Meanwhile, Marjohan and Poedjosoedarmo have thoughts about code as well. Poedjosoedarmo 1978:30 mentions that code usually has a form of a language
variant that is significantly used for communication. Marjohan 1988:48, on the other hand, argues that code may be an idiolect, a dialect, a sociolect, a register or a
language.
c. Code-Switching
Code-switching as a part of sociolinguistics concerns the switching of code from one to another in an occasion.
Poplack 1980:583 states that code-switching is the alternation of two languages within a single discourse, sentence or constituent.
Meanwhile, Duran, who supports the idea mentioned by Poplack, says that Code-switching is probably strongly related to bilingual life and may appear
more or less concurrently in the life of the developing language bilinguals especially when they are conscious of such behavior and then choose more or
less purposefully to use or not to use it. Duran, 1994:3 Another sociolinguist, Hoffmann 1991:110 argues code switching is that it
involves the alternate use of two languages or linguistics varieties within the same utterance or during the same conversation. Meanwhile, Wardhaugh states
People, then, are usually required to select a particular code whenever they choose to speak, and they may also decide to switch from one code to another or
to mix codes even within sometimes very short utterances and thereby create a new code in a process known as code-switching. Wardhaugh, 2006:101
On the other hand, Suwito 1983:67 adds that code-switching is an alternation of
code from one code to another. So, when a speaker first uses code A and then switching it for using the code B, this phenomenon of language alternation, therefore,
is called code-switching. Moreover, toward Suwito ’s argument Dell Hymes
1972:103 says that code switching has become a common term for alternate
use of two or more language, varieties of language or even speech styles. Therefore, according to Rahardi 2001:21, code-switching, in this study, is the
use of two or more languages alternately, the varieties of language in the same language or perhaps the speech styles in a bilingual community.
Further, in discussing code-switching, the types and the reasons of code- switching is about to be discussed as well. In the two sections below, the discussion is
about the types and the reasons of code-switching.
1. Types of Code-Switching
