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Forster‟s is derived from the character‟s complexity range of description. Henkle‟s is derived from the character‟s role in the story.
b. Charaterization
Characterization, in its connection with a character, is the method of portraying chara
cter. According to Gill 1995, “Characterization is a method and character is the product”. Gill defines that a character must have an “identity” or a
personality. Presenting a character‟s personality is considered as a method to produce a character. For example, an author wants to create a character with a
sadistic personality. To do so, the author frequently presents murder events in which the character is put as the murder or the tyrant. The way the author put the
character as the murder or the tyrant i s the method to present the character‟s
personality. The character is identifiable for its personality. Thus, it is called the characterization. In addition to Gill, Meredith and Fitzgerald 1972 also proclaim
that characterization is, “the use to which each character puts the traits with which he or she is endowed” p. 106. They point out that a character‟s traits or
personalities are “endowed”. A character‟s personality is put on the author‟s need for the story. Meredith and Fitzgerald 1972 highlight that the portrayal of a
character‟s personality should be in line with his role in the story. Their definition of characterization is similar to Gill‟s. Both define characterization as a method to
present a character through the traits or personalities. The difference is in Meredith and Fitzgerald‟s emphasis on the role of characterization in the plot of
the story. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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1. Methods of Characterization
Meredith and Fitzgerald 1972 also elaborate methods of characterization. The methods reveal a character through actions, conflicts, names, character tags,
author‟s descriptions, expositions, and many others. These methods are related to Gill‟s definition of character; Meredith and Fitzgerald 1972 reveal a character by
showing the character‟s personalities. There are sixteen methods proposed by Meredith and Fitzgerald 1972. However, the researcher refers to four of them
only because there are similarities among the methods. Those four methods, namely conflict reveals a character, exposition reveals a character, description
reveals a character, and contrasting characters helps reveal a character.
Conflict reveals a character This first method implies that each complication in the novel tests and
reveals the true personalities of the characters. When a character involves in a conflict, the reader acknowledges the character‟s personalities. For example,
whenever a character involves in a conflict, the character always reacts angrily. The character‟s reaction to the conflict gives readers information about the
c haracter‟s quick-tempered personality.
Exposition reveals a character In the exposition method, the definition of a character is revealed in the
dialogues among characters. When other characters give an opinion about a character, the readers get informat
ion about the character. Other characters‟ PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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opinions in some dialogues lead the readers to assume that a character has particular personalities or physical appearances.
Description reveals a character The description method implies that the information of a character is
presented in the author‟s narrative. The narrative acts as the third person‟s point of view or omniscient. The author directly gives the information of a character in
narrative.
Contrasting characters helps reveal character. This method shows contrasts between a character and another character to
reveal a character. The contrast gives readers information about the character. For example, there are two characters with opposite personalities in a literary work.
The author frequently shows contrasts between them; a character is greedy and another is moderate.
Abrams 1985 also defines other methods of characterization. They are showing and telling methods. In the showing method, an author “presents the
characters talking and acting and leaves the reader to infer what motives and dispositions lie behind” p. 25. The showing method does not allow an author to
instantly describe a character‟s personalities. On the contrary, the telling method instantly states a character‟s personalities. Abrams 1985 cites Austen‟s Pride
and Prejudice 1813 as an example of the telling method: “Mr. Bennet was so
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odd a mixture of quick parts, sarcastic humour, reserve, and caprice”. The citation is described by Abrams as the telling method of characterization because the
author presents a character‟s personalities right away.
3. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
The preceding theory helps the researcher to identify Geraldine‟s portrayal in Just Another Kid
novel. Then, Geraldine‟s Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD is identified by some diagnostic criteria of PTSD shown in Geraldine.
Therefore, the researcher presents theory of PTSD in this section to make the analysis becomes well-founded.
a. Definition of PTSD
PTSD is a mental disorder related to the trauma. According to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th ed.; DSM-5;
American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013, PTSD is a kind of disorder in which, “exposure to traumatic or stressful event is listed explicitly as a diagnostic
criterion” p. 265. The diagnostic criteria itself refers to guidelines of diagnoses that are determined by clinical judgments. In PTSD, traumatic or stressful events
are causes of the development of PTSD.
b. Characteristic of PTSD
According to Scott and Straddling 2001, PTSD is distinguished from an immediate acute reaction to an extreme trauma. An immediate acute reaction lasts
