Form And Meaning Of English Jargon In Andrew Kramer`s Keynote Speech At After Effect World Conference 2014.

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FORM AND MEANING OF ENGLISH JARGON

IN ANDREW KRAMER

’S KEYNOTE SPEECH

AT AFTER EFFECT WORLD CONFERENCE 2014

I GEDE JUNIASTA DATAH 1201305048

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to say thanks to God Almighty, Ida Shang Hyang Widhi Wasa for his blessing so that I could finish this study. I would like to express my special appreciation to Prof. Dr. Sutjiati Beratha, MA as the dean of Faculty of Arts, I Gusti Ngurah Parthama, S.S., M.Hum as the head of English Department, Yana Qomariana, S.S., M.Ling as my academic advisor, and all lecturers who have supported me during my study in English Department, Udayana University. My greatest gratitude goes to Ni Luh Putu Krisnawati, S.S., M.Hum as my first supervisor and Dr. Ida Ayu Made Puspani, M.Hum as my second supervisor for their patient, guidance and advice during the making of this study.

I express special thanks to both my parents for their support in every second and for being my parents, I promise that I will be a good boy. Thanks to I Kronyot for always being there beside me in every single moment literally. And also for all my friends, especially Moksa group, for their serious mental illness that beyond help, which is always entertaining.

Denpasar, January 2016

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ABSTRACT

The title of this study is ―Form and Meaning of English Jargon in Andrew

Kramer‘s Keynote Speech at AE World Conference 2014‖. This study is done considering there are many new English terms that emerge rapidly in the last ten years, and it cannot be separated from the contribution of certain hobby or profession. It discusses about the form and meaning of English jargon found in

Andrew Kramer‘s keynote speech at AE World Conference 2014. This study was

aimed to identify the formation process that contributes in the creation of jargon, and to describe the meaning of jargon based on the context.

The data source of this study was taken from YouTube, in form of video

entitled ―AE WORLD Andrew Kramer Keynote Speech (FULL)‖. Documentation

method was used in collecting the data. The method was done by observing to the language used by Andrew Kramer and then transcribing the video. Method used in analyzing the data was qualitative method. Theory used in analyzing the data was Word Formation theory proposed by Yule in his book entitled The Study of Language (3rd Edition) and theory about meaning that proposed by Louw in his writing entitled How Do Words Mean - If They Do? (1991).

The result of this study shows that there are 107 jargon discovered, that consists of 38 computing jargon and 69 filmmaking jargon. Contextual meaning of jargon in this study usually has a narrower or completely different meaning from its lexical meaning. It is also found that there are 8 word formation processes are contributing in the creation of jargon found in Andrew‘s keynote speech.

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LIST OF TABLE

Table 1: Coinage Table 2: Borrowing

Table 3: Closed Form Compounding Table 4: Hyphenated Form Compounding Table 5: Open Form Compounding Table 6: Clipping

Table 7: Backformation Table 8: Conversion Table 9: Acronym Table 10: Derivation

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... i

ABSTRACT ... ii

LIST OF TABLE ... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Problems of the study ... 3

1.3 Aims of Study ... 3

1.4 Scope of Discussion ... 3

1.5 Research Method ... 4

1.5.1 Data source ... 4

1.5.2 Method and technique of collecting data ... 4

1.5.3 Method and technique of analyzing data ... 5

1.5.4 Method and Technique of Presenting Analysis ... 5

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE, CONCEPTS, AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 7

2.1 Review of Literature ... 7

2.2 Concepts ... 11

2.2.1 Concept of Register ... 11

2.2.2 Concept of Jargon ... 12

2.2.3 Concept of Computing ... 13

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2.2.5 Concept of Morpheme... 14

2.2.6 Concept of Meaning ... 15

2.3 Theoretical Framework ... 16

2.3.1 Word Formation ... 16

2.3.2 Meaning... 19

CHAPTER III FORM AND MEANING OF ENGLISH JARGON ... 21

3.1 Jargons used in Andrew Kramer‘s Speech and Their Meaning ... 21

3.1.1 Computing Jargon ... 22

3.1.2 Filmmaking Jargon ... 35

3.2 The Formation Process of jargon found in Andrew Kramer ‘s speech ... 55

3.2.1 Coinage ... 55

3.2.2 Borrowing ... 56

3.2.3 Compounding ... 57

3.2.4 Blending ... 59

3.2.5 Clipping ... 60

3.2.6 Backformation ... 61

3.2.7 Conversion ... 61

3.2.8 Acronym ... 62

3.2.9 Derivation ... 63

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION ... 65

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 66

APPENDIX 1 ... 68

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

We live in the time where we can email people anywhere and anytime. We needto stay online to be able to watch Youtube. Sometimes, we decide to uninstall

a program in our computer to remove them, and even casual computer users use impressive lexicon of new technical terms like software, digital and gigabyte. Yet, none of those terms existed a few years ago, at least before the invention of computer.

New terms emerged rapidly in the last ten years and it cannot be separated from the contribution of certain hobby or profession. Those hobbies and professions quickly develop jargon to name a concept that people need to talk about. Akmajian (2001:302) states that jargon is special or technical vocabulary that evolves to meet the particular needs of the profession. Since a new jargon emerges whenever there is an invention of technique or technology in certain field, it makes jargon as one of the most productive language variety.

Jargon however, can benefit people who use and understand it, especially those that related to technology. This is because our nowadays behavior that cannot be separated from the usage of certain product of technologies. This language set helps us to communicate precisely since it can avoid many connotations that often blur meaning in colloquial language.

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In the other side, there is nothing new in the creation of most jargon that exists today. Some jargon sound familiar since it was adopted from familiar terms that have already existed. However their meaning could be slightly or completely different. Therefore, it is important to find its meaning based on the context where it is being used.

Andrew Kramer is a visual effect and motion graphics artist who is involved in the creation of Star Trek‘s main titles and some other famous TV show project. He also runs a website named videocopilot.net and shares his knowledge in filmmaking by posting free video tutorials there. Meanwhile he is famous among video makers by his own tutorial videos; his products are also widely known and gain success in market because of its quality.

A keynote speech done by Andrew Kramer in AE World Conference 2014 is one good source to find most jargon in the field of computing and filmmaking because it reveals many jargon and most of them are the terms that refers to newly invented technology. It is an interesting field because some of the terms have already entered our daily language like the term movie and website. It will become more interesting if we could find out how the jargon is formed; besides there is a possibility for the rest of the terms entering our daily language too.

This study is very important since it reveals the process of jargon creation used in computing and filmmaking. It will be useful for those who like to learn about it, especially for students. As for teachers, this research is expected to add a new teaching material.

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1.2 Problems of the study

1) What are jargon and their meaning found in Andrew Kramer's keynote speech at AE World Conference 2014?

2) What are the word formation processes found in jargon used in Andrew Kramer's keynote speech at AE World Conference 2014?

1.3 Aims of Study

1) To find out jargon and their meaning in Andrew Kramer's keynote speech at AE World Conference 2014

2) To find out the formation process of jargon found in Andrew Kramer's keynote speech at AE World Conference 2014.

1.4 Scope of Discussion

In relation to this study, it is possible that the scope of the discussion become too wide, therefore a certain perspective is necessary to limit the scope of discussion to particular area, as follows:

1) In order to find out the jargon used in Andrew Kramer's keynote speech at AE World Conference 2014, concept by Akmajian (2001:302) is used to differentiate common word and jargon.

2) The meaning of jargon found in Andrew Kramer's keynote speech at AE World Conference 2014 is analyzed based on its context where it is being used, according to the theory proposed by Louw (1991).

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3) The word formation of jargon found in Andrew Kramer's keynote speech at AE World Conference 2014 was analyzed in single process dimension, or in other word, they are categorized based on their latest formation process, such as Coinage, Borrowing, Compounding, Blending, Clipping, Backformation, Conversion, Acronyms and Derivation, based on the theory proposed by Yule.

1.5 Research Method

The methodology of this study is divided into three, they are: Data Source, Method and Technique of Collecting Data, and Method and Technique of Analyzing Data.

1.5.1 Data source

The data that support this writing was taken from youtube.com, in form of video by videocopilot.net entitled ―AE WORLD Andrew Kramer Keynote Speech

(FULL)‖. The AE World Conference itself was held on 2014 in Seattle, US. There

were many jargon that was used referring to some acts, things, or conditions in computing and filmmaking. Most of those terms are well known by common people, since it use common English terms, but some of those are unknown. Every single jargon that is found in that video was presented as the data of this study.

1.5.2 Method and technique of collecting data

The method used in collecting the data in this research is documentation method because the data was collected in form of electronic media, in this case a video. The data of this study was collected through some steps as follows:

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1) Observation in language used by Andrew Kramer in the keynote speech video at AE Conference 2014

2) Transcribing the speech by Andrew Kramer in his keynote speech video at AE Conference 2014, therefore the data were available in the written form.

1.5.3 Method and technique of analyzing data

The method used in data analysis in this research is descriptive qualitative method because the object of the research is in the form of words not in numbers. In doing this analysis, the data were processed through the procedures as follows:

1) Jargon in collected data, which in form of transcription were extracted based on the concept of jargon; therefore the jargon would not be mixed with common word.

2) After the data was collected, it was analyzed by the theory proposed by Louw (1991) to find out its meaning in context and its comparison with their lexical meaning if it possible.

3) Finally, jargon found in Andrew Kramer‘s speech were analyzed based on the theory of word formation proposed by Yule (2006) in order to know what formation processes are contributing in the creation of those terms.

1.5.4 Method and Technique of Presenting Analysis

This study uses descriptive method in presenting the analysis. First, in order to answer the first research question, it is important to make a classification on jargon, based on the tendency where they are more likely being used. Some jargon

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are belong to computing jargon, the others tend to be filmmaking jargon. Every single jargon found is arranged in alphabetical order along with their meaning, which was described descriptively. Second, in order to answer the second research question, the data were tabulated into table and presented as a prove that indicated that certain words formation process is exist and contributes in the creation of certain term in Andrew Kramer‘s keynote speech. Finally, the reasons that are supporting the table are described in order to make the analysis stronger.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE, CONCEPTS, AND

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Review of Literature

Research relating to this study was done by Sriartini (2006) entitled The Meaning of Terchnical Terms Used by Food and Beverage Service Staff in Legian Beach Hotel. Problems discussed in that research were the kind of technical terms and its meaning. The data of the research were taken from the utterances between F&B service staff and the guest, F&B service staff and supervisor, F&B service staff and trainee, among F&B service staff in Legian Beach Hotel known as four star hotel. Theory applied in that research is the theory of meaning proposed by Lyons (1995). She found that the meanings of technical terms in food and beverage service are identified into four features, they are: the technical terms for preparation, basic category of menu, types of menu and types of service. The strength of that study is she can deeply describe the meaning of the technical terms along with the case or examples where the terms were being used. However, her study only focuses on the meaning of the terms; in fact it can be developed broader without losing the focus on the meaning description. The relevance with this study is only in the topic discussed, but in order to cover the weakness of her study, this study will not only talk about the meaning of the jargon, but also the word formation process.

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Another research, which is related to this study, was done by Juliarta (2007) entitled The Meaning of Terchnical Terms Used in Football Game With Reference to Football Video Highlight. Problems discussed in that research were the meaning of technical terms and the lexicalization of the phrasal terms. The data of the research were taken from five video highlights of footbal game such as FIFA Fever, Manchester United Video Annual 2003, ARSENAL 2005/2006 Farewell to Highbury Season Review, Goal!!, and Soccer Drills Vol. 3. Theory applied in that research is the theory of meaning proposed by Lyons (1995) in analyzing the meaning, and theory proposed by Laurie Bauer (1983) to analyze the lexicalization of the phrasal terms. The theory proposed by Nida is also used to show the difference between terms and common words. He found that the meaning of technical terms in football game are identified into four categories, they are: (i) the referential (denotational) meaning, such as dribble, shot, block, etc, (ii) the ideational (mentalistic) meaning, such as assist, home, etc, (iii) the behaviorist meaning such as through pass and one two pass, (iv) the meaning is use meaning such as season and goal. It is also found that all the technical terms discussed in this study has lexicalization as the result of addition of semantic information. The strength of that study is that he can describe the meaning of the technical terms along with the lexicalization of the phrasal term, but lack of classification of jargon based on its kind. The relevance with this study is only in the topic discussed, but in order to cover the weakness of his study, this study will not only talk about the meaning of the jargon, but also its word formation process.

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There is also a study done by Yuniasih (2013) entitled An Analysis Of Jargon In Opera Van Java. Problems discussed in that research were the form, meaning, and function of jargon. The data of the research were taken from Opera Van Java program ‘s videos. Theory applied in that research is the theory proposed by Ives (1999) in analyzing the function of the jargon. She found that the form of jargon in Opera Van Java are identified into three instead of four categories, they are: (i) word, such as Prikitiew, Ngihuy, etc, (ii) phrase, such as Sami Sareng (iii) in form of abbreviation such as TKP. It is also found that the meaning of the jargon is classified as denotative and connotative meaning, also there are three functions of jargon, they are (i) Jargon can give a person a sense of belonging to a specific group, (ii) Jargon can also make it easier for a person to communicate with their friends, and (iii) Jargon as effective signals for identification. The strength of that study is that she focused on three things; form, meaning, and function of jargon, but there is only a little number of jargon that is found. The relevance of his work with this study is the topic discussed, but in order to cover the weakness of her study, this study will provide richer data.

There is an article entitled ‗The Impact of Using Many Jargon Words,

while Communicating with the Organization Employees ‘ written by Patoko and Yazdanifard (2014) in American Journal of Industrial and Business Management Volume 4. The study discuss about impact of using many jargon words while communicating with the organization employees especially because of the result of diverse cultures within organizations as well as different ways in which organization managers convey or communicate to their employees, such

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communication leads to conflicts and misunderstandings. Theory applied in that study were theory proposed by Nordquist (2014) in his writing entitled Jargon — Definition and Examples of Jargon and the theory proposed by Lauring and Selmer (2012) in their writing entitled Positive Dissimilarity Attitudes in Multicultural Organizations: The Role of Language Diversity and Communication Frequency, Corporate Communications. The result showed that many jargon words are being used in daily communication, but it becomes worthless when it gets in a way of communicating ideas or information, as a result, it tends to negatively impact the effective and efficient communication in the organization. Furthermore, the use of jargons makes employees feel irritated and left out, hence they end up misunderstanding whatever has been communicated to them and that affect individual productivity as well as the organization ‘s productivity and its profit margin. The relevance with this study is only in the topic discussed.

Hirst (2003), in his writing entitled ‗Scientific Jargon, Good and Bad‘ in

Technical Writing and Communication Volume 33 Suppl. 3 discussed about the classification of jargon into good and bad jargon. Theory applied in that study were theory proposed by Wilkinson (1992) in his book entitled Jargon and the Passive Voice: Prescriptions and Proscriptions for Scientific Writing and the theory proposed by Nash (1993) in his book entitled Jargon: Its Uses and Abuses.

The result showed that there are two kinds of jargon, they are good jargon which is well-formed, well-used jargon, and bad jargon which is badly-used and ill-formed. For a variety of reasons, jargon are "supercharged." Badly manufactured or mishandled, jargon can destroy understanding; made and handled expertly, they

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remove barriers to understanding; they carve out thought efficiently, quickly, precisely. The relevance with this study is only in the topic discussed.

2.2 Concepts

There are some concepts that will be presented in this study, namely: the concept of register, jargon, computing, filmmaking, morpheme, and meaning

2.2.1 Concept of Register

People may use different styles of language while communicating either in different place, and different situation. In a formal situation like when a president delivers a speech, the style used is very formal. In another situation like when talking with friends, people may use informal language. In Sociolinguistics the variety of language use is called as registers

A register is a conventional way of using language that is appropriate in a specific context, which may be identified as situational (e.g. in church), occupational (e.g. among lawyers) or topical (e.g. talking about language) (Yule, 2006:210). It is a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular setting. Different setting needs different style of language which is considered as appropriate language.

Hornby (2010) states that register are the level and style of a piece of writing or speech, that is supposed to be appropriate to the situation where it is being used. When in a formal situation an English speaker may be more likely to use features of prescribed grammar—such as pronouncing words ending in -ing

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with a velar nasal instead of an alveolar nasal (e.g. "walking", not "walkin'"), choosing more formal words (e.g. father vs. dad, child vs. kid, etc.), and refraining from using words considered nonstandard, such as ain't.

2.2.2 Concept of Jargon

Yule (2006:211) states that jargon is a special technical vocabulary (e.g. plaintiff, suffix) associated with a specific area of work or interest. It is a special vocabulary that is used by people among certain field of profession. It has a some

kind of exclusive effect where the user who see themselves as ―insider‖ in some

ways seem like excluding those who considered as the ―outsider‖

More specific, Akmajian (2001:302) states that jargon is special or technical vocabulary that evolves to meet the particular needs of the profession. It is a vocabulary that helps the communication of its user in order to point out a concept directly and precisely. It also helps to create and maintain connections among the users.

According to Peter Ives (1999:2), ―For those who use jargon, it is a language which describes the world in which we live‖. There is high demand of the usage of jargon in nowadays occupations. Using jargon also give benefits since it gives the user sense of belonging to specific group. Jargon also gives possibility for its user to have special language in a certain field, even it makes us easier to talk about a concept precisely.

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2.2.3 Concept of Computing

According to The ACM Computing Curricula 2005, computing is any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computers. Thus, computing includes designing and building hardware and software systems for a wide range of purposes; processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of information; doing scientific studies using computers; making computer systems behave intelligently; creating and using communications and entertainment media; finding and gathering information relevant to any particular purpose, and so on. The field of computing includes computer engineering, software engineering, computer science, information systems, and information technology.

2.2.4 Concept of Filmmaking

According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, filmmaking (or in an academic context, film production) is a process of making motion pictures. The filmmaking process is commonly divided into five phases: Idea and Development; Pre-production; Production; Post-Pre-production; and Distribution. Filmmaking involves a number of discrete stages including an initial story, idea, or commission, through scriptwriting, casting, shooting, sound recording and reproduction, editing, and screening the finished product before an audience that may result in a film release.

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2.2.5 Concept of Morpheme

Morpheme According to Akmajian (2004:17) is the basic parts of a complex word that is, the different building blocks that make it up. Besides, a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function is also called morpheme. In morphology, morphemes are classified into:

1) Free morpheme

Free morpheme is morphemes that can stand alone become a word or can stand on their own as fully fledge words. Free morpheme is morpheme that can stand by them as single words. For example: open and tour (Yule, 2006:63). 2) Bound morpheme

Akmajian (2004:18) stated that a bound morpheme cannot stand alone but must be attaches to another morpheme, for example, the plural morpheme –s, which can only occur attached to nouns, or cran-, which must be combined with berry (or, more recently, with apple, grape, or some other fruit). Certain bound morphemes are known as affixes (e.g. –s). There are kinds of affixes:

(1) Prefix

Prefix is a letter or group of letters added to the front of a word to change its meaning. Affixes are referred to as prefix when they are attached to the beginning of another morpheme. For example: re- in rewrite, un- in unhappy, co- in cooperates.

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(2) Infix

A letter or group of letter which are attached within another morpheme is called infix. According to Yule (2006:58), infix is an affix that is incorporated inside another word.

(3) Suffix

It is called suffix when a letter or group of letter attached to the end of another morpheme (Akmajian, 2004:18). For example: -ize in words such as modernize, equalize, centralize.

2.2.6 Concept of Meaning

Bloomfield (1976:135) defines meaning as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response which it calls forth in the hearer. It is the thing or idea that a sound, word, sign, etc. represents (Hornby, 2010)

Form and meaning don't match or parallel each other. The relationship between them is mostly arbitrary. There's nothing about the sound or shape of the English word 'cheese' or for that matter the Italian word 'formaggio' that inevitably link them to this meaning.

Meaning changes accordingly, both over time and situation. The Old English word 'sælig' meant 'fortunate', but that word, now pronounced 'silly', means something quite different. This also applied in jargon and other language variety. In usual situation, the word ‗tissue‘ means a piece of soft paper, but in occasional situation in medical field, it means collection of cell that different parts of human, animal and plants (Hornby, 2010)

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2.3 Theoretical Framework

There two theories applied in this study, those are a theory of word formation proposed by Yule (2006) and theory that talks about kind of meaning proposed by Louw (1991).

2.3.1 Word Formation

Yule (2006: 52) states that people can quickly understand a new word in their language and its modification in different form. This can happen because there are so many regularities in word formation processes in our language. According to Yule, there are some words formations:

1) Coinage

One of the least common processes of word formation in English is coinage, that is, the invention of totally new terms. Familiar recent examples are Kleenex, Nylon and Xerox, which also began as invented trade names, and which have quickly become everyday words in the language.

2) Borrowing

One of the most common sources of new words in English is the process simply labeled borrowing, that is, the taking over of words from other language. Throughout its history, English language has adopted a vast number of loan words from other languages, including alcohol (Arab), boss (Dutch) etc. Others languages borrow terms from English too, such as in Japanese, rajio (radio).

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3) Compounding

Compounding is a joining of two or more separate words to produce a single form. This combining process, technically known as compounding, is very common in languages such as bookcase, fingerprint, waterfall, long-haired and wallpaper. Compounds may be written as one word (closed form), as a hyphenated word (hyphenated form), or as two words (open form).

4) Blending

This combining of two separate forms to produce a single new term is also present in the process called blending. However, blending is typically accomplished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word. Blending is the fusion of two words into one, usually the first part of one word with the past part of another, as in gasohol, from gasoline and

alcohol. Some other commonly used examples of blending are brunch (breakfast and lunch), motel (motor and hotel) and smog (smoke and fog)

5) Clipping

The element of reduction which is noticeable in blending is even more apparent in the process described as clipping. This occurs when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form, often in casual speech. Clipping means cutting off the beginning or the end of a word, or both, leaving a part to stand for the whole. For examples: laboratory becomes lab, gymnastic becomes gym, examination becomes exam, and influenza becomes flu.

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6) Back Formation

A very specialized type of reduction process is known as backformation. Typically, a word of one type (usually a noun) reduced to form another word of a different type (usually a verb). A good example of backformation is the process whereby the noun television first came into use and then the verb televise was created from it. Back formation is an active source of new word today. Other examples are edit (from editor), donate (from donation), opt (from option).

7) Conversion

A change in the function of a word, as for example, when a noun comes to be used as a verb (without any reduction) is generally known as conversion. For example is paper become papering, dirty become to dirty, crazy become a crazy. 8) Acronym

Some new words are formed from the initial letters of a set of other words. Acronyms is the process whereby a word is formed from the initials or beginning segments of a succession of words. Acronym can be read as one word such as the term radar (radio detecting and ranging), or pronounced as different letter (initialism) as DVR (Digital Video Recorder).

9) Derivation

Derivation is the forming of new words by combining derivational affixes or bound bases with existing words. Derivation is achieved by adding affixes; there are prefix, suffix, and infix. In the preceding group of words, it should be obvious that some affixes have to be added to the beginning of a word, this is called prefixes. Prefix is a linguistic element that is not an independent word, but is

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attached to the beginning of a word to modify its meaning. For example, "un-" is a prefix meaning "not" (Encarta Dictionary 2006).

The other affix forms are added to the end of the word is called suffixes. Suffix is a letter or group of letters added at the end of a word or word part to form another word, e.g. "-ly" in "quickly" or "-ing" in "talking" (Encarta Dictionary 2006).

There is a third type of affix, not normally to be found in English, but fairly common in some other languages. This is called an infix and as the term suggests, it is an affix which is incorporated inside another word. Infix is inserting a linking element into a word. In the word "acidophilus," the letter "o" is an infix (Encarta Dictionary 2006).

2.3.2 Meaning

According to Louw (1991:137), there are two distinct meaning in proper semantic analysis, they are:

1) Lexical meaning

Lexical meaning is the meaning that is what the word itself, on its own, contributes to the understanding to an utterance. This kind of meaning refers to meaning that is already exists before a particular context give its own sense into the term. The meaning of a word is isolated from the sentence containing it, and it is not influenced by its grammatical context.

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2) Contextual meaning

Contextual meaning is what features of meaning derive from the context, enable one to define the event precisely by adding particular context features. This kind of meaning is more important than the lexical meaning since every communication cannot be separated with its context. Contextual meaning deals with the information provided by the utterance in which that word occurs, involving the circumstances of the objects referred in a specific context, in terms of its usage in such a context along with other words or phrases contributing to the context.

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