electronic version]. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science.

4(5(1)), 16-20.

analysis. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Ramelan. (1994). English phonetics. Semarang: UNNES Press.

Singh, Y. K. (2006). Fundamental of research methodology and statistics. New Dehi: New Age International (P) Ltd.

Thurgood, E. (2004, December). Phonation types in javanese [Electronic version].

Oceanic Linguistics. 43(2), 277-295.

Trudgill, P. (1999). The dialects of England. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

Widdowson, H.E. (1982). What do we mean by ‘international language’?. In C. Brumfit (Ed.), English for international communication (pp. 9-13). Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Wells, J. C. (1995). Accents of English 1: An introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

(3)

27 APPENDIX

Full Transcript of Presentation of Mr. Joko Widodo, President of Indonesia at APEC CEO Summit 2014 in Beijing, China – 10 November 2014

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lo2jx_IFAoU

Ladies and gentlemen, all CEOs, good morning. First, on behalf of Indonesian government and the people of Indonesia, I would like to thank you for your coming to my presentation. Today, I’m happy, I’m very happy to be among with you. Because you know, I was a businessman, a years ago. So, this morning

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I’m very happy because we can talk about business, about investment with all of you.

(5)

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Pronunciation variations of Indonesian President`s speech in APEC CEO Summit 2014.

IN APEC CEO SUMMIT 2014

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN FINAL PAPER

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Aurelia Vina Traditya

Student Number: 101214108

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

PRONUNCIATION VARIATIONS

OF IND

ONESIAN PRESIDENT’S

SPEECH

IN APEC CEO SUMMIT 2014

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN FINAL PAPER

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Aurelia Vina Traditya

Student Number: 101214108

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

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