KLASIFIKASI DAN NOMENKLATUR doc 1

1st Practicum Zoology Vertebrate Report
I.

Title

: Classification and Nomenclature

II.

Introduction
It has been a long time ago, peopple in this world try to grouping
every single thing they had. The main aim is to make it easier to find or
learnt and used. Every group have their own way to classify things include
palants and animals. Various viewpoint they used as base to classify it. One
way to make us easier to classify is make a determination key.
Determination key is a tool that is created and used to identify the
organism and then grouping them into scientific categories. Up to now there
are several types of determination key known by scientists and used to this
day. Type the determination key is the key comparison, a key analysis, and
key synopsis.
There are 5 classes that learnt in this lecture, zoology vertebrate, and

joined in animalia kingdom.those are namely the class of mammals, reptiles,
Aves, Amphibian and Pisces (Irnaningtyas, 2014). In this report we will
discuss the four classes; those are mammals, Aves, Amphibian and Pisces.
Every class represented with one species. Every species are so easy find out
in our invironment, those are dog, parrot fish, frog and also cock. Every
species that represented has the characteristic that we can identification to
make a determintion key.
In mammals generally have characteristics that generally live on the
terrestris, but some are living in water such as whales, dolphins; warmblooded or we can call it homoioterm, in their skin histology we can found
sweat glands and oil glands also covered by hair, brain develop properly,
they have internal fertilization, breathing with lungs, there are four heart
chambers in perfectly seperation, female mammals done childbirth and
breast feeding, except for a very primitive mammals such as the platypus
and anteater, the anatomy of digestive system organ is from mouth –
esophagus – gastric (for ruminansia group has 4 type of gastric) –
enteron/intestine (intestinum tenue and intestinum crasum) – anus, excretion

pore for digestive are different with urine (Campbell, 2010; Syaifuddin,
2011).
The class of Aves or in general we also can call them birds, they also

have special characteristic on their group. Aves also has their own bramch of
science, namely Ornithology. Word aves is from Latin language that mean
bird, ornithos is greek language that also mean bird. Aves has feather that
covered their body; The body consist chepal (head), cervix (neck), trunctus
(body) and caudal (wings); The heart separated into four chamber; the
mouth has rostrum or beak; the respiration tool is also lung and completely
combining with saccus pnematicus or air pocket that used when they are fly
high; same with mammals, their blood is homoioterm; internal fertilization;
egg as their product of fertilization (ovipar); digestivum of aves start from
rostrum – esophagus – crop – gizzard – intestine – cloacae, cloacae is
excretion and defecation pore in aves because they don’t have specifically
pore like owned by mammals (Irnaningtyas, 2014; Campbell, 2010;
Nugroho; 2014).
The other class is amphibian, well known as organism that has two
phase habitat on their life cycle. And the adult organism can live in two
habitat (terrestrial and fresh water). The outer protection is only skin that
has mucosa glands; the blood temp can change or piokiloterm; the eyes still
has membrane nictitans used to protect the eye when they are swimming;
the fertilization is external with amphlexus; ovipar; respiration tools when
still in larva phase is gill, but after grow old respiration tools is their skin

and also lung; has two type extremities, font legs (Extremities anterior) that
has membrane among fingers used to swim and back leg (extremities
posterior) that longer used to jump and also swim; the heart separated into 3
chambers, 2 atriums and 1 ventricle (Campbell, 2010; Radiopoetra, 1983).
The last class that will be classify and identify is Pisces or we can call
it category for fishes. They also have branch of science namely ichthyology.
Every species in this class living in the water include sea or freshwater;
fertilization is external wit ovipar; respiration with gill; the body covered by
scales with certain type such as placoid, cycloid, ctenoid, and ganoid; there

are only two chamber for the heart, fish only has 1 athrium and 1 ventricle
(Irnaningtyas, 2014; Efendi, 2009).
III. Practicum Goals
1. Observing the characteristics of an organism and can classify organisms
into the levels of classification (categories) based on its characteristics
2. Create and use a determination key as one of the techniques in
identifying an organism
IV.

Tools and Materials

a. Tools
1. Lup / stereomicrosecop
b. Materials
1. Pictures of animal or animal speciment from many species (that
have preserved)

V.

Working Procerdures
a. 1st Activity. The Students identified by saw the characteristics and
natures each animals.
In this activity the students wrote down the characteristics based on
the questions that has been made.
b. 2nd activity. The students grouped the similarty that owned by each
animals.
In this activity the students determined the characteristics and
natures to group each animals into taxon and make determination
key.
c. 3rd Activity. The Studenst made the determination key.
In this activity the students made dicotomous determination key for

classis in subphylum vertebrate. Characteristics and nature that use
based on table 1 and table 2.

VI.

Observation Result
Table 1. Identification of characteristics
Characteristic

No
.

Animals
Fish

Cock

Dog

Frog

(Oreochrom

(Gallus

(Canis

(Rana sp.)

is niloticus)

gallus)

familiaris)

1 Habitat

Water

Terrestrial

Terrestrial

Water &
Terrestrial

2 Skin structure

Scales

Feathers

Hair

Skin

Fins & Tail

Legs &
wings

Front &
back legs

Back legs

Two fins

Two wings &
two legs

Four legs

Two back
legs

5 Eye location

Right & left
side of head

Right & left
side of head

In front of
head

In front of
head

Body
temperature

Poiokiloter
m

Homoioterm

Homoioter
m

Poikiloterm

Gills

Lung

Lungs

Skin &
lungs

-

4

4

4

Omnivore

Omnivore

Carnivore

Carnivore

10 Earlobe

-

-

Has

-

11 Fingers shape

-

Nails

Nails

No nails

12 Tail structure

-

-

Has

-

13 Canines

-

-

Has

-

Has

-

Has

-

External

External

Internal

External

3 Locomotors
4

6

Number of
limbs

7 Respirator
8

Number of
fingers

9 Feed type

14

Mandibula
structure

15 Reproduction

Tabel 2. Animals grouping based on equation
No

Fish

Cock

Dog

(Oreochromis

(Gallus

(Canis

niloticus)

gallus)

familiaris)

Hair

-

-



-

Feather

-



-

-

Skin

-

-

-



Scales



-

-

-

Fins



-

-

-

Wings

-



-

-

Front leg

-

-



-

Back leg

-

-





Fingers

-







Nails

-





-

Rostrum

-



-

-

Earlobe

-

-



-

Tail

-

-



-

Canines
Mandibula bone

-

-



-

-





-

Internal

-

-



-

External





-



Poikiloterm



-

-



Homoioterm

-





-

Classis

Pisces

Complement of
characteristic

Frog
(Rana sp.)

Skin structure
1

2

Limbs

structure
Fertilization
3

Blood temp
4

Aves

Figure 1. simple phylogeny tree of vertebrate.

Mamalia

Amphibia

Source: http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/160/160S13_5.html

Dicotomous Simple Determination Key
1. a. Procaryote..................................................................................................................................................Monera
b. Eucaryote...................................................................................................................................................No. 2
2. a. Autotrof......................................................................................................................................................No. 3
b. Heterotrof..................................................................................................................................................No. 4
3. a. Unicellular.................................................................................................................................................Green Algae
b. Multicellular..............................................................................................................................................Plantae (No. 5)
4. a. owned cell wall..........................................................................................................................................Fungi
b. Without cell wall........................................................................................................................................No. 6
5. a. with spore...................................................................................................................................................Pteridophyta
b. with seed....................................................................................................................................................Magnoliophyta
6. a. Active movement.......................................................................................................................................No. 7
b. Passive movement.....................................................................................................................................Phylum Porifera
7. a. Vertebrae....................................................................................................................................................No. 8
b. Avertebrae..................................................................................................................................................No. 9
8. a. apoda..........................................................................................................................................................Superclass Pisces (No. 10)
b. poda...........................................................................................................................................................No. 11
9. a. diploblastic.................................................................................................................................................No. 12
b. triploblastic................................................................................................................................................No. 13

10. a. body construct from chodreocyte covered by placoid scales type............................................................Class Condichthyes
b. body construct from osteocyte cover or uncover scale.............................................................................No. 14
11. a. respiration tools only lung.........................................................................................................................No. 15
b. respiration tool lung and mucose skin.......................................................................................................Class Amphibia (No. 16)
12. a. Life cycle in medusa dominant phase........................................................................................................Phylum Cnidaria
b. life cycle in cecile dominan phase.............................................................................................................Phylum Ctenophora
13. a. Coelom from digestive tube.......................................................................................................................Phylum Echinoderm
b. Coelom from cell masses...........................................................................................................................Phylum Annelida
14. a. Without scales, without thorax fin, body shape is cylinder.......................................................................Monopterus albus
b. Scale type is ctenoid fin found in dorsal and ventral also thorax..............................................................Oreochromis niloticus
15. a. External Protection is Feather....................................................................................................................Class Aves (No. 17)
b. External Protection is Hair........................................................................................................................Class Mammals (No. 18)
16. a. body with tail bone structure, extrimities in same length beetwen extrimities anterior & posterior.........Ordo Urodela
b. body without tail bone structure, extrimities anterior shorter than posterior............................................Ordo Anura (No. 19)
17. a. wing bone structure function is fly high, predator.....................................................................................Ordo Falconiformes
b. wing bone structure function not to fly high seed or caterpillar feed........................................................Ordo galliformes (No. 20)
18. a. have mouth shape like beak, metatheria.................................................................................................... Ordo Monotremata
b. has 5 fingers, eutheria................................................................................................................................Ordo Carnivore (No. 21)
19. a. Noodle rough skin, wide mouth without teeth...........................................................................................Bufo Sp.

b. Smooth skin, wide mouth with teeth.........................................................................................................Rana Sp.
20. a. The Egg has patch as genetic code............................................................................................................Coturnix Sp.
b. The egg no patch, brown and smooth........................................................................................................Gallus gallus
21. a. Maxilla and Mandibulla stucture flush with face......................................................................................Felis Sp.
b. Maxilla and Mandibulla stucture form muzzle.........................................................................................Canis familiaris

VII.
Discussion
Determination keys
Determination key function is the most common way used to
identify specimens especially if we do not have a reference specimen to
compare. Determination key is power analyzer that contains characteristics
taxon specimens it covers. The characteristics are intended to obtain an
answer in the form of the desired animal identification. By using
determination key, especially complex determination key, we can determine
the specimen into compatible categories where it must be, even on classis,
family or ordo. Determination key contain morphology and also anatomy
characteristic prepared very complex and so easy to use with directional
number in the left side of the key, especially for dicotomous key every
single number contain opposite characteristic, like 1(a) apode (no legs) (b)
poda (have legs); there we can determine exactly. We also can make a
simple determination key used characteristics that collected by saw the
morphology or etology or physiology of the speciement. After we made the
simple determination key we can use it with other speciment someday soon.
(Radiopoetro, 1983)
In this practicum we use 4 familiar species that we usual see around
us like fish, dog, cock, and frog. Every animal presented every class that
include in phylum chordata. Chorda has specific character we call chorda
dorsalis where in modern evolution animal called vertebrae. Every species
in this practicum has chordadorsalis or vertebrae. The different among the
speciment are about extrimities type (with or without podos), and also about
external protection. Without leg, separated fish with the other speciment.
The other speciment, cock, dog and frog are tetrapod or animal with 2 type
extrimities (anterior and posterior) (Cummings, 2008). Cock, dog, and frog
separated with external protection wherefrog just only has smoothe skin or
skin with mucose, but cock and dog has extraprotection. The different
between cock and dog especially we see the dog with hairs and cock with

feathers. Every characteristic has represented the most character of every
class (Campbell, 2010).
Phylogenic tree
Shared homologies allow us to devise hypothetical "family trees"
of living organisms called phylogenies. These can be represented as a
branching diagram called a phylogenic tree or evolutionary tree. If we see
from the observation result, we posted about the phylogenic tree (figure 1).
There we can see about the simple phylogenic three among five class of
vertebrate. The division every branch based on few things such as similarity
of structure, presence or absence of amniotic, presence or absence of podos
or legs.
The three purple marks on the tree represent evolutionary
innovations shared by all the groups above it, on the tree. Such shared
characters allow evolutionary biologists to determine common ancestry.
From the beginning of the tree, animals grouped into two big groups based
on podos, apoda and tetrapod. Tetrapod group subdivided into two major
groups over evolution. the subdivision based have on have or unhave
amnion. There also explanation that tell us in amniotic organism will be had
the homologue structure. From image we also can see about modification
outer protection as feathers (Cummings, 2008).
VIII. Conclusion
1. Parrot fish (Oreochromis niloticus) is a species that has classification
code : Animalia – Chordata – Pisces (Osteichthyes) (– Perciformes
– Cichlidae – Oreochromis). Cock (Gallus gallus) is a species that has
classification code : Animalia – Chordata – Aves (– Galliformes –
Phasianidae – Gallus). Dog (Canis familiaris) is a species that has
classification code : Animalia – Chordata – Mamalia (– Camdae –
Carnivore – Canis). And the last animal is frog (Rana Sp.) where’s
this animal classification code : Animalia – Chordata – Amphibia (–
Anura – Ranidae – Rana).
2. Fish (Oreochromis niloticus): 14b – 10b – 8a – 7a – 6a – 4b – 2b – 1b
Frog (Rana Sp.): 19b – 16b – 11b – 8b – 7a – 6a – 4b – 2b – 1b
Cock (Gallus gallus): 20b – 17b – 15a – 11b – 8b – 7a – 4b – 2b – 1b
Dog (Canis Sp.): 21b – 18b – 15b – 11a – 8b – 7a – 4b – 2b – 1b

Refrences
Campbell, Neil A., Jane B. Reece. 2010. Biologi edisi ke 8 jilid II. Alih
bahasa: Darmaning Tyas Wulandari dengan judul asli Biology 8th
edition. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.
Cummings, Benjamin. 2008. Evidence of Evolution: Homology (lecturers).
Materials

could

access

on

webpage:

http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/160/160S13_5.html. Accessed on
2015, February 25th.
Efendi, Yempita. 2009. Serial Biologi Perikanan :Sistem Organ Ikan oleh
Yempita Efendi, ISBN 978-602-8899-46-8 (E-book). Materials
could

access

on

webpage:

http://fpik.bunghatta.ac.id/files/downloads/E-book/Sistem
%20Organ%20Ikan/bab_2_sistem_integumen.pdf. Accessed on
2015, February 25th
Irnaningtyas. 2014. Biologi untuk SMA/MA kelas X (berdasarkan Kurikulum
2013). Jakarta: Erlangga.
Nugroho, G. 2014. Sistem Pencernaan Hewan. Materials could access on
webpage: http://staff.unila.ac.id/gnugroho/files/2014/06/SISTEMPENCERNAAN-HEWAN.pdf. Accessed on 2015, February 25th
Radiopoetra, 1983. Zoology. Jakarta : Erlangga.
Syaifuddin. 2011. Anatomi dan Fisiologi untuk Keperawatan dan
Kebidanan Edisi 4. Jakarta : Penerbit buku kedokteran EGC.