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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter elaborates two sections, namely the review of related literature and theoretical framework. The first section discusses theories related to
the study. The second section elaborates the contribution from presented theories to the study.
A. Review of Related Theories
The researcher discusses theories of psychological approach, character and characterization, posttraumatic stress disorder, and trauma in this section.
1. Psychological Approach
Psychological approach is one of critical approaches. Critical approaches refer to approaches to literature that are based on criticisms. The approaches are
usually related to theories of particular fields of study. The theories support approaches to make the criticism objective. As stated by Rohrberger and Woods
1971, “No reasonable man will accept anybody‟s statement of evaluative judgment unless he understands and accepts the standards upon which that
judgment is based” p. 3. A judgment, criticism, or analysis of an object is considered unreasonable when it is not based on facts, standards, or theories.
Theories that are related to critical approaches support researchers‟ analysis. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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However, researchers must refer to one of the critical approaches that is the most closely related to the study. According to Rohrberger and Woods 1971,
there are five critical approaches to literature, namely formalist, biographical, socio-cultural, mythopoeic, and psychological approaches. The researcher adopts
the psychological approach because focuses of this study are both related to Geraldine‟s psychological condition. Thus, the psychological approach is the
mostly-related approach to the study. It is also known as a Psychoanalytic Approach and a Psychoanalytic Criticism to literature. Being frequently
associated with Freud‟s theory of psychoanalysis is the reason behind the other names. Freud‟s psychoanalysis observes an individual‟s psychological condition
by revealing the suppressed meanings or unconsciousness. In its relevance to literature, Barr
y 2002 states that Freud‟s interpretation is closely related to literature:
Freudian interpretation, then, is always been considerable interests to literary critics. The basic reason again, is that the unconscious, like the
poem, or novel, or play, cannot speak directly and explicitly but does through images, symbols, emblems, and metaphors. Literature, too, is not
involved with making direct explicit statements about life, but with showing and expressing experience through imagery, symbolism,
metaphor and so on p. 100.
Barry suggests that a literary analysis, like Freud‟s psychoanalysis, is also an
interpretation of indirect and implicit elements of life portrayed in literature‟s images, symbols, emblems, and metaphors. In addition, Abrams 1985 asserts,
“Literature and other arts, like dreams and neurotic symptoms, consist of the imagined or fantasized, fulfillment of wishes that are either denied by reality or
are prohibited by the social standards of morality and propriety” p. 264. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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