kalau iki wes beres , we’ll move to the methodology,” it means the lecturer switches
language from English to Javanese using the intersentential switching type of code- switching. Besides, there are many reasons of code-switching provided for the
example above. One of the reasons is the students have limited vocabulary in English. Therefore, switching language from English to languages they are more familiar with,
in this case Javanese, will help them to understand the instructions. Moreover, the switching can also aim to make more interesting conversation with the students. In
fact, code-switching, no matter what language is used, is needed to facilitate the teaching-learning process.
By having this topic, it is believed that the type and the reason of code-switching in classroom instructions spoken by the lecturers are able to be identified and
classified.
B. Problem Formulation
1. What types of code-switching are used by the lecturers in the English
students
’ classrooms in Sanata Dharma University?
2.
What are the reasons for using code-switching? C.
Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study are formulated both to identify the types of code- switching and to identify the reasons of using code-switching in the class room. From
the identification of the types of code-switching, the reasons of code-switching are going to be identified, as well.
In short, the types of code-switching used by lecturers determine the reasons of code- switching. Therefore, in the objective of the study, the types and the reasons of code-
switching are distinct but related one another.
D. Definition of Terms
According to Wardhaugh 2006:101, the particular dialect or language that somebody chooses to use on any occasion is called “code”, which is a system used
for communication between two or more parties. In short, in this case, code refers to a language that somebody picks up to use in the conversational interaction with other
people. Meanwhile, code-switching is the term used for the phenomenon of switching
one language to another language. It is mentioned by Wardhaugh 2006:101 that code-
switching occurs in conversation speakers’ turns or within a single speaker’s turn. Meaning to say, for example, when two people have a sort of small talk and one
of them uses language that is not their mother tongue, it is called code-switching. So, concluded by Heller 1988:1, code-switching occurs when a person mixes two
languages in a single sentence or in a conversation. According to Poplack 1980:614 tag-switching, which is also known as
emblematic switching, is a type of code-switching that deals with inclusion of tags, including interjections, idiomatic expressions, parenthetical, and even individual
noun switches. In the study held by Jalil 2009:4, Poplack said that intersentential switching is a
switch of code that occurs at the phrase or sentence level, between sentences. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Poplack’s statement is added by Hoffmann 1991:112 who said that intersentential switching occurs between clause or sentence boundary.
Poplack 1980:614-615 mentioned that intrasentential switching occurs within a sentence. It is also mentioned by Appel and Muysken 1987:118 that intersentential
switching is one of the three kinds of switching that occurs in the middle of a sentence.
6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
