10
causes change the reference and shift of meaning, so it causes the matter of collocation, the compatibility of meaning of two or some unit of linguistic that
appears series in the same utterance. This thing may be the problem of understanding in metaphor. For example, “a dirty dog stole my money”, the word
“dirty dog” is one of the comparative word, but it is not collocated with the word “steal money” because literally the dog animal has no meaning to steal the
money, thus the word “dirty dog” have the shift meaning followed with the word “steal money” change the reference to the “man” that can use the money and steal
the money full of tricks just like the character of a dirty dog. Here the comparative component aspects have the same quality of meaning.
Metaphor and simile are both terms that describe comparison things that are essentially unlike: the only difference between a metaphor and simile is that a
simile makes the comparison explicit by using some words or phrase such as like, similar to, or seems; while in metaphor the identity asserts without such a
connective.
3. Personification
Personification consists in giving the attributes of a human being to an animal, an object, or a concept. It is a really subtype of metaphor, an implied
comparison in which the figurative term of the comparison is always a human being.
13
James Stephens uses a personification in his poem The Wind. The poet expresses the wind like human which has legs, fingers, and hands.
The wind stood up and gave a shout He whistled on his fingers and
13
Perrine, op.cit. p. 64
11
Kicked the withered leaves about And trumped the branched with his hand
And said he’s kill and kill and kill And so he will and so he will
4. Metonymy
Perrine says that metonymy is the use of something closely related for the thing actually meant.
14
Metonymy is the use of a word or phrase for another to which it bears an important relation, as the effect for the cause, the abstract for
the concrete and similar construction.
15
Therefore, metonymy threat one thing as another that is associated with it.
16
In metonymy one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated; also, the rhetorical strategy of describing something
indirectly by referring to things around it. For example, “the order came directly from the White House.” The word “White House” refers to the President of
United States of America.
5. Symbol
Symbol is the representation of something, complex, general, or abstract that suggests some further meaning in addition to it. Symbol is a figure of speech
that combines a literal and sensuous quality with an abstract or suggestive aspect. Perrine says that “a symbol may be roughly defined as something that means
more than what it is.
”17
It is closely connected with denotation and connotation
14
Ibid. p. 65
15
Micrsoft Encharta 2009, loc. cit.
16
Philip Damon, et. Al. Language Rhetoric and Style New York: McCraw-Hill Book Company, 1966, p. 77
17
Perrine, op.cit. p. 80
12
meaning. Symbol is the part of structure that could not be paid attention that is caused of its function in understanding the works meaning.
The word that we use in daily conversation has literal meaning or usually denotative referred to object directly without referring to the other meaning. The
Road Not Taken by Robert Frost for instance, concerns a choice made between two roads by person out walking in the woods. It concerns more than the choice
of paths in a wood, for that choice would be relatively unimportant, while this choice will make a great difference in life. Thus, we must interpret the choice of
the road as a symbol of any choice in life. Image, metaphor and symbol shade into each and are sometimes difficult
to distinguish. In general, however, an image means only what it is: the figurative term in metaphor means something other than what it is, and a symbol means
what it is and something more, too. A symbol, that is, functions literally and figuratively at the same time.
18
6. Hyperbole
