Types of Using Code-Switching in the English Students’ Classrooms and

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CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter is divided into two main sections, which are A answer for the types of using code-switching in the classroom instructions and discussion, and B answer for the reasons of using code-switching in the classroom instructions and discussion. Here the data are used for the discussion and finding out the answer of this study. The data from classroom instruction are used in the section A. Meanwhile, the data from the interview with the six lecturers are used in the section B. Further, the theories presented in the reviews are applied in this part. The theory stated by Poplack 1980:614-615 and the supporting theories stated by other sociolinguists are used for the discussion and finding out the answer in the section A, the types of code-switching. Meanwhile, the main theory stated by Wardhaugh 2006:110 and supporting theories stated by sociolinguists like Mukege 2012:587 and Gal 1988:247 are used for the analysis and finding the answer in the section B, the reasons of code-switching.

A. Types of Using Code-Switching in the English Students’ Classrooms and

Discussion The types of code-switching applied in the classroom instructions given by the lecturers are divided into three parts, which are a tag-switching, b intersentential switching, and c intrasentential switching. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

a. Tag-Switching

Tag-switching is one of three types of code-switching that deals with the inclusion of a tag. Worth noting that tags in tag-switching are not only literally dealing with tags, but also dealing with words or phrases related to tag-switching, which includes fillers such as, actually, basically, usually, as mentioned by Poplack 1980:614-615. Tag-switching also involves the insertion of a parenthetical expression, such as discourse markers or sentence adverbial Bond, 2010:134 such as, well, so, right. Tag-switching can be found in a statement or in a question in the initial position, as seen in the Table 1 below: Table 1. Tag-switching in the initial position No Expression Language Content English Indonesian Javanese 1 Biasanya, forty people. √ √ - 2 Biasanya, penjelasan kalian tidak brief. √ √ - 3 Logikanya, it is an analogy, kan? √ √ - 4 Lanjut, number three. √ √ - 5 Kemudian, we may say there used to be a tree. √ √ - 6 Saya pikir, mahasiswa ini fail to understand what is assumed. √ √ - 7 Dengan kata lain, presupposition will be the background. √ √ - 8 Katanya, there is no Pragmatics test. √ √ - 9 Sementara itu , ITP adalah Institutional Test Program. √ √ - All of the data in Table 1 are the code-switching from English to Indonesian. Moreover, each of the data in Table 1, started from number 1 to 9, is seen as tag- switching, including certain set phrases, like in data number 6, 7, and 9. Mostly, the data in the Table 1 are conjunctions. Take a look at data number 1 and 2, for example. Those two are used at beginning of the sentence as sentence fillers. They are spoken as a function to signal the students that the lecturer has paused to think but has not even yet finished talking. In the data number 1, the lecturer said “biasanya,” as a sentence opener while he was thinking the following words to finish the sentence. Meanwhile, another example, in data number 4 to 7, the tags are considered as conjunctive adverbs or conjunctions, which are parts of discourse markers. Discourse markers are used to direct, or redirect, the flow of conversation without adding any significant meaning to the discourse. In data number 4, for example, the lecturer said “lanjut,” which in English is “next,” in order to sequence the content of the conversation. By seeing the context of the sentence, it is known that the lecturer was directing the students to continue discussing the following number, after having finished discussing the previous number. Another example is in data number 6 and 7. While in data number 6, the lecturer said “saya pikir,” which in English is “I think,” to show a personal point of view on a student that was being talked about, in data number 7, “dengan kata lain,” or “in other words” in English, is used to explain what is being talked in a kind of different way. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Further, in discussing tag-switching, this type of code-switching does not only occur at the beginning of the sentence, like in the Table 1, but it also occurs at the end of the sentence, as seen in the Table 2 below: Table 2. Tag-switching in the final position No Expression Language Content English Indonesian Javanese 10 Logikanya, it is an analogy, kan? √ √ - 11 If I’ll talk to you another time artinya I’ll talk to you in the future, kan? √ √ - 12 When somebody says something berarti kita harus tahu assumption-nya, kan? √ √ - 13 Though we are half dead, we are alive. Tidak ada yang setengah mati dan setengah hidup, kan? √ √ - 14 My car ran properly, kan? √ √ - Tag-switching is not only found at the beginning of a sentence, but also at the end of a sentence. Each tag occurred at the end of the sentence in the Table 2 above is also known as a question tag, in which a statement is turned into a question by adding a question tag “kan.” By seeing data number 10 to 14 in Table 2 above, the utterance of each tag takes place at the end of the sentence. This is done in order to ensure whether or not what is said is right. For example, in data number 11, after giving an explanation about the lecture, the lecturer said “kan” or “right” in English, followed by question mark, to ask whether or not his explanation was correct. After all, the explanation about “kan” in data number 11 applies to data number 10, 12, 13 and 14, in which to ensure whether or not what is said is correct. Tag-switching tends to occur in the form of discourse markers, as well as interjections, as seen in the Table 3 below: Table 3. Tag-switching at discourse markers and interjection No Expression Language Content English Indonesian Javanese 15 Teman-teman Is there any one of you have ever taken a TOEFL test? √ √ - 16 Teman-teman If you want to take the real TOEFL te st, … √ √ - 17 Jadi, this paper becomes your final paper. √ √ - 18 Jadi, whatever we say will lead… √ √ - 19 Jadi, harga bisa berubah. It can change. √ √ - 20 Jadi, kalian cuma prepare a scrap of paper. √ √ - 21 Some of them are facts. Jadi, kalian jangan berspekulasi apapun. √ √ - 22 Perhatian To watch this video kalian harus menggunakan loud speaker. √ √ - 23 Halo Ada yang tahu this one? √ √ - While some of the data in Table 3 above occur in the form of discourse markers, the other occurs in the form of interjection. In data number 17 to 21, for example, “jadi” which in English is “so” is a part of discourse markers. In general, it marks the beginning of a new part of the conversation. It is also used to refer back to statements that have already been mentioned previously. Take a look at data number 20, for example, “jadi” in that context is a tag that is used as a conclusion of a statement that has just been mentioned previously. In dat a number 17, on the other hand, “jadi” is used as an opener of a new conversation. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Some of the data in Table 3 occur in the form of interjection. Interjection is also a part of tag. Interjection is used for giving expressions to people. The data which are categorized into interjection in the Table 3 are the data number 15, 16, 22, and 23. In data number 15 and 16, “teman-teman”, which means “friends” or “mates”, was uttered by the lecturer to address the students. Moreover, in data number 22 and 23, the lec turer called “halo” and “perhatian” as well. These utterances, including “teman-teman,” were used by the lecturers to attract the students’ attention before giving the statements or asking questions. Tag-switching often takes place in interjection. Interjection with its short sound, word, or phrase is spoken suddenly to express the speaker emotion, such as surprise, horror, or pain.

b. Intersentential Switching

As the term indicated, ntersentential switching is a type of code-switching that the switch involves the movement from one language to another between sentences. However, intersentential can also occur in the clause boundary. According to Hoffmann 1991:112, intersentential switching is a kind of code switching that occurs between clause or sentence boundary. Bond 2010:134 also added that intersentential switching is syntactically more restricted, which occurs at clausal or sentential boundaries. In other words, intersentential not only can occur at the sentence boundary, but also at the clause boundary, as seen in the Table 4 below: Table 4. Intersentential switching at the conditional sentence No Expression Language Content English Indonesian Javanese 24 Kalau lagi galau, pusing, atau sakit, your TOEFL score will not be satisfactory. √ √ - 25 Kalau saya tiba-tiba mengulangi hal yang sama, please remind me. √ √ - 26 So, jika kenyataannya itu dibalik, you’ll see the… √ √ - 27 So, kalau iki wes beres, we’ll move to methodology. √ - √ 28 Kalau teman-teman bertanya, Mr. Risang, why Sanata Dharma … √ √ - 29 For example, kalau dapat di Google, write down the source. √ √ - 30 Kalau tidak dibaca, we can’t even discuss it. √ √ - 31 Jika pertanyaannya how was the vocation, berarti saya habis berlibur. √ √ - 32 If we ask his name, kita tahu dia pasti punya nama. √ √ - 33 If we ask where he lives, pasti dia punya rumah √ √ - 34 Kalau dia bukan milyuner, it doesn’t mean he’s poor. √ √ - 35 Jika kemudian I were him, berarti urusanku dengan dia. √ √ - 36 So, kalau mau ke toilet, kalian harus antri. √ √ - 37 In fact, this guy is not friendly. Kalau cowok ini baik hati, kooperatif, ceweknya pasti bakal klarifikasi kalau itu bukan anjingnya. √ √ - Each of the data in the Table 4, from number 24 to 37, is the intersentential switching occurs at the conditional sentence. In the data number 24 to 35, the switch occurs at the clause level while in the last two numbers, 36 and 37, the switch occurs at the sentence level. In the data number 24 to 30, for example, the switch of code occurs at the “if claus e” of conditional sentence. In the data number 24, particularly, in a full conditional sentence, the switch of code occurs at the clause level, which is the “if clause,” of conditional sentence. The lecturer opened the conversation by using Indonesian lang uage in the “if clause” before changing into English in the main clause of the sentence. By seeing the form of the sentence, it is known that it is the type 1 of the conditional sentence, in which the lecturer tried to explain the possible condition to happen to the result of TOEFL test if the students were over thinking, worried, or sick. Another example is in the data number 27. In the data number 27, the conditional sentence is similar to data number 24 where the switch of code occurs in the “if clause.” The type of the conditional is similar, as well, which is the type 1, or the first type of conditional. It explains the possible condition to happen in the future based on what is done in the present. However, in this case, the difference lies on the code or the language. Meaning to say, the switch of code in this clause involves Javanese language. The switch occurs from Javanese into English followed in the next clause. Furthermore, in the data number 30, although the switch still occurs in the “if clause ” of conditional sentence, the type of conditional is different. In this case the type is conditional zero. When in data number 24 and 27 explain the possible condition that will happen in the future, the conditional zero in the data number 30, refers to t he general truth. Meaning to say, by seeing the context of the lecturer’s instruction, “kalau tidak dibaca” or in English “if it is not read,” it is known that the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI lecturer expected the students to read the material that was given. Otherwise, they could not discuss the material together at all. When the switch of code in data number 24 to 30 in the Table 4 occur in the “if clause,” otherwise, in the data number 31 to 35, the switch occurs at the main clause of conditional sentence. Take a look at data number 31, for example. As mentioned, the switch of code in data number 31 occurs at the main clause of conditional sentence. The same thing happens to data number 32 and 33 as well. The form in these three numbers is actually similar. It is the type zero of conditional sentence. In data number 32, for example, the switch, “kita tahu dia pasti punya nama,” or “we know he definitely has a name” in English, which occurs in the main clause is the result of “if clause.” The same form and explanation in data number 32 also applies to data number 33. However, in this case, the lecturer tried to explain the material by using a different example. While the switch of the previous numbers in the Table 4 occur at the clause level, whether at the “if clause” or main clause, in the data number 36 and 37, the switch of code occurs in the full conditional sentence. In data number 36, the switch of code occurs in both “if clause” and main clause of conditional sentence. The type of conditional sentence itself is the type zero. It gives the general truth or fact. Therefore, in this case, as seen, in the data number 36, which is “kalau mau ke toilet, kalian harus antri ” or in English means “If you want to go to the toilet, you have to queue,” the lecturer tried to give an explanation to the students about the fact to happen if they leave for the restroom. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Another example of the switch in the full conditional sentence is in the data number 37. A little bit different from the previous data number 36, data number 37 occurs in the type 2 or the second type of conditional sentence. It can be proved by seeing the form of the sentence, “kalau cowok ini baik hati, kooperatif, ceweknya pasti bakal klarifikasi kalau itu bukan anjingnya ” or in English would be like “if this guy were kind, corporative, the girl would definitely clarify it is not her dog. ” In the context of the lecture, the lecturer tried to explain to the students about the possibility that probably would happen as the result of the condition if the guy were kind. After discussing intersentential switching that occurs at the conditional sentence, now the discussion is about intersentential switching which occurs in a form of questions, or particularly in interrogative sentences, as seen in the Table 5 below: Table 5. Intersentential switching in the interrogative sentence No Expression Language Content English Indonesian Javanese 38 For example, apa bahasa Inggrisnya piring, sabun, dan seterusnya? √ √ - 39 Anything else? Ada versi lain? √ √ - 40 What’s the difference? Bedanya di mana? √ √ - 41 She asked about the vocation. Kira-kira apa yang dia pikirkan sebelumnya? √ √ - 42 If you see the context here, kenapa sampai dia bisa ngomong hal itu? √ √ - 43 I want to ask you a question. Kenapa ada istilah wanita karier? √ √ - 44 And then, Kenapa tidak ada istilah pria karier? √ √ - 45 What is the meaning of pharmacy? Kui artinya opo? √ - √ 46 Before we continue, ada yang mau ditanyakan? √ √ - PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 47 Questions? Ada pertanyaan? √ √ - 48 Are you ready? Sudah siap? √ √ - 49 Apa yang pertama kali dia ucapkan? Does anyone know? - √ - 50 Come on Masih ra dong meneh? √ - √ 51 What is the next information we can get? Ada yang tahu informasi berikutnya? √ √ - As seen in the Table 5 above, from data number 38 to 51, the switch of code occurs in the form of interrogative sentence. Most of the data occur from English into Indonesian. However, there are also data, in which data number 45 and 50, which involve Javanese language. First of all, take a look at data number 43 and 44 that are related one another. These two questions, in each number, actually refer to a term “karier,” or “career” in English, which is more suitable when paired with “woman” rather than “man” in the context of Indonesian language. Therefore, the lecturer asked the students why there is only the term “wanita karier.” Moreover, another example, like in data number 45, “kui artinya opo?” which means “what does it mean?” in English, occurs in a complete interrogative sentence in Javanese language. This kind of data, in relation to the other data, like in data number 43, 44, 49, and 51, actually has something in common, in which the switch of code occurs in completely different languages. Meaning to say, in each of the sentence, the switch of code occurs in a complete sentence in Javanese language, or in Indonesian, shift from the main language used in the classroom, English. Furthermore, take a look at data number 46. Here, the sentence is divided into two parts. The first part is the clause that occurs in English while the other clause occurs in Indonesian. The lecturer opened the sentence by using English in the first clause before closing the sentence with a question, in Indonesian. The explanation about the data number 46 also applies to the other data number 38 and 42. Meanwhile, in the data number 41, the switch of code occurs after a sentence in the first language, which is English, has been completed and the following sentence starts with a new language. Meaning to say, the “kira-kira apa yang dia pikirkan sebelumnya? ” occurs after the sentence “she asked about the vocation” is completed. In addition, in the data number 50, the switching occurs after the phrase is uttered. Meaning to say, the interrogative sentence “masih ra dong meneh?” occurs after the phrase “come on” is uttered. After discussing the data in the Table 5 above, in which intersentential switching occurs at the interrogative sentences, in the Table 6 below, the discussion is about intersentential switching that occurs at the clause level. Table 6. Intersentential at the clause level No Expression Language Content English Indonesian Javanese 52 So, in this case, this paper becomes your final paper, yang artinya kalian harus mulai menulis dengan baik. √ √ - 53 For example from the printed books, itu berarti dimulai dari sini. √ √ - 54 At least 37 correct numbers, saya ulangi, 37 correct numbers. √ √ - 55 Entah dia enggak punya waktu, sibuk, atau sakit perut, that’s all speculation. √ √ - 56 Some of them are facts. Jadi, kalian jangan berspekulasi apapun. √ √ - 57 When we eat, kita perlu mengunyah. √ √ - 58 For example, besok kita enggak ada ujian. √ √ - 59 Kita sudah buat analisis panjang lebar, tapi conclusion- nya pake “I think” √ √ - 60 Alright, kita sampai di situ dulu. √ √ - 61 Thematically speaking, mereka saling melengkapi. √ √ - 62 Tapi ada yang lebih tepat lagi, in Javanese is gembi. √ √ √ 63 Jadi, harga bisa berubah. It can change √ √ - 64 This is super easy, kalian pasti bisa. √ √ - 65 Bisa saja dia bukan milyuner, he’s a billionaire though. √ √ - 66 Though we are half dead, we are alive. Tidak ada yang setengah hidup dan setengah mati, kan? √ √ - 67 Sorry, saya terlambat. √ √ - 68 Kayaknya ini mudah saja, right? √ √ - In the data number 52 to 68 in the Table 6 above, the switch of code occurs at the clause level. Some of the switches in each of the data occur at the beginning of the sentence as the openers. Meanwhile, the switches in the rest of the data occur at the end of the sentence, whether after the words, phrases, or clauses. In the data number 65, for example, the switch of code occurs at the beginning of the sentence. The first clause of the sentence occurs in Indonesian language before it returns into English, as the main language in the classroom, in the next clause. In addition, the same explanation in the data number 65 also applies to the data number 55 and 59. The switch of these two data occurs in the first clause of the sentence, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI although there is also a switch of code that occurs in the second clause of the data number 59. Another example is in the data number 68, in which it has a similarity to the data number 65. The sentence is opened in Indonesian language and is closed by English. However, unlike the data number 65 that the sentence contains of two clauses, in this case, the sentence contains of a clause and a word or, a tag, which is followed by question mark at the end of the sentence. First of all, the switch occurs at the clause level in the beginning of t he sentence, “kayaknya ini mudah saja,” or in English “seems like this is easy,” before “right?” or in other words, “isn’t it?” said at the end of the sentence as an utterance to ask or to ensure what is said is correct. The same explanation on data number 65 applies to the data number 66. However, in the case of the data number 66, the word or a tag at the end of the sentence occurs in Indonesian language. Moreover, in the data number 62, as same as the other data, the switch of code occurs in the beginning of the sentence. However, unlike the previous data that in the sentence contains of either a word or a clause, in this case, there is a phrase that comes after the clause, which closes the sentence. While the switch of code in the previous numbers in the Table 6 occur at the beginning of the sentence, there are also some of the data that the switch of code occur in the middle and in the end of the sentence. In the data number 52, for example, the switch of code occurs at the end of the sentence. The switc h, “yang artinya kalian harus mulai menulis dengan baik ” or in English means “which means PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI you have to start writing well,” occurs after the clause “this paper becomes your final paper.” The same explanation on the data number 52 applies to the data number 57 and 64 as well. The switch in these two data occurs after the clause in the beginning of the sentence. Moreover, another example is in the data number 58 and 61. After all, the switching is similar to the data in the previous number, data number 52, in which it occurs at the end of the sentence. However, unlike the previous data that the switching occurs after a clause, in this case, the switching occurs after the phrase. While in the data number 58, the switching occurs after the phrase “for example,” in the data number 61, the switch of code occurs after the phrase “thematically speaking” is uttered. Furthermore, unlike the previous data that the switch of code occurs after whether phrase or clause, in the data number 56 and 63, the switching occurs after the word in the beginning of the sentence. In these two data, “kalian jangan berspekulasi apapun ,” which means “you do not speculate anything,” and “harga bisa berubah,” which means “the price can change,” occur after the word “jadi,” or in other words “so,” begins the sentence. This explanation upon the data number 56 and 63 also applies to the other data, which are data number 60 and 67, in which these two have similarity that the switch occurs after the word in the beginning of the sentence. In the data number 54, on the other hand, the switch is unlike the other data that occur at the end of the sentence. Otherwise, in this case, the switch occurs in the middle of the sentence. First of all, the sentence is opened by the phrase “at least 37 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI correct nu mbers” said by the lecturer. And then, the switch “saya ulangi” that is “I repeat” in English is followed, before “37 correct numbers” said at the end to close the sentence. On the other hand, unlike the data in the previous table that the switch of code occurs at the clause level in a sentence, in the Table 7 below, each of the data contains of intersentential switching that occurs at the sentence level. In general, the intersentential switching occurs after a sentence in the first language has been completed and the following sentence starts with a new language. This is what occurs in each of the data in the Table 7. Table 7. Intersentential at the sentence level No Expression Language Content English Indonesian Javanese 69 In reading, from fifty, you need to have, at least, forty. Kelas ini yang paling mengerikan. √ √ - 70 The difference is the way they live. Cara hidup mereka berbeda. √ √ - 71 Ada tiga tes yang akan kita lakukan di kelas. They are pretest, post-test itu mid- test-nya Listening, dan complete test adalah final test. √ √ - 72 Informasinya tidak terlalu banyak dan tidak terlalu sedikit. It’s enough information. √ √ - 73 Cowok ini sok akrab. That’s why the girl doesn’t want to cooperate. √ √ - 74 There are so many IBT participants. Peserta IBT tidak pernah sedikit. √ √ - 75 Why are you always late? Tidak hujan, terang benderang, tapi kamu tetap saja terlambat. √ √ - 76 Books are precious. Semua buku yang berhubungan dengan kuliah ini tidak saya buang. √ √ - 77 Things have changed. Yang tidak bisa dibayangkan adalah lab. jurnalistik itu dulunya tangga ke lantai dua. √ √ - 78 Kalian juga tidak bisa bayangkan kalau di sana itu dulunya ada ruang-ruang kelas. It was a hallway, long ago. √ √ - 79 Orang-orang dulu lebih kaget lagi ketika tahu bahwa ruang-ruang kelas sudah berubah. They all are surprised with the change from classrooms into hallway. √ √ - 80 Kalau kita mengatakan “lagi,” berarti dulu kita pernah dan kita menginginkannya lagi. That is its meaning. √ √ - 81 Anak kecil diajari untuk mengakui kesalahan dan minta maaf. Honesty is introduced since they are kids. √ √ - 82 “If I were you” is clear. Itu urusannya kamu jadi aku. Two opposite reality. √ √ - Take a look at data number 69 and 70. These two numbers are the exact examples of the explanation mentioned in the previous paragraph. First of all, the sentence is opened by using English as the main language used in the classroom. After that, when the sentence in English has been completed, the language is switched into a new language, which is Indonesian, in the following sentence. Another example is in the data number 71 to 73. After the sentence in the first language, which is English, has been completed, the language is switched into a new language, which in this case is Indonesian, in the following sentence. And then, after this new language has been completed, the lecturer starts to reuse the first language, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI which is English, in the next sentence. This kind of explanation on the data from number 71 to 73 also applies to the data number 82. There are three sentences in this number, which each of them occurs in English and Indonesian. The lecturer opens the first sentence by using English before the language is switched into Indonesian in the next sentence. Eventually, in the last sentence in this number, the lecturer returns to use English, which is the main language used in class.

c. Intrasentential Switching

Intrasentential switching is the type of code-switching that occurs within a sentence. Therefore, it could occur at word, phrase, clause, or even sentence level. Intrasentential switching occurred at the word level can be found in the Table 8 below: Table 8. Intrasentential at the word level No Expression Language Content English Indonesian Javanese 83 Kalian tidak belajar itu setiap hari sampai mata nglotok. - √ √ 84 Kalau mau ke toilet, harus antri. Ketika yang satu ngempet sambil SMS, yang lainnya ngempet sambil makan. - √ √ 85 IBT adalah Internet Based TOEFL √ √ - 86 You will have three skills. Listening dulu , kemudian structure, dan reading comprehension. √ √ - 87 Ada tiga tes yang akan kita lakukan di kelas. They are pretest, post-test itu mid- test-nya Listening, dan complete test adalah final test. √ √ - 88 As soon as berarti upon atau on. √ √ - 89 That was past tense, ini past progressive. √ √ - 90 Alright, sekarang presupposition-nya. √ √ - PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 91 Nanti means I can’t right now. √ √ - 92 By saying “katanya,” we say what people say. √ √ - 93 Why “I hear” bukannya “I listen”? √ √ - 94 Don’t start the conclusion dengan “I think.” √ √ - 95 Kita sudah buat analisis panjang lebar, tapi conclusion-nya pakai “I think.” √ √ - 96 Kita elaborate tomorrow. √ √ - 97 Bukan interrogation, tapi report. √ √ - 98 I know it’s lalat, right? √ √ - 99 Tapi ada yang lebih tepat lagi, in Javanese is gembi. √ √ √ 100 Th e meaning of “as though” is seolah- olah . √ √ - 101 … two meanings or ji, ro, lu, pat, mo, or more than one meaning. √ - √ 102 Drama is like sinetron. √ √ - 103 Chidden means menegur. √ √ - 104 Lain in this context means terbalik. √ √ - 105 Asumsi is t he fact that… √ √ - As mentioned, each of the data in the Table 8 above occurs at the word level. In the data number 83, for example, the switch of code occurs from Indonesian language to Javanese language. This happens to the data number 99 as well, although, in the data number 99, the switching occurs from Indonesian to English before it ends the sentence with Javanese language. In the data number 84, another example, the switch of code occurs in a sentence that contains of two clauses. Each of the switching occurs in each of the clause. In that sentence, the first clause is uttered by using Indonesian and switched into Javanese language before it returns to Indonesian at the end of the clause. It also happens to the second clause, still in the same sentence. Moreover, most of the data in the Table 8 occur from English to Indonesian and back to English. Take a look at data number 94, for example, in which the sentence is started with English and switched into Indonesian before returning to English again. This kind of switching, which occurs from English to Indonesian and returning into English, mostly occur in the Table 8 such as in the data number 85 to 90, 92 to 95, 98, and 101. Furthermore, in the Table 8, the switch of code also occurs from English to Indonesian and vice versa. In the data number 100, for example, the sentence is opened in English before it is switched into Indonesian language at the end of the sentence. Otherwise, in the data number 96, the sentence is opened in Indonesian language, by the word “kita,” which means “we” in English, and switched into English, in the next utterance. This kind of switching, which occurs at the beginning of the sentence, happens to the other data such as the data number 91, 97, and 105. The sentence is opened in Indonesian and ended with English. In addition, the switch of code in this word category occurs to the conjunction, as well. This word that joins words, phrases or sentences occurs in some of the data, such as in the data number 86, 87, 88, 95, and 97. After discussing the data in the Table 8 above, in which intrasentential switching occurred at the word level, now the discussion move on to the intrasentential switching that can also occur at phrase level, as seen in the Table 9 below: PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Table 9. Intrasentential at the phrase level No Expression Language Content English Indonesian Javanese 106 Later on, in the end of the class, di setengah jam terakhir , I want to give you a pretest. √ √ - 107 Well, for you it’s easy, but for them mumet setengah mati . √ √ √ 108 For example, jangan hanya write down www.google.com √ √ - 109 If your score di bawah lima-lima puluh, it means you need to work hard. √ √ - 110 If you want to know, TOEIC test itu tesnya seperti , for example, … √ √ - 111 Overall, it will take 120 minutes, 2 jam. √ √ - 112 Structure needs 31 correct numbers, which the score is lima-lima puluh. √ √ - 113 Next, nomor empat. Anyone? √ √ - 114 … without any previous utterance, kecuali judul lagunya Sheila on 7. √ √ - 115 Going on vocation has been assumed, hanya saja more information is needed to strengthen the assumption. √ √ - 116 So, dari kalimat itu we know that she or he is not friendly. √ √ - 117 See you another time itu fungsinya implied on … √ √ - 118 Now is impossible. Tidak mungkin now. √ √ - 119 Kata tertentu implying so many meanings. √ √ - 120 Saya pikir, mahasiswa ini fail to understand what is assumed. √ √ - 121 Kemudian menanyakan “what can I talk to you?” √ √ - 122 It means not too much, not too little, tapi cukup. √ √ - 123 In a conversation berisi jawaban dan pertanyaan. √ √ - 124 Whatever he wrote in the synopsis adalah jawabannya. √ √ - PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 125 So, start a conversation dengan asumsi yang benar. √ √ - 126 You would never hear the term perempuan hidung belang. √ √ - 127 You would hear laki-laki hidung belang. √ √ - 128 Bagaimana cerita tersebut put the view in the question? √ √ - 129 Advertisement is like a song, for example, “Dari Sabang Sampai Merauke .” √ √ - 130 Jadi, kalian cuma prepare a scrap of paper. √ √ - 131 His voice sometimes tidak begitu jelas. √ √ - 132 Lab jurnalistik used to be stairs. √ √ - 133 Well, it could be any assignment given, atau PR, atau memang kelas kosong. √ √ - 134 Jika kemudian I were him, berarti urusanku dengan dia. √ √ - 135 Kaya dan agak kaya is different. √ √ - Each of the data mentioned in the Table 9 above is intrasentential switching that occurs at the phrase level. In the data number 106, for example, “di setengah jam terakhir ” is the prepositional phrase in that sentence. The sentence is opened in English before it switches into Indonesian, and returning into English at the end of the sentence. Another example is in the data number 120. In this case, the switching occurs to the subject of the sentence. “Mahasiswa ini,” which in English is “this student” is actually a phrase and is not categorized as clause because the verb of the sentence occurs in the different language. This kind of explanation also applies to the other data such as the data number 128 and 130. In the data number 128, the switching PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI occurs at the beginning of the sentence. It occurs to the subject of the sentence. If “bagaimana cerita tersebut” is translated into English, it would become “how that story,” which exactly is a phrase. Meanwhile, in the data number 130, the switching that is occurred in the sentence looks exactly like in the data number 120. The sentence is started with a tag, which is in English, before it switches into Indonesian and returning again into English at the end of the sentence. Moreover, in the data number 107, the switch of code in the sentence occurs in three languages at once. They are English, Javanese, and Indonesian. First of all, the sentence begins in English, switched into Javanese, and switched into Indonesian at the en d of the sentence. This “mumet setengah mati” is a phrase that occurred in two languages: Javanese and Indonesian. However, in this case, these two are counted as one phrase and they cannot be subdivided into smaller parties. Further, in the context of a conversation that is about the subject that is not easily understood by all of the students, the lecturer says “well, for you it’s easy, but for them mumet setengah mati .” In the translation into English, “mumet setengah mati” means “really confusing.” Therefore, in a full sentence, the data number 107 would be like “well, for you it’s easy, but for them it’s really confusing.” Furthermore, take a look at the data number 129. In the data number 129, the switching occurs at the phrase level, as well. The sentence is opened by using English before switched into Indonesian at the end of the sentence. In fact, the switch of code mentioned by the lecturer as an example of the advertisement at the end of the sentence in the data number 129 is actually a title of Indonesian folk song. If the data in the Table 8 shows the switching at the word level and the data in the Table 9 shows the intrasentential switching occurred at the phrase level, in this case, in the Table 10 above, each of the data from number 136 to 167 is categorized as intrasentential switching occurred at the clause level. Table 10. Intrasentential at the clause level No Expression Language Content English Indonesian Javanese 136 Trust me itu terjadi √ √ - 137 Permasalahannya adalah three skills b ring… √ √ √ 138 Yang pertama itu five hundred, which is B √ √ - 139 Pertanyaannya adalah “how was it?” √ √ - 140 Jika pertanyaannya how was the vocation, berarti saya habis berlibur. √ √ - 141 It’s not truth about the information anymore karena itu sudah terbukti. √ √ - 142 Alasan yang tidak kita tahu adalah she or he doesn’t have time. √ √ - 143 Lalu kenapa kalimatnya future? √ √ - 144 So, the sentence means dia tidak bisa mengomong sekarang . √ √ - 145 When somebody says something berarti kita harus tahu assumption-nya, kan? √ √ - 146 From the sentence we know dia tidak bisa bicara sekarang. √ √ - 147 From this word kita tahu asumsinya dia . √ √ - 148 Silahkan berdiskusi dan pastikan the presupposition and the structure. √ √ - 149 Dia perlu bertanya “can I talk to you?” √ √ - 150 Jawabannya “I drop the glass.” √ √ - 151 Apapun yang saya tanyakan adalah summary of the story. √ √ - 152 When I ask him about the theme, jawabannya adalah “one day.” √ √ - 153 Biasanya, penjelasan kalian tidak brief. √ √ - 154 You can work the assignment yang saya berikan kemarin . √ √ - 155 Based on the data, tahukah Anda that most of you… √ √ - 156 Perhatian To watch this video kalian harus menggunakan loud speaker. √ √ - 157 Okay, what information yang kita dapatkan? √ √ - 158 As he is speaking, Anda juga taking notes. √ √ - 159 Halo Ada yang tahu this one? √ √ - 160 Kalau saya katakan my car used to run properly, it means it is running properly now. √ √ - 161 My car is not running properly now, means bukan asumsi. √ √ - 162 Kita tidak akan bilang my car used to run properly if… √ √ - 163 Kita bisa katakan there used to be a tree. √ √ - 164 Maybe you can’t imagine that meskipun itulah kenyataannya . √ √ - 165 Lab jurnalistik itu dulunya tidak ada but stairs. √ √ - 166 If I were you kan urusannya jelas. √ √ - 167 Salah sendiri cowok ini berasumsi that the dog belongs to the woman. √ √ - Take a look at the data number 140, for example. The reason why switching that occurs at the beginning of the sentence is categorized as a clause, and not as a phrase, is because it actually has auxiliary verb “adalah” that is unsaid by the lecturer. The auxiliary verb “adalah,” or “is” in English, is supposed to be said as in the other data such as the data number 137, 138, 139, 142, 151, and 152. The explanation in the data number 140 is also applied to the data number 150, in which “adalah” is unsaid. Further, for the data number 138, the meaning of “itu” in “yang pertama itu,” in this case, is not “that” or “which” in English. However, it is “adalah” or “is” in English. Another example is in the data number 136. In the data number 136, the switching occurs at the end of the sentence. The sentence is opened in English before it is switched into Indonesian at the end. In fact, what happens to the data number 136 also happens to the other data, such as the data number 141, 144, 146, 147, 154, 157, 161, 164, and 166. Meanwhile, in the data number 143, 148, and 149, unlike the data number 136 that the switching occurs at the end of the sentence, the switching in these three numbers occur at the beginning of the sentence. The explanation upon the data number 143, 148, and 149 applies to the other data such as the data number 159, 160, 162, 163, 165, 167, in which the sentence in each number is started by using Indonesian language, at the clause level, before it is switched into English at the end. If the last two paragraphs above explain about the switch of code that occurs both at the beginning and at the end of the sentence, in this paragraph, the switch of code occurs in the middle of the sentence. The switching that occurs in the middle of the sentence can be found in the data number 158. In this case, the switching occurs from English to Indonesian before it returns to English at the end of the sentence. The explanation on the data number 158 also applies to the data number 155. Moreover, the switching that occurs in the middle of the sentence can also be found in the data number 145, 153, and 156. In the data number 145, the switching occurs from English to Indonesian and back to English before the sentence is closed by using Indonesian. Meanwhile, in the data number 145 and 153, although the sentence is opened in Indonesian, the switching occurs from English to Indonesian and back to English. As known, intrasentential switching can occur more than once, or more than one utterance in a single sentence, as seen in the Table 11 below: Table 11. Intrasentential within a sentence No Expression Language Content English Indonesian Javanese 168 So, you don’t actually learn from Betty Azar, setiap hari, dari chapter one sampai twenty. √ √ - 169 Listen, kalau no, berarti bisa di-invert atau tidak di-invert. √ √ √ 170 Kalau yes, langsung bisa di-invert. √ √ - 171 Makan itu butuh proses which needs kira-kira five minutes. √ √ - 172 Reasoned is not alasan, but akal budi. √ √ - 173 Itu karena word karier belong to man. √ √ - 174 Pharmacy’s meaning is apotek or toko obat . √ √ - In the Table 11 above, the switching that is occurred in each number has more than one utterance. Meaning to say, the switching occurs more than once in a sentence. For example, take a look at the data number 168. In this case, the switching occurs from English to Indonesian and returning to English. The sentence itself contains of the switching at the phrase and word level. It is similar to the other data, such as in the data number 172 and 174. In the data number 172, the switching occurs from English to Indonesian, returning to English through the w ord “but” before it PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ends the sentence in Indonesian. The sentence also contains of the switching at the word and phrase level. The case occurred to the data number 172 also occurs to the data number 172. It is exactly the same to the data number 172, in which the switching occurs from English to Indonesian, returning to English, before eventually the sentence is ended by using Indonesian. Another example is in the data number 169 and 170. The switching in these two numbers occurs at the word and clause level in each sentence. In the data number 169, the switching occurs from English to Indonesian and back to English. Meanwhile in the data number 170, the switching occurs from Indonesian to English, returning to Indonesian, before the sentence is ended by using English. Furthermore, in the data number 171 and 173, the switching occurs at the clause and word level. The switching in these two numbers occurs in Indonesian before switched into English at the end of the sentence. In the data number 171, the sentence is started in Indonesian “makan itu butuh proses” before switched into English. Then, the language is switched into an Indonesian word “kira-kira,” or in English is “approximately,” before finally the sentence is ended in English. Meanwhile, the same explanation in the data number 171 is applied to the data number 173, as well. They both the data number 171 and 173 have a similarity. In the case of the data number 173, the sentence is opened with an Indonesian clause “Itu karena,” which in English is “that is because.” After that, it switches into English, before switched back again into Indonesian through the word “karier,” or “career,” in English. The sentence is eventually ended in English. Table 12. Intra lexical switching No Expression Language Content English Indonesian Javanese 175 Listen, kalau no, berarti bisa di-invert atau tidak di-invert. √ √ - 176 Kalau yes, langsung bisa di-invert. √ √ - 177 When somebody says something berarti kita harus tahu assumption-nya, kan? √ √ - 178 Ada tiga tes yang akan kita lakukan di kelas. They are pretest, post-test itu mid- test-nya Listening, dan complete test adalah final test. √ √ - 179 Alright, sekarang presupposition-nya. √ √ - 180 Kita sudah buat analisis panjang lebar, tapi conclusion-nya pakai “I think.” √ √ - The data in each number in Table 12 above shows the switching that occurs at the affix level. This switching is actually categorized as an intra-word switching, or in the other term is intra-lexical switching. This switching, in fact, is not involved in the three types of code-switching stated by Shana Poplack. Nevertheless, since this type of switching occurs in some of the data, it is not a matter to discuss it in this study. According to Donald Winford 2003:126-167, intra-word switching occurs within a word, such as at the morpheme boundary. Affix, in this case, is a part of morpheme, bound morpheme. Further, there are prefix and suffix. While prefix is the affix added to the beginning of a word, suffix is the affix that is attached at the end of a word. First of all, take a look at the data number 176 , “Kalau yes, langsung bisa di- invert , ” or in English it would become “If yes, it can simply be in inverted”. Here the switching occurs in a form of prefix “di-” that attaches into the verb “invert” to turn the word into passive form. The same case happens to the data number 175, as well. The switching occurred at the affix level to the data number 175 occurs more than one utterance. However, the switching in this number occurs exactly similar to the data number 176. Here the prefix “di-,” both in the first and second utterance, attache s into the verb “invert” to mark the passivity. Another example is in the data number 177 to 180. There is a similarity that occurred in each number above. The similarity is the switching that occurred at an Indonesian suffix “–nya,” which is attached to the English words. While in the data 177, the suffix “–nya,” is attached to the word “assumption,” in the data number 178 the suffix itself is attached to the word “mid-test.” Furthermore, in the data number 179 and 180, the switching occurs at the suffix “–nya” that is added to the word “presupposition” and “conclusion.”

B. Reasons of Using Code-Switching in English Students’ Classroom and