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Traumatic Event Initial Shock
– Defense Reflex Interpretation
cognitive-affective complex Arrousal
Intrusive Memories Withdrawal
Major Psychiatric Personalitiy Disorders
Psychophysiological Syndromes
Dysfunctional Traits Disorders
Figure 1: Model of Posttraumatic Stress in Psychotraumology: Key Papers and Core Concepts in Post-Traumatic Stress Everly Lating, 1995, as cited in Everly Lating,
2004, p.45
The severity of stages that follows the traumatic event may vary. A PTSD patient
‟s reaction and interpretation to a traumatic event tremendously influences the degree of the severity. It depends on the patient. Therefore, PTSD is not a
monotonous disorder.
c. Diagnostic Criteria of PTSD
According to APA 2013, there are eight diagnostic criteria of PTSD. They are divided into the diagnostic criteria for adults and the diagnostic criteria
for children. The first type of the diagnostic criteria is applied to adults, adolescents, and children older than 6 years old. The second type of the diagnostic
criteria is applied to children younger than 6 years old. Geraldine as the object of the analysis is an eight-year-old girl. Therefore, the researcher only presents
PTSD‟s diagnostic criteria for adults, adolescents, and children older than 6 years. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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1. Exposure to Actual or Threatened Death, Serious Injury, or Sexual Violence in One or More Ways
There are some exposures included in this criterion. Those exposures are directly experiencing the traumatic events, witnessing the events as it occurred
to others in person, learning that the traumatic events occurred to close family member or close friend, learning actual or threatened death of a family member or
friend which is violent or accidental, and experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to concrete details to the traumatic events.
2. Presence of One Or More of Intrusion Symptoms Associated with the Traumatic EventS after the Traumatic EventS Are Occurred
The criterion includes five intrusion symptoms, namely recurrent or involuntary and intrusive distressing memories of the traumatic events, recurrent
distressing dreams in which the content andor affect of the dream are related to the traumatic events, dissociative reactions in which the individual feels or act as
if the traumatic events were recurring, intense or prolonged psychological distress at exposure to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an
aspect of the traumatic events, and marked psychological reactions to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic events.
3. Persistence Avoidance of Stimuli Associated with the Traumatic Events which Begins after the Traumatic Events Occurred
This persistence avoidance is classified into two. The first is the avoidance or efforts to avoid distressing memories, thought, and feelings about or closely
