Sumatra, while this present study limits itself by only discussing lecturers’ types and
reasons of code-switching in the classroom instructions. B.
Review of Related Theories
This subchapter provides some theories to be reviewed and discussed. There are three dominant parts related to code-switching to be reviewed and discussed in this
subchapter. They are Sociolinguistics, Code, and Code-Switching.
a. Sociolinguistics
This following section provides many ways in which language and society are related. As a branch of Linguistics, Wardhaugh says
Sociolinguistics is concerned with investigating the relationships between language and society with the goal being a better understanding of the structure
of language and of how languages function in communication. Wardhaugh, 2006:13
In addition, Hudson 1996:4 has described Sociolinguistics as follows:
S ociolinguistics is ‘the study of language in relation to society.’ In other words,
in sociolinguistics we study language and society in order to find out as much as we can about what kind of thing language is. Hudson, 1996:4
Another sociolinguist like, for example, Gumperz 1971: 223 describes that
sociolinguistics is an attempt to find correlations between social structure and linguistic structure and to observe any changes that occur.
Chambers 2002:3, on the other hand, is even more direct by saying: Sociolinguistics is the study of the social uses of language, and the most productive
studies in the four decades of sociolinguistic research have emanated from determining the social evaluation of linguistic variants.
Meanwhile, Chaika 1982:2 says that Sociolinguistics is the study of the ways people use language in social interaction. She adds that the sociolinguist is
concerned with the stuff of everyday life, such as, for example, how you talk to your friends, family, and teachers, as well as to the storekeeper an-strangers-
everyone you meet in the course of a day-and why you talk as you do and they talk as they do.
There are some definitions given by the sociolinguists to Sociolinguistics. Trudgill 1978:11,
at first, says that ‘while everybody would agree that sociolinguistics has something to do with language and society, it is clearly also not
concerned with everything that could be considered “language and society”.’ However, Downes in Trudgill
’s glossary of terms 2003:123, characterizes sociolinguistic research as ‘work which is intended to achieve a better understanding
of the nature of human language by studying language in its social context andor to achieve a better understanding of the nature of the relationship and interaction
between language and society.’ Wardhaugh, 2006:15 Downes 1998:9 him
self mentions that ‘sociolinguistics is that branch of linguistics which studies just those properties of language and languages which
require reference to social, including contextual, factors in their explanation.’ PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
b. Code
