Parents Benefits of the Study

11 However, researchers must refer to one of the critical approaches that is the most closely related to the study. According to Rohrberger and Woods 1971, there are five critical approaches to literature, namely formalist, biographical, socio-cultural, mythopoeic, and psychological approaches. The researcher adopts the psychological approach because focuses of this study are both related to Geraldine‟s psychological condition. Thus, the psychological approach is the mostly-related approach to the study. It is also known as a Psychoanalytic Approach and a Psychoanalytic Criticism to literature. Being frequently associated with Freud‟s theory of psychoanalysis is the reason behind the other names. Freud‟s psychoanalysis observes an individual‟s psychological condition by revealing the suppressed meanings or unconsciousness. In its relevance to literature, Barr y 2002 states that Freud‟s interpretation is closely related to literature: Freudian interpretation, then, is always been considerable interests to literary critics. The basic reason again, is that the unconscious, like the poem, or novel, or play, cannot speak directly and explicitly but does through images, symbols, emblems, and metaphors. Literature, too, is not involved with making direct explicit statements about life, but with showing and expressing experience through imagery, symbolism, metaphor and so on p. 100. Barry suggests that a literary analysis, like Freud‟s psychoanalysis, is also an interpretation of indirect and implicit elements of life portrayed in literature‟s images, symbols, emblems, and metaphors. In addition, Abrams 1985 asserts, “Literature and other arts, like dreams and neurotic symptoms, consist of the imagined or fantasized, fulfillment of wishes that are either denied by reality or are prohibited by the social standards of morality and propriety” p. 264. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 12 Besides carrying indirect and implicit elements of life, literature is one of the concealments of people‟s imagination or fantasies. The imagination and fantasies are expressed through literature because they are prohibited by social and moral standards. Psychologic al approach is associated with Freud‟s psychoanalysis because Freud‟s is often used in a literary analysis. However, Knellwolf and Noris 2008 states that the psychological approach to literature is also associated with other experts; Jacques Lacan, Melanie Klein, and Carl Gustav Jung p. 180. Psychological theory used in the approach is not limited to one expert only. The psychological approach takes a psychological perspective. Guerin, Labor, Morgan, Reesman, and Willingham 2011 state that “psychological approach provides insight into the thematic and symbolic mysteries of a work of literature and enhances other readings” p. 222. The approach interprets symbols and analyzes literature by referring to psychological theories. For example, a researche r wants to identify reasons behind a character‟s transition of personality by adopting a psychological approach. At this point, the character‟s behaviors, dialogues, or even facial expressions portrayed in the story are used as symbols, indicators, or clues to the identification. They are interpreted by the help of Freud‟s dynamic of personality theory. The reasons are identified by applying Freud‟s psychological theory. The psychological approach analyzes literature by relating a literary work to the au thor‟s life as well. Daiches 1981 says that “one could analyze a particular work and draw from the analysis inferences about the psychology of its author” p. 334. He declares that the approach analyzes literature by referring to