The analysis of figure in rage against the machine songs lyries' (bullet in the head, no shelter)

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Achmad Rifai NIM. 202026001084

ENGLISH LETTER DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

“SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”

JAKARTA

2010

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A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty In Partially Fulfillment of the Requirement

For the Degree of Strata 1 (S1)

Achmad Rifai NIM. 202026001084

ENGLISH LETTER DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

“SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”

JAKARTA

2010

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Lyric (Bullet in the Head, No Shelter), Strata 1 Degree, Thesis: English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University “Syarif Hidayatullah” Jakarta, 2010.

The aim of this research is to find out the kinds of figure of speech and their meaning of figure of speech in two songs. The writer analyzes songs entitled Bullet in the Head, and No Shelter.

In this research, the writer uses qualitative research with descriptive analysis as the method of the research. The writer analyzes the lyrics by reading them intensively and giving attention to each line. After that, the writer tries to explicate the songs by examining the figure of speech.

From the two lyrics, the writer has found seven types of figure of speech; they are Simile, Metaphor, Personification, Metonymy, Symbol, Allegory, and Hyperbole. The two lyrics have a similar theme, railed against the corporate America. The first lyrics, Bullet in the Head is a lyric about the songwriter criticizes the TV Corporations and other news corporation distract people from the big issues of the world and influence them to be mass consumerism. The second lyric, No Shelter is a lyric discussing the media and advertising corporations keep the citizens complacent and busy to think themselves about lifestyle, entertainment unaware the problem of the world.

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THE ANALYSIS OF FIGURE OF SPEECH IN RAGE AGAINTS

THE MACHINE SONGS LYRICS

(Bullet in the Head, No Shelter)

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty In Partially Fulfillment of the Requirement

For the Degree of Strata 1 (S1)

Achmad Rifai NIM. 202026001084

Approved by:

Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum NIP. 197810032001122002

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

“SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”

JAKARTA

2010

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NIM : 202026001084

Title : The Analysis of Figure of Speech in Rage Against The Machine Songs Lyrics (Bullet in the Head, No Shelter)

The thesis has been defended before the Letters and Humanities Faculty’s Examination committee on September 3rd, 2010. The thesis has already accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Strata One Degree (S).

Jakarta, 3 September, 2010

Examination Committee

Signature Date

1. Dr. H. M. Farkhan, M. Pd (Chair Person) ______________ ___________ NIP. 1965091920000100

2. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M. Pd (Secretary) ______________ ___________ NIP. 150261902

3. Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum (Advisor) ______________ ___________ NIP. 197810032001122002

4. Moh. Supardi, M. Hum (Examiner I) ______________ ___________ NIP.

5. Dr. H. M. Farkhan, M. Pd (Examiner II) ______________ ___________ NIP. 1965091920000100

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I hereby declare that this submission is my original work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Jakarta, September 3, 2010

Achmad Rifai

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First of all the writer’s deepest thank To Allah SWT, the lord of the universe and to our prophet Muhammad SAW, may peace and blessing be upon him, his family and his followers.

I would like to express my gratitude to my beloved mother Hj. Nuryani, S. Ag and my father H. Junaedi for eternal pray, love, patience and all supports.

To my supervisor, Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum thank you for the great patient and contributions in finishing this thesis. May Allah always bless her and her family.

I also would like to express my deepest gratitude to the following persons:

1. Dr. H. Wahid Hasyim, M. Ag, the Dean of Letters and Humanities Faculty State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

2. Dr. H. M. Farkhan, M. Pd, the Chief of English Letters Department 3. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M. Pd, the Secretary of English Letters Department 4. All the lecturers of English Department, for teaching and educating the

precious knowledge and giving wonderful experience.

5. All the staff of English Department especially to “Bu Junaedah”, “Pa Busro”, “Bang Radi”, and “Bang Ardani”.

6. All of my friend at English letters class especially; Trie Widi Astuti, Muhammad Pa Jari, Nurilah Ariani, Ahmad ‘TG’ Habibie, , Selvia Muharani, Rica Agus Budiyanto, Riza Aries Setiawan, When Yusri Rahmen etc. Thank

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Jakarta, September 3, 2010

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ABTRACT ……….… i

APPROVEMENT ……….. ii

LEGALIZATION ………...….. iii

DECLARATION ………... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………. v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………... vi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ……… 1

A. Background of the Study ……… 1

B. Focus of the Study ……….. 3

C. Research Questions ………... 4

D. Objectives of the Study ……….. 4

E. Significance of the Study ………... 4

F. Research methodology ………... 5

1. The Method of the Research ……… 5

2. Technique of Data Analysis ………... 5

3. Research Instrument ………. 5

4. Unit Analysis ………... 5

5. Place and Time ………. 5

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ……….. 6

A. Style and stylistics ………. 6

B. Figure of Speech ……… 7

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3. Personification …………. ……….. 10

4. Metonymy ……… ………. 11

5. Symbol ………... 11

6. Hyperbole ………... 12

7. Synecdoche ………. 13

8. Allegory ……….. 13

C. Theme ……….. 14

CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS ………..16

1. Bullet in the Head ………. 16

A. Data Description ………..16

a. Song Background ………. 16

b. The Lyric ……….. ………16

c. Corpus Data ……….. 19

B. Data Analysis ……….. 20

a. Figure of Speech Analysis ……….20

b. Theme Building Analysis ………. 29

2. No Shelter ………. 31

A. Data Description ………. 31

a. Song Background ………. 31

b. The Lyric ……….. 32

c. Corpus Data ………. 34

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viii

b. Theme Building Analysis ………. 40

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION ……… 42

BIBLIOGRAPHY ……… 44

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study

Language is an instrument or a form of culture used by human to communicate to each other, either by oral, written or signal. Through language, human can adapt to the tradition, behavior, social manner, and easy to socializing with all kinds of societies. The language has important role in daily life; because without language, the complex structure social life can not be achieved.

Language can be divided into two functions; there are common function and special function. Language as common function is an instrument to show the expressions, communication, integration and social adaptation. Meanwhile, language as special function is considered to arrange relationship in daily association, rendering art, study of codices and also to exploit science and technology.

Language is an instrument to convey an idea whereas the communication is a delivery process of that information from one to another in order to influence to each other.1 Language must be understood and also should be interesting. In this case, by adding language with other language elements, for instance, the usage of figure of speech. The message of language can be a command, idea and speaker expression to the receiver in order to acceptable and easily understood. The other function is language as a soul expression. Language takes various kind forms of arts. Literary works, for example, is one of art forms revealed by mind and feeling into an artistic language, original idea, and the depth of meaning.

Komunikasi, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (November 5th, 2009). http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/komunikasi, p.1

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Literary genre and type of literature can be classified into two groups; non imaginative and imaginative literature. Non imaginative consists of literary works in a form of essay, criticism, biography, autobiography, and history. While imaginative literature consist of work of prose fiction (short story, novelettes, or romance novels), poetry (epic poetry, lyric poetry, and dramatic poetry), and drama (comedy, tragedy, melodrama, and tragicomedy drama).

In this paper, the writer focuses on song lyric as the study. Song Lyric is an art genre because consist of personal expression,2 therefore the song lyric is assumed as a poem. Song is one of many ways to show or express what is in the heart. When a song is composed, there are some ways for the songwriters to express their feeling and make the message of that song clearly and easily understood. One of the ways is using figure of speech and many songwriters have made their works using this style. Figure of speech is a particular way to express an idea or concept through the usage of language. This particular way is usually different from one person to another; therefore, language style can represent someone’s character or personality.

Lyric often contains politic, social and economic themes as well as aesthetic elements so can connote messages, which are culturally significant. These messages can either be explicit or implied through metaphor, symbolism or other figure of speech. It can be accepted that all literary works includelyrics are not come from an empty culture. Therefore, all the literary works are reflection of social structure whereas the songwriter products his/her works. In related with the assumption above, the writer tries to analyze song lyrics one of 1990’s band Rage Against The

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Machines (RATM). RATM was known as a band which always dares to speak the truth, speak out against the injustice of government and their agencies and incite the masses with an anger and vengeance that never seen before. The music of RATM is a fierce and uncompromising, it is meld of funk and inspired to hard rock and politically charged rap.

The members of RATM are Tom Morello, Zack de la Rocha, Brad Wilk, and Tommy C. Tom Morello was the leader of the band. Tom graduated with honor in 1986 from Harvard University. Before this band formed, Tom and Zack were concerned about the social issues in United States at their young age and later became socialist rock rap musician.

RATM conside music as a vehicle for social activism, as the lead singer, Zack de la Rocha, espoused: "Music has the power to cross borders, to break military sieges and to establish real dialogue".3 The songs that use the literary language that full of connotative meaning aims to attract the audience so the messages of the song could be received well.

B. Focus of the Study

Based on the background of the study above, the writer will be focused on analyzing the usage of figure of speech in Rage Against The Machine (RATM) songs’ contribution in the building theme.

C. Research Questions

Protest Song, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, (November 5th, 2009). http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/komunikasi, p.1

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The writer would like to discuss the problem of the thesis on title “The Analysis of Figure of Speech Contribution in Theme Building within Rage Against the Machine Songs Lyrics” (Bullet in the Head, No Shelter) within three questions: 1. What kind of figure of speech is used in lyric of RATM ?

2. What are the meanings of the figure of speech used in the context of the song? 3. What is the contribution of the use of figure of speech in theme building?

D. Objective of the Study

Based on the research questions presented above, the general objective of the study is to achieve comprehensive understanding regarding the use of figure of speech in building theme of the lyric of Rage Against The Machine. The specific objectives of the research are as follows:

1. To know the kinds of figure of speech commonly used within the lyric of RATM 2. To know the meaning of the figure of speech used in the context of the songs. 3. To know the contribution made by the use of figure of speech in theme building.

E. Significance of the Study

The research has two important significances; they are theoretical and practical significances.

1. The theoretical significances are to enlarge the knowledge of linguistics and literary study especially stylistics, the linguistics study of style; and to enrich the research of linguistic and literary study therefore it will be more various.

2. The practical significances are to provide further knowledge about figure of speech and to provide comprehensive understanding about the theme of the lyric.

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F. Research Methodology

This research methodology consists of some important aspects of the research such as the method of the research; technique of data analysis; research instruments; unit analysis; place and time of the research.

1. The method of the research

In this research, the writer uses content analysis method which concerns in the effort of extracting and interpreting the theme in the lyric RATM.

2. Technique of data analysis

The verbal data collected from the singles of RATM will be analyzed qualitatively based on figurative of speech and any related theories or approaches.

3. Research instrument

The instrument of this research is the writer himself as the main instrument in collecting data through many ways such as collecting, reading, identifying, and giving other important notes the data source.

4. Unit analysis

The unit analysis used in this research is the lyric of RATM taken from their different singles and different albums Bullet In the Head from their self-titled debut album “Rage Against the Machine” in 1992, and the single No Shelter from the “Evil Empire” album in 1996.

5. Place and time

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Style and Stylistics

The figure of speech often considered as the synonym of the stylistics, but in fact the figure of speech is part of language style. The language style has many wide references, According to Hari Murti Kridalaksana, the style (language) have three definitions, there are:

1. The utilization of someone’s language properties of speaking and writing. 2. The usage of particular style to achieve the certain effects.

3. The whole language character of group of writers4 .

Stylistics is the study of varieties of language whose properties position that language in a context, and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individuals and social groups in their use of language. A variety, in this sense, is a situationally distinctive use of language. For example, the language of advertising, politics, religion, individual authors, etc, or the language of a period in time, all are used distinctively and belong in a particular situation. Stylistics also attempts to establish principles capable of explaining the particular choices made by individuals and social groups in their use of language, such as socialization, the production and reception of meaning, critical discourse analysis and literary criticism.5

Hari Murti Kridalaksana, Kamus Linguistik Edisi 3. (Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1993). p.63

Stylistics (Linguitics), Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (January 2nd 2010). http://en.wikipedia/wiki/stylistics p. 1

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The efforts of understanding, application, and applying of rhetoric to get the artistic effect were called as stylistic appreciation of the stylistics’ object such as proverb, idiomatic, associative sentence, and style.6 Style here can be referred to style of language.

Based on the language aspect, style of language can be divided into style of language based on diction. Tone on discourse, sentence structure, and style of language based on direct and indirect sense.7 The style of language based on the indirect sense is usually called as figure of speech.8

B. Figure of Speech

In daily conversation, we use the common way to deliver our message. That common way will surely be responded by ordinary response as well. But sometimes we need something different that actually represent in our heart so that the listener can understand what we actually meant. We can choose many ways to deliver the message to the receiver. We can give more different nuance sense by usage of figure of speech.

Figure of speech is word that used in a discourse or text to give certain emphasis of an ideas or feeling. A figure of speech is a use of a word that diverges from its normal meaning, or a phrase with a specialized meaning not based on the

Suparman Natawidjaja, Apresiasi Stilistika (Jakarta: PT Intermasa, 1986), p.5

Gorys Keraf, Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa (Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2002). P. 116-117

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literal meaning of the words in it such as a metaphor, simile, or personification. Figures of speech often provide emphasis, freshness of expression, or clarity.9

Perrine defines the figure of speech in the book of Sound and Sense, “Figure of Speech is anyway of saying something other than the ordinary way”10the usage of figure of speech is the special way to get special intention of something that said special, it means that the usage of literary work is not taken literally. The advantages have been widely known that everybody uses it all the time in attempt to give freshness to what they say.

The figure of speech is in need because it attracts attention and more forceful, easier to be remember and encourages reflection, it is better for illustration, and it also can simplify the complex word.

Numbers of figure of speech that used by most people, there are: 1. Simile

Simile is specific comparison by means of the word “like” or “as” between two kinds of ideas or objects like a metaphor, simile also compares two different things, but it uses a connotative word. Simile is a figure of speech in which an explicit comparison is made between two things essentially unlike. The comparison is made explicit by the uses of some words or phrases as “like, as, than, similar, or resembles, or seems”11

Simile is a direct, expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike, but resembling each other in at least one aspect. It is a device both of art

Figure of speech, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, (November 6th 2009). http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/figure of speech, p.1

Laurence Perrine, Sound and Sense (London: Harcourt Brace College Publisher, 1991) p.61

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and explanation, comparing the unfamiliar thing to be explained to some familiar thing known to the reader. As the example “she floated in like a cloud”

2. Metaphor

Metaphor is usage word or phrase, it is indicate one kind of idea or object to replace other word or phrase for suggestion of likeness between the two.12 Figure of speech in which a word or phrase literally denoting one kind of object /idea is used in place of another dissimilar object/idea to suggest a likeness; ascribing to the first some of qualities of the second.

Unlike a simile or analogy, metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing, not just that one is like another and the emphasized laid on the quality between the comparative signifiers.

Based on the appearance of the comparative words, there are two kinds of metaphor. One, explicit metaphor, is marked with the appearance of two comparative words. For example from the line of Robert Herrick’s poem below;

You are tulip seen today, but dearest, of short a stay

there were you grew scarce man can say

Herrick uses metaphor to express his feeling to his sweetheart. He images his sweetheart with beautiful and charming tulip. Here both the comparative words appear, “you” (girl) between “tulip” are explicit.

Other kind of metaphor is the implicit metaphor, which its form based on shift of meaning. Same as simile, in metaphor, there are 2 comparative words. However, one of the comparative word doesn’t appear or implicit. This feature

Figure of speech, Microsoft encharta 2009. (Nov 8th 2009). p. 1 http://www.encarta.com.

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causes change the reference and shift of meaning, so it causes the matter of collocation, the compatibility of meaning of two or some unit of linguistic that appears series in the same utterance. This thing may be the problem of understanding in metaphor. For example, “a dirty dog stole my money”, the word “dirty dog” is one of the comparative word, but it is not collocated with the word “steal money” because literally the dog (animal) has no meaning to steal the money, thus the word “dirty dog” have the shift meaning followed with the word “steal money” change the reference to the “man” that can use the money and steal the money full of tricks just like the character of a dirty dog. Here the comparative component aspects have the same quality of meaning.

Metaphor and simile are both terms that describe comparison things that are essentially unlike: the only difference between a metaphor and simile is that a simile makes the comparison explicit by using some words or phrase such as like, similar to, or seems; while in metaphor the identity asserts without such a connective.

3. Personification

Personification consists in giving the attributes of a human being to an animal, an object, or a concept. It is a really subtype of metaphor, an implied comparison in which the figurative term of the comparison is always a human being.13 James Stephens uses a personification in his poem The Wind. The poet expresses the wind like human which has legs, fingers, and hands.

The wind stood up and gave a shout He whistled on his fingers and

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Kicked the withered leaves about

And trumped the branched with his hand And said he’s kill and kill and kill And so he will and so he will

4. Metonymy

Perrine says that metonymy is the use of something closely related for the thing actually meant.14 Metonymy is the use of a word or phrase for another to which it bears an important relation, as the effect for the cause, the abstract for the concrete and similar construction.15 Therefore, metonymy threat one thing as another that is associated with it.16

In metonymy one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated; also, the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it. For example, “the order came directly from the White House.” The word “White House” refers to the President of United States of America.

5. Symbol

Symbol is the representation of something, complex, general, or abstract that suggests some further meaning in addition to it. Symbol is a figure of speech that combines a literal and sensuous quality with an abstract or suggestive aspect. Perrine says that “a symbol may be roughly defined as something that means more than what it is.”17 It is closely connected with denotation and connotation

Ibid. p. 65

Micrsoft Encharta (2009), loc. cit.

Philip Damon, et. Al. Language Rhetoric and Style (New York: McCraw-Hill Book Company, 1966), p. 77

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meaning. Symbol is the part of structure that could not be paid attention that is caused of its function in understanding the works meaning.

The word that we use in daily conversation has literal meaning or usually denotative referred to object directly without referring to the other meaning. The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost for instance, concerns a choice made between two roads by person out walking in the woods. It concerns more than the choice of paths in a wood, for that choice would be relatively unimportant, while this choice will make a great difference in life. Thus, we must interpret the choice of the road as a symbol of any choice in life.

Image, metaphor and symbol shade into each and are sometimes difficult to distinguish. In general, however, an image means only what it is: the figurative term in metaphor means something other than what it is, and a symbol means what it is and something more, too. A symbol, that is, functions literally and figuratively at the same time.18

6. Hyperbole

According to Perrine, Hyperbole or overstatement is “simply exaggeration, but exaggeration in the service truth.”19 In hyperbole, the understatement passes beyond realistic and logical thinking, but actually has logical meaning, the speakers are overstating their statement and to emphasize something. Hyperbole is used with the redundantly pressure to get intensive effect. For example, “my backpack weighs a ton”.

Ibid. p. 80

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7. Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a figure of speech whereby the part is made to stand for the whole, the whole for a part, the species for the genus, and vice versa.20 A kind of figure of speech that uses a part of something to state the whole of it (pars pro toto) or use the whole to state a part of it (totem pro parte). The example of pras pro toto is in the sentence “he has many mouths to feed” the word mouth constitutes a part of the body whose function to eat but the word here actually represent of the whole body of people. And the sentence “use your head to figure it out”, the word head is used is actually points out for replacing brain, in other words, the whole of something is used to refer to a part of it (totem pro parte). 8. Allegory

Allegory is a narrative or description that conveying the meaning beneath the surface.21 The name and event in Allegory may be abstract but the purpose is always clear. The meaning of Allegory should be drawn up to the surface in understanding it. Although the surface story or description may have its own interest, the author’s major interest is in the ulterior meaning.

When Pharaoh in the bible, for instance, has a dream in which seven fat kine are devoured by seven lean kine, the story does not really become significant until Joseph interprets its allegorical meaning: that Egypt is to enjoy seven years of fruitfulness and prosperity followed by seven years of famine. Allegory has been defined sometimes as an extended metaphor and sometimes as series of related symbol. But it is undistinguishable from both of these. It is unlike

Microsoft Encharta (2009). Op. cit. p.1

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extended metaphor in that it involves a system of related comparisons rather than one comparison drawn out. It differs from symbolism in that it pus less emphasis on the images for their own sake and more on their ulterior meanings. Also, these meaning are more fixed. In allegory there is usually one-to-one correspondence between the details and a single set of ulterior meanings. In complex allegories the details may have more than one meaning, but these meanings tend to be definite. Meaning do not ray out from allegory as they do from symbol.

C. Theme

Theme is the critical idea of literary work. In its simplest meaning, theme is meaning of story, central idea, or basic story. According to Pickering, theme is also used sometimes to refer the basic issue, problem, or subject with which the work is concerned.22 Themes often explore timeless and universal ideas and may be implied rather than stated explicitly. In literary term, theme is the central idea or insight that unifies the total work, it is also the main point an author wishes to make about his subject. The reader will also understand the main points in a work if they know the theme of the work. The theme is what made the topic. The theme is a comment from the topic that has implications on the story. Together with the plot, characters, setting and theme style is considered as one of the fundamental components in the work of fiction. So, in a theme contains about attitudes towards the subject of author main thoughts. In an effort to find and interpret the theme in works of fiction, there are several criteria:

James H. Pickering and Jefferey D. Hoeper, Concise Companion to Literature. (New York: Macmillan publishing, 1981). p. 61.

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1. First, that interpretation should consider every detail the story that seemed major. 2. Second, the interpretation of the theme of a work of fiction should not be

contradictory to each detail of the story.

3. Third, the theme of the story cannot be interpreted solely based on estimates, something that is imagined in the story, or less reliable information.

4. Fourth, the interpretation of the theme should be based on direct evidence there is or is depicted in the story.23

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDINGS

1. Bullet in the head

A. Data Description

a. The background song

Labeled from Epic studio, Bullet in the Head was a single released by RATM from their debut album on November 6, 1992 named with its self-titled Rage Against the Machine, But the single Bullet in the Head early made its live debut at their first public performance at Cal State in the Quad, on October 23rd, 1991. The album, Rage Against the Machine went to #1 on Billboard's Heatseekers chart, and #45 on the Billboard Top 200 chart. The video clip was recorded in a BBC warehouse in New York. While it is not often cited, this isn't a mimed video.

This single refers to the band's belief that the government uses media to control the population, drawing comparisons between typical residences and Alcatraz.

b. The Lyric

“BULLET IN THE HEAD” Rage Against The Machine

This time the bullet cold rocked ya A yellow ribbon instead of a swastika Nothin' proper about ya propaganda

Fools follow rules when the set commands ya

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When ya blood was red

That's how ya got a bullet blasted through ya head

Blasted through ya head Blasted through ya head

I give a shout out to the living dead 10 Who stood and watched as the feds cold centralized

So serene on the screen You were mesmerized

Cellular phones soundin' a death tone

Corporations cold 15

Turn ya to stone before ya realize They load the clip in omnicolour

Said they pack the 9, they fire it at prime time Sleeping gas, every home was like Alcatraz

And mutha fu***s lost their minds 20

Just victims of the in-house drive-by They say jump, you say how high Just victims of the in-house drive-by They say jump, you say how high

Run it! 25

Just victims of the in-house drive-by They say jump, you say how high Just victims of the in-house drive-by They say jump, you say how high

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They load the clip in omnicolour

Said they pack the 9, they fire it at prime time Sleeping gas, every home was like Alcatraz And mutha fu***s lost their minds

No escape from the mass mind rape 35 Play it again jack and then rewind the tape

And then play it again and again and again Until ya mind is locked in

Believin' all the lies that they're tellin' ya

Buyin' all the products that they're sellin' ya 40 They say jump and ya say how high

Ya brain-dead

Ya gotta fu***n' bullet in ya head

Just victims of the in-house drive-by

They say jump, you say how high 45 Just victims of the in-house drive-by

They say jump, you say how high

Uggh! Yeah! Yea!

Ya standin' in line

Believin' the lies 50

Ya bowin' down to the flag Ya gotta bullet in ya head

Ya standin' in line Believin' the lies

Ya bowin' down to the flag 55

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A bullet in ya head A bullet in ya head A bullet in ya head A bullet in ya head A bullet in ya head A bullet in ya head A bullet in ya head A bullet in ya head A bullet in ya head! A bullet in ya head! A bullet in ya head! A bullet in ya head! A bullet in ya head! A bullet in ya head! A bullet in ya head!

Ya gotta bullet in ya fu***n' head!

Yeah! Yeah!

c. Corpus Data

Table 1 Bullet in the Head

No Figure of Speech Corpus Data Lines 1 Symbol A yellow ribbon instead of

swastika

2 2 Allegory Said it was blue

When ya blood was red That's how ya got a bullet blasted through ya head

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3 Simile Who stood and watched as the feds cold centralized

11 4 Metaphor Cellular phones soundin' a death

tone

14 5 Metaphor Corporations cold

Turn ya to stone before ya realize

15-16

6 Metaphor They load the clip in omnicolour Said they pack the 9, they fire it at prime time

17-18

7 Simile Sleeping gas, every home was like Alcatraz

19 8 Metaphor Just victims of the in-house

drive-by

21 9 Personification No escape from the mass mind

rape

10 Metaphor Until ya mind is locked in 38

11 Metonymy Ya bowin' down to the flag 51

B. Data Analysis

a. Figure of speech analysis

The writer finds six kinds of figure of speech in the lyric of "bullet in the head" they are symbol, metaphor, simile, Allegory, personification, and metonymy. The analyses of the lines are:

1) A yellow ribbon instead of swastika (line 2; symbol)

Symbol is the visible object or action that suggests some further meanings. The definition of the symbol proposed in chapter II of this thesis is manifested within the statement “a symbol may be defined as something that means more what it is.”

The word we use in daily conversation has the literal meaning or the denotative or usually referred directly without reference to other meanings.

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Phrases such as "Yellow Ribbon" and the word "Swastika" here says more what it is.

The phrase “Yellow ribbon”, according to Wikipedia is a symbol with various meanings, mostly associated with those waiting for the return of a loved one or of military troops who are temporarily unable to come home.24 During the Gulf War 1990s, it being used along with the slogan "support the troops", in the form of yellow ribbons tied to trees, and countless other contexts. It often had the implied meaning of supporting the Desert Shield and Desert Storm troop deployments themselves and/or loyalty- to President George Bush, and therefore became somewhat politicized. It appeared again during the 2003 Invasion of Iraq with similar meanings, most prominently in the form of a yellow ribbon printed on magnetized material and displayed on the outside of automobiles.25

The writer generally defines the symbol “Yellow Ribbon” as a symbol of hope, a symbol of obedience, and loyalty from something that is reliable and believed to serve and obey the nation.

The next symbol is Swastika; the use of the swastika was associated by Nazi theorists with their conjecture of Aryan cultural descent of the German people. Following the Nordicist version of the Aryan invasion theory, the Nazis claimed that the early Aryans of India, from whose Vedic tradition the swastika sprang, were the prototypical white invaders. The concept of racial purity was an ideology central to Nazism, though it is now

Yellow Ribbon, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (March 2nd, 2010). http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Ribbon, p.1

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considered unscientific. For Rosenberg, the Aryans of India were both a model to be imitated and a warning of the dangers of the spiritual and racial "confusion" that, the leader believed, arose from the close proximity of races. Thus, they saw fit to co-opt the sign as a symbol of the Aryan master race.26 The Swastika was the symbol of the Nazi Party and of Nazism in general now illegal in Germany as it well known for their brutality.

These symbols mean the fighting in the wars being no better than the Nazi’s regime but for some reason such action is supported in America especially war for oil.

2) Said it was blue, When ya blood was red. That's how ya got a bullet blasted through ya head (line 5-7; Allegory)

Allegory is extended metaphor in which a story is told to illustrate an important attribute of the subject. Allegory is a figurative mode of representation conveying meaning other than the literal. Allegory communicates its message by means of symbolic figures, actions or symbolic representation. It is rather what we would call an "illustration" or "incident."

The line contains figurative language of Allegory, it depicts a narrative or descript that has a second meaning beneath the surface. In this sentence, "said it was blue, When ya blood was red. That's how ya got a bullet blasted through ya head". The word blue and red, after connecting and analyze the lyrics as a whole, the writer concludes that the contradiction of color illustrates the contradictions of the truth (the news). The songwriter uses

Swastika, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (March 2nd, 2010). http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika, p.10

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it as an example depiction of contradiction, the songwriter could have a comparison with other colors like white, black or otherwise but he simply took the red and blue as sample.

The use of the word “blue” and “red” is the depiction of the influence of American propaganda (television and other mass media) made by governments that can alter the truth and deceive the public. Propaganda was made to obtain support for specific ideas, opinions and other organized according to plan and spread information in order to promote some reasons or purposes.

3) Who stood and watched as the feds cold centralized (line 11; Simile)

The sentence describes the comparison between the “people” and something living “(pets)” by using “as” as sign posting. The use of sign here shows that the comparison is mentioned explicitly with each comparison word of have the natural characteristics, the people are noble, sensible creature compared with something mindless (animal) those have lower level.

In this sentence, the songwriter depicts the people who watch and believe the media mind-distraction is like pets that feds/fooled by their master.

4) Cellular phones soundin' a death tone (line 14; Metaphor)

This sentence illustrates the comparison between the Phrase "cellular phones" with the words something that has reference to the "death tone" (implicit). The phrase "Death tone" means a thing that has nature deadly sound.

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The songwriter compares the phrases “cellular phone” and “Death tone”. Here the same component meaning is “have the sound deadly qualities”. The songwriter compares the tone of cellular phone same as a deadly tone.

The interpretation of the phrases "cellular phone" and "Death tone" means incoming call from cellular is a death sign of the freedom of workers, lose their freedom because they only care about their jobs, fear of job loss. Incoming calls from boss who gave them several tasks must be comply with the orders and complete their work as soon as possible, so as not to lose their jobs.

5) Corporations cold Turn ya to stone before ya realize (line 15-16; Metaphor) In this sentence, the songwriter uses the word “stone” compared with the word “ya” (you/audiences). Here both the two comparative words are appearing simultaneously so it makes us easier to interpreting them as metaphor. As it states that the word “ya” (you) and “stone” compared with their quality of meaning. The word “ya” (you) resembles as the same quality with “stone” with the similar meaning component are; “quite”, “motionless”. Meanwhile the distinctive meaning component that human has nature characteristics; “living creature”, “dynamic”, “moving”, “growing”. compared with the word stone; has the nature characteristic “material”, “non living thing”.

The sentence is actually means the songwriter describing the people just like stone once they get worked on a corporations, they will always obey

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their boss without asking too much or even refuse it, depicted like stone that can do nothing whether it realized or not the jobs separate them from their freedom and the word cold refers to the corporation is unfriendly, ignored they will order to their workers to do all of the order to finish it and do not fail its seems like there are not warmly in the corporation.

6) They load the clip in omnicolor. Said they pack the 9, they fire it at prime time (line 17-18; metaphor)

The writer finds some comparative words in the references. These words literally are not linked but replaced with their respective successors. Both of comparative words are not appeared but represent by its references.

They load the clip in omnicolor, said they pack the 9 They fire it at the primetime. Phrase “Prime time” according to Wikipedia is the block of programming on television during the middle of the evening. The term prime time is often defined in terms of a fixed time period, for example, from 8:00 pm to 11:00 pm.27 These italic words are reference to “TV program”, but they are not collocated with the word “fire”. Focus on the word "fire" according to Oxford Learner’s Dictionary means “fire with guns”, “fire (a bullet)”28 then this leads us directly associated with the word “guns”. So we have found two comparison words that are “TV Show” and “gun”, here the songwriter resembles them in metaphor. The two comparison words “TV Program” and “gun” have the same meaning quality as a "tool" but the word “gun” have meaning deadly that can kill living things because of a sharp

Prime time, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (March 2nd, 2010). http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime time, p.1

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bullet. While the deadly meaning of TV version is a shows can be powerful to convince viewers with news that far from the truth and entertain viewers so that they do not care about their environment.

7) Sleeping gas, every home was like Alcatraz (line 19; simile)

The word “like”, between the word “home” and “Alcatraz” obviously is a comparison in the sentences. The songwriter compares the word “home” we have known as places to stay and to find peace and comfortable with the places that well known as a horrible place in the middle of sea and used as jail, Due to its isolation from the outside by the cold, strong, hazardous currents of the waters of San Francisco Bay, Alcatraz was used to house Civil War prisoners as early as 1861.

Alcatraz known as an island located in San Francisco Bay, 1,5 miles offshore from San Francisco, California. Often referred to as The Rock, the small island early-on served as a lighthouse, a military fortification, a military prison, and a Federal Bureau of Prisons federal prison until 1963.29

The songwriter compares the word "home" and "Alcatraz" since the people enjoyed the products of this mass mind control, they would mesmerized can’t go outside just like people who being jailed.

8) Just victims of the in-house drive-by (line 21; Metaphor)

This sentence contains metaphor. Here one of the comparative words appears explicitly and the other is implicit. One of the explicit signifier is word “victim” and the other word (implicit) refers to the audience who

Alcatraz. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (March 2nd, 2010). http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatraz, p.1

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listening to the song represented by word “you”. The songwriter describes the comparison between the word “you” and “victim” have the same meaning quality as “a suffer object”

The author resembles “audience” (implicit) as “victim”, but it cannot be understood literally because, as in the home, a place called away from the danger is said as a victim in their own home. This sentence is to emphasize the meaning of people who enjoy all the product of propaganda issued by the government as victims of lies and setting the victim of mind distraction, losing their consciousness to do something good and useful.

9) No escape from the mass mind rape (line 35; Personification)

Personification is a special kind of metaphor in which human qualities or attributes are given to an inanimate object. Personification occurs when the songwriter attributes an inanimate object, concept, or an abstract idea with human qualities or with human action. In this sentence, the word "mass" refers to "mass media" compared to a word that contains one of human quality character "rape". The word “Rape” is clearly refers to “man”. The comparative words in this line are “mass media” (explicit) and “man” (implicit) with the comparative meaning component "attack unceasingly" meanwhile each of these words has the different nature character as mass media; inanimate object, no feeling, emotion and desire compared with the word man; it is human beings, have feeling, emotions and desire.

The songwriter personifies the word mass media have the same meaning with the word “rape”. The word “rape” is used to emphasize the

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attacks of mass media to influence audiences’ minds resemble as a person who raped.

The songwriter used this personified sentence to make the lyric interesting. This figure of speech emphasizes the thought’s transfer to the audience more exciting.

10)Until ya mind is locked in (line 38; Metaphor)

The sentence consists of metaphorical statement. Within the sentence, the songwriters compares the word “mind” and something that have reference with word “locked in” for instance, briefcase. Here the songwriter metaphoric the two word “mind” and “briefcase” with the same meaning component “something that can locked” and the each distinctive meaning component mind; “memory”, “part of a person’s brain where one’s thoughts” and the word briefcase is; “non living thing” .

The songwriter uses the phrase “locked in” ideally used in something that can be locked such as door, briefcase etc. The use of this word is to emphasize meaning to get attention and more interesting. If this is interpreted literally, it is impossible to locked people’s mind because physically we can’t lock people’s minds.

11)Ya bowin' down to the flag (line 25; Metonymy)

This sentence contains a metonymy. The word “flag” does not directly refer to color cloth, but this word is a substitute that referring to the nation/state.

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This sentence is formed with phrase “bowing down” and “flag”. Quoted from Learners dictionary word “bow” means bend forward as assign of respect or as a greeting, submit to something, accept to something authority.30

The phrase bowing down and the flag represent of the pursuance of the nation (Flag) people of America enlisted in forces and others support fight wars for oil.

b. Theme building analysis

The song tells us about modern product of mass media have great influence on society and culture. The songwriter describes the TV, work, and other propaganda distracting people, people are busy to think about themselves. The mass media are always spoiling and provoke them to follow the dominant culture for one purpose. America's urban lifestyle and modern force people to see the mode, they only care about the lifestyle; mass media lure them to buy products and change their mindset into consumerism. The songwriter tries to raise American society awareness and other listeners. The songwriter criticizes and curse listener in order to not to be tempted and do the right thing of their lives.

The use of figure of speech intended to stimulate people’s awareness. The usage of figure of speech within the lyric is to contribute in theme building. The songwriter effectively pictured the theme conveyed that built in efficient way.

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For example, the songwriter mostly uses metaphor and simile in comparing and making the message clearly understood. He compared the word "you" with "stone" in corporation cold turn ya to stone before ya realize sentence and the word “Home” and “Alcatraz” in sleeping gas every home was like Alcatraz. The songwriter makes the comparative compassion between those words are to gain the sensuous and emphasize the expression. In “bullet in the head”, the songwriter personifies the manner of the mass media by using word “rape” which means the mass media attacks incessant in influencing the minds of people personified like rape people.

By using a comparison figure of speech like simile, metaphor, and others figure of speech, The songwriter tries to stimulate the audiences’ consciousness for not influenced by the media pro-government, for that, the songwriter compares the audience with some objects in order to emphasize the message in the song. Furthermore, the use of slang words, the stressing, are the techniques of the songwriter mixed with rap makes the song are more special than the other songs.

This and other figure of speech analyzed have proven that the theme is conveyed clearly in more sensuous way. The songwriter tries to simulate the hearer’s imagination.

All of these figure of speech analysis have proved that the theme is clearly send in a more sensation way. The songwriter tried to stimulate listener’s imagination with the use of figure of speech.

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2. No Shelter

A. Data Description

a. Song Background

The single “No Shelter” from the second album, Evil Empire released on April 1996 almost four years after the debut in 1992, Rage Against The Machine. The single was the soundtrack for the block buster Godzilla, a thunderous performance amid the listless surrounding tracks. RATM had established a reputation of vitriolic lyrical politics accompanied by funk-laden guitar lick and heavy metal sound. “No Shelter” proudly followed in this tradition. Lead vocalist Zack de la Rocha attacks the entertainment industry and Hollywood film like Rambo, yet the most potent lyric clearly addresses the motion picture Godzilla, the film the soundtrack was to promote.

By this single, the band received three nominations from the MTV Video Music Awards, but has yet to win an award. As the single “no shelter” was nominated as best metal performance. No Shelter made its live debut on January 28th, 1999, at the Continental Arena in East Rutherford, NJ. That show was a benefit show for the convicted murderer Mumia Abu Jamal.

The song is about how the mass media distract the public from more important issues in the world and manipulate people's minds. The song discusses consumerism and criticizes the feigned rebelliousness of teenaged consumerism, mentioning Nike and Coca-Cola particularly.

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b. The Lyric

“NO SHELTER”

Rage Against The Machine

The main attraction distraction

Got you number than number than numb.

Empty your pockets son they got you thinkin' that What you need is what they sellin'

Make you think that buyin' is rebellin' 5 From the theaters to malls on every shore

The thin line between entertainment and war

The front line is everywhere there'll be no shelter here Still burn the nightmare works you pushin' for,

I'm a snap of the whip, the true feather to tar 10 Memroy erased and promise gone,

Tradin' your history for a V.C.R. Cinema simulated life in trauma Forthright culture, Americana

Chained to the dream they got you searchin' for 15 The thin line between entertainment and war

There'll be no shelter here, The front line is everywhere.

There'll be no shelter here,

The front line is everywhere. 20

There'll be no shelter here, The front line is everywhere.

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There'll be no shelter here, The front line is everywhere.

Hospitals not profitful 25

The market bulls got pockets full To advertise some hip disguise View the world from American eyes The parmagon keep fiendin' for more

The thin line between entertainment and war 30 Fix the need, develop the taste,

Buy the products, or get laid to waste Coca-cola was back in the veins of Saigon

And Rambo troops We got a dope pair 'a Nikes on

Godzilla pure motherfu***n' filler 35 Get your eyes off the real killer,

Cinema simulated life in trauma Forthright culture, Americana

Chained to the dream they got you searchin' for,

The thin line between entertainment and war. 40

There'll be no shelter here, The front line is everywhere.

There'll be no shelter here, 45 The front line is everywhere.

There'll be no shelter here, The front line is everywhere.

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American eyes, American eyes,

View the world from American eyes, 50 Bury the past, rob us blind,

leave nothing behind.

American eyes, American eyes, View the world from American eyes,

Bury the past, rob us blind, 55 leave nothing behind.

Just stare. Just stare. Just stare.

Just stare. 60

Or live in the nightmare.

c. Corpus Data

Table II No Shelter

No Figure of Speech Corpus Data Lines 1 Metaphor The thin line between entertainment

and war

7 2 Metaphor

The front line is everywhere there'll be no shelter here

8 3 Metaphor I'm a snap of the whip, the true feather

to tar

10 4 Metaphor Chained to the dream they got you

searchin’ for

15 5 Metonymy The market bulls got pockets full 26

6 Metonymy View the world from American eyes 28 7 Metonymy Coca-cola was back in the veins of 33

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Saigon

8 Metonymy And Rambo troops We got a dope pair 'a Nikes on

34 9 Metonymy Godzilla pure motherfu***in' filler

Get your eyes off the real killer

10 Metaphor Or live the nightmare. 61

B. Data Analysis

a. Figure of speech analysis

There are only two kinds of figure of speech found in No Shelter lyric, they are Metonymy, Metaphor. The writer analyzes it as below:

1) The thin line between entertainment and war (line 7; Metaphor)

In this line, the songwriter uses metaphor in comparing and contrasting. This sentence illustrates the comparison between the word “entertainment” and “war”. The comparison of the word “entertainment” here and also the usage of phrase “thin line” consider that there are few different and have a some similarities between the word "entertainment" and "war". The songwriter describes that entertainment is the media to influence people to do something or accept something, for example, change people become consumerism oriented to get profits for some companies and the media also give entertainment to entertain people, distracting them from big social problems. People will enjoy the entertainment and unable to leave the show. For several people who are aware of this situation, this is one form of American propaganda to turn them from the big issues whom government made such Iraq and other wars. The songwriter sees the mass media is just a distraction, and he considers this situation described as a war, a war against

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imperialism, the war between the power of influence of mass media with the awareness of society not to trust the information from the mass media and not mesmerized continually by the mass media.

2) The front line is everywhere there'll be no shelter here (line 8; Metaphor) Although one of the comparison words is not mentioned, the songwriter is metaphorically comparing the normal circumstances (implicitly) with war situation. Precisely he describes and compare the “current condition/normal condition” is considered as “war situation”, the use of the phrase “front line” is the term used by most armed force services worldwide. It is a battle space control measure that designates the forward-most friendly and hostile forces that are presently on the battlefield during an armed conflict or war; whether it be regular infantry or reconnaissance. It can also identify the forward location of covering and screening forces. Normally the FLOT is placed before, beyond, or at the forward-most edge of the battlefield.31 The phrase "no shelter" means that there is no place or somewhere that give protection from the hazards of war.

The songwriter describes the normal situation as a war situation, his awareness of mass media dangerous that always influence people's minds, entertainment make a lot of products and influence people's minds to buy and turn their mind into consumerism oriented community.

Front line. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (March 5th, 2010). http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/front_line p.1

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3) I'm a snap of the whip, the true feather to tar (line 10; Metaphor)

The songwriter parables himself as a whip of an executioner, he resembles his voice just like a snap of the whip, high intonation intended to be heard and noticed by the audiences.

4) Chained to the dream they got you searchin' for (line 15; Metaphor)

The songwriter metaphorical this sentence compares the comparative word "you" and something can be chained for instance, animal. The songwriter compares the word “you” and “animal” (implicit) with the comparative components meaning "something that can be chained" and the each distinctive meaning components are “you” (man/human); honorable, intelligent creatures and the word “animal”; living creatures except humans that can only moved without thinking.

The songwriter uses the word "chain" in this sentence to make it interesting. He can use a rope but said he used the word chain to give emphasis to the sentence.

5) The market bulls got pocket full(Line 26; Metonymy)

The sentence above using the word "bulls” and “pocket full" as a metonymy for that words and phrases should not be interpreted literally but should be interpreted from the reference in order to get the meaning of the sentence.

The meaning of word “bulls” is not animal (cow), but an abbreviation of the slang word “bulls**t” which means “lies” and represent of word “advertisement”. And the meaning of "pocket full" is not bag that full of

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something, this phrase refers to "profit" which indicates that the word pocket is a place where we put the money.

This sentence means that all advertising products are lies that seduce people to buy products make profit for the company.

6) View the world from American eyes (line 28; Metonymy)

The phrase "American eyes" literally interpreted as part of human organs to see something or visual, but the addition word of “American” is not literally as a whole eyes of Americans, the songwriter uses it to describe something. The word “eyes” is not as a visual organ to see something but in this case the American eyes are representing of their “lifestyle/culture”. The songwriter describes phrase “American eyes” as a dominant culture in the world, pushing its culture and ideas on the rest of the world.

7) Coca-cola was back in the veins of Saigon(line 33; Metonymy)

The word Cola-cola in this sentence is Metonymy since the word Coca-cola refers to a well known brand. By this sentence, the songwriter says so much in so little, he exercises the mind of the hearers to make the connection between the words.

By hearing the word “Coca-cola”, the hearers is able to make connection between the brand “Coca-cola” with something company that big or enormous drink brand product of America. The Coca-Cola drink has a high degree of identification with the United States, being considered by some an

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"American Brand" or as an item representing America. The identification with the spread of American culture has led to the pun "Coca-Colanization".32

The second word of Metonymy is Saigon. The Saigon itself represent of Capital of South Vietnam, it refers to the event called “The Falls of Saigon”, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army on April 30, 1975. The event marked the end of the Vietnam War and the start of a transition period leading to the formal reunification of Vietnam under communist rule.33

In this war the American alliance with South Vietnam where there are many American civilians who live around the area of conflict. The action itself is the American intervention in the Vietnam wars was not aware solely to evacuate civilians but their ideological interference in the country. Like the Vietnam wars, America is now back again to Saigon affect people with their ideas represented in terms of Coca-colanization.

8) And Rambo troops We got a dope pair 'a Nikes on (line 34; Metonymy)

The songwriter mentions this movie character representing of America, and the brand of Nike is refers to the lifestyle and culture of America. The songwriter depicts the lifestyle and cultures of America have been spread out to the entire world especially to the young generation as they called as Rambo troops wearing Nike.

Coca-cola. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (March 5th, 2010). http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-cola p.1

Fall of Saigon. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. March 5th, 2010. http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon p.1

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9) Godzilla pure motherfu***in' filler

Get your eyes off the real killer (line 35; Metonymy)

In this sentence, the songwriter uses the word “Godzilla” here is referenced from the “entertainment” since this title film was the sample of the entertainment products intended to entertain and distraction of people. Rage Against The Machine criticizes the film industry, including the title of motion picture “Godzilla” as it interpreted that the entertainment industry is working in conjunction with the government to keep the citizens complacent and unaware of the big issues of the world so that why it saying “get you eyes off the real killer”.

10) Or live the nightmare. (line 61; Metaphor)

The songwriter mentions the normal condition compared with nightmare. This sentence is metaphorical. The songwriter mentions and depicts them as the nightmare; an event or experience that is intensely distressing. The songwriter aware the danger of propaganda as the nightmare that always mocking people.

b. Theme building analysis

This kind of rhetorical songs are the songs from Rage umpteenth time that criticizes the government. This song especially attacks the entertainment and the American economic agents. This song tells about the mass media that is used to turn people from problems in the world. The entertainment world constantly influence people into consumerism that only care about themselves, needs, and fulfill their

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lifestyle. The songwriter called “view the world of American eyes” to all of the culture oriented from American culture, thus this is the main role of mass media that can change the world as its central theme, however, is media control over public sentiment.

The use of figure of speech in this lyric gives a significant contribution in theme building. The songwriter exploits them well, and they have even proven able to produce a sense that cannot be seen or explained from the clip. The use of some comparative figure of speech such as metaphor, the songwriter tries to make comparative between the things with the audience to stimulate their consciousness and realize the danger of the mind-distraction mass media. The line The thin line between entertainment and war, metaphorical the words between “entertainment” and “war”. This is obviously stimulating the hearer mind to make connection with the lyric.

This and all other figure of speech also other references such as word Rambo, Coca-cola, etc of the lyric have said so much in so little word. Because it attracts attention and to encourage reflection. They are there to help the songwriter build the theme and deliver it to the hearers.

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CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION

Rage Against The machine (RATM) was the rap rock metal band ever which all of the song themes conscious of social life. It follows with their predecessors’ artists, band criticizes of social life around them. It appears with their characteristics, RATM attracts the fans especially youth people. Mixed with kinds of various music genre rock, rap, metal, hard core makes this band different from the other band.

The writer proposes and analyzes the lyric which contains figures of speech from their singles; “bullet in the head” and “No shelter” taken from their different album; Rage Againts The Machine in 1992 and Evil Empire in 1996. The analyses are including the detection of figure of speech, the determination of the kind of them and the relation of their contribution in building the theme.

The six kinds of figures of speech within the lyric of RATM singles in the album Rage Against The Machine and Evil Empire to be analyzed are Allegory, Simile, Metaphor, Symbol, Metonymy, and Personification.

Then the writer concludes that, as those of visual means can describe something to the audience clearly by presenting the picture or story, figure of speech has the quality to do the same thing. Furthermore, figure of speech can describe things in more sensuous way. By this different way, they can show the hearer something that isn’t seen in the clip. The conclusion is supported by the fact that the use of figure of speech in the lyrics gives the contribution to the theme building. By using them, the thought of songwriter is declared more clearly, and freshly. The

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songwriter uses those particular words and makes the theme be more sensuous than ordinary language. By choosing those words, he emphasizes the meaning and transfers his thought to the hearer more completely.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alwi Hasan Dkk, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, edisi III, Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 2000

Hari Murti Kridalaksana, Kamus Linguistik Edisi 3.Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama,1982

Suparman Natawidjaja, Apresiasi Stilistika Jakarta: PT Intermasa, 1986

Gorys Keraf, Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2002 Laurence Perrine, Sound and Sense London: Harcourt Brace College Publisher, 1991 Sylvian Barnet, et al. An Introduction to Literature: Fiction, Poetry, Drama New

York: HarperCollins College Publishers, 1993

Philip Damon, et. Al. Language Rhetoric and Style New York: McCraw-Hill Book Company, 1966

Manser, H Martin. Oxford Learner’s Dictionary. New edition. Oxford university Press, 1991

Pickering, H. James and Jeffrey D. Hooper, Concise Companion to Literature, New York: Macmillan, 1981

Palmer. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 1976. Teeuw, A, Sastra dan Ilmu Sastra, Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 2003

Sayuti, A. Suminto. Dr, Berkenalan dengan frosa fiksi, Yogyakarta: Gama Media, 2000

Jav van Luxemburg, mieke bal, willem G. westsjeijn, pengantar ilmu sastra, Jakarta: Gramedia: 1986

Jabrohim, Metodologi penelitian sastra, Jogjakarta: PT. Hanindita Graha Widya, 2002

Sudjana, H Nana dan Awal Kusumah. Proposal penelitian di perguruan tinggi, Bandung: Sinar Baru Algensindo, 2000

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Okke Kusuma Sumantri Zaimar, Majas dan Pembentukannya. Makara, Sosial Humaniora, Vol. 6, No. 2, Desember 2002

01_majas%20dan%20pembentuk_Okke%20KSZ.pdf http://www.encarta.com.

http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/figure of speech http://en.wikipedia/wiki/stylistics

http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/komunikasi http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox,

http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Ribbon, http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika

http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatraz http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/front_line http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-cola http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon

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APPENDIX

Rage Against the Machine is an American rock band formed in 1991 in Los Angeles, California. Rage Against the Machine are notable for their innovative blend of alternative rock, punk rock, hip hop, heavy metal and funk as well as their politics and lyrics. Rage Against the Machine drew inspiration from early heavy metal instrumentation, as well as rap acts such as Afrika Bambaataa, Public Enemy and Urban Dance Squad. Rage Against the Machine was ranked 33rd on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock list in 2005.

Rage Against the Machine, has been one of the most popular 'social-commentary' bands of the last 20 years. A fusion of the musical styles and lyrical themes of punk, hip-hop, and thrash, Rage Against the Machine railed against corporate America ("No Shelter," "Bullet in the Head"), government oppression ("Killing in the Name"), and Imperialism ("Sleep Now in the Fire", "Bulls on Parade") etc.

Early History

In 1991, guitarist Tom Morello left his old band, Lock Up, looking to start another band. He was in a club in LA where Zack de la Rocha was freestyle rapping. Morello was impressed and asked him to be a rapper in a band. Morello drafted drummer Brad Wilk of Greta, who had previously auditioned for Lock Up, while de la Rocha convinced his childhood friend Tim Commerford to join as bassist. The newly christened Rage Against the Machine named themselves after a song de la Rocha had written for his former popular underground hardcore punk band, Inside Out.

Shortly after forming, they gave their first public performance in Orange County, California, where a friend of Commerford's was holding a house party. The blueprint for the group's major-label debut album, demo tape Rage Against the Machine, was laid on a twelve-song self-released cassette, the cover image of which was the stock-market with a triple match taped to the inlay card. Not all 12 songs made it onto the final album—two were eventually included as B-sides, with the remaining three songs never seeing an official release. Several record labels expressed interest, and the band eventually signed with Epic Records. Morello said,

"Epic agreed to everything we asked—and they've followed through.... We never saw a[n] [ideological] conflict as long as we maintained creative control."

The band's debut album, Rage Against the Machine, reached triple platinum status, driven by heavy radio play of the song "Killing in the Name," a heavy, driving track featuring only eight lines of lyrics. The album's cover featured Malcolm Browne's Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph of Thích Quảng Đức , a Vietnamese Buddhist monk, burning himself to death in Saigon in 1963 in protest of the murder of Buddhists by the US-backed Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm's regime.

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Okke Kusuma Sumantri Zaimar, Majas dan Pembentukannya. Makara, Sosial Humaniora, Vol. 6, No. 2, Desember 2002

01_majas%20dan%20pembentuk_Okke%20KSZ.pdf http://www.encarta.com.

http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/figure of speech http://en.wikipedia/wiki/stylistics

http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/komunikasi http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox,

http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Ribbon, http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika

http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatraz http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/front_line http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-cola http//:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon

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APPENDIX

Early History

"Epic agreed to everything we asked—and they've followed through.... We never saw a[n] [ideological] conflict as long as we maintained creative control."

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After their debut album, the band appeared on the soundtrack for the film Higher Learning with the song "Year of tha Boomerang." An early version of "Tire Me" also appeared during the movie. Subsequently, they re-recorded the song "Darkness" from their original demo for the soundtrack of The Crow and also "No Shelter" appeared on the Godzilla soundtrack. Despite rumors of a break up for several years, Rage Against The Machine's second album, Evil Empire, entered Billboard's Top 200 chart at number one in 1996, and subsequently rose to triple platinum status. The song "Bulls on Parade" was performed on Saturday Night Live in April 1996. Their planned two-song performance was cut to one song when the band attempted to hang inverted US flags from their amplifiers ("a sign of distress or great danger"), a protest against having Republican presidential candidate Steve Forbes as guest host on the program that night.

The following release, The Battle of Los Angeles also debuted at number one in 1999, selling 450,000 copies the first week and then going double-platinum. That same year the song "Wake Up" was featured on the soundtrack of the film The Matrix. The track "Calm Like a Bomb" was later featured in the film's sequel, 2003s The Matrix Reloaded.

Break-up and subsequent projects (2000–2006)

Togetherness with RATM, the singer, Zack de la Rocha became one of the most visible champions of left-wing political causes around the world while advocating in favor of Leonard Peltier and Mumia Abu-Jamal, and supporting the Zapatista movement in Mexico. He spoke on the floor of the UN, testifying against the United States and its treatment of Abu-Jamal. Rage's second and third albums peaked at number one in the United States, but did not result in the political action de la Rocha had hoped for. He became increasingly restless and undertook collaborations with artists such as KRS-One, Chuck D, and Public Enemy.

On October 18, 2000, de la Rocha released a statement announcing his departure from the band. He said,

"I feel that it is now necessary to leave Rage because our decision-making process has completely failed. It is no longer meeting the aspirations of all four of us collectively as a band, and from my perspective, has undermined our artistic and political ideal."

The band's final studio album, Renegades, released shortly after the band's dissolution, was a collection of covers of artists as diverse as Devo, Cypress Hill, MC5, The Rolling Stones, and Bob Dylan. Renegades achieved platinum status a month later. The following year saw the release of another live video, The Battle of Mexico City, and 2003 saw the release of a live album titled Live at the Grand Olympic Auditorium, an edited recording of the band's final two concerts on September 12 and 13, 2000 at the Grand Olympic Auditorium in Los Angeles. It was accompanied by an expanded DVD release of the last show, and also included the previously unreleased music video for "Bombtrack".

After the group's breakup, Morello, Wilk, and Commerford teamed up with former Soundgarden singer Chris Cornell to form a new band, Audioslave, after

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briefly searching for a vocalist to replace De La Rocha. The first Audioslave single, "Cochise", was released in early November 2002, and the debut album, Audioslave, followed to mainly positive reviews. Their second album Out of Exile debuted at the number one position on the Billboard charts in 2005. The band released a third album named Revelations on September 5, 2006. The band vowed to have a "one-album-per-year" schedule, until the departure of Chris Cornell on February 15, 2007.

Morello began his own solo career in 2003, playing political acoustic folk music at open-mic nights and various clubs under the alias “The Nightwatchman”. He first participated in Billy Bragg's Tell Us the Truth tour with no plans to record, but later recorded a song for Songs and Artists that Inspired Fahrenheit 9/11, "No One Left". In February 2007, he announced a solo album, entitled One Man Revolution, which was released in April 2007. Morello followed up his first studio album with The Fabled City which was released on September 30, 2008. During the latter of his career as “The Nightwatchman”, Morello joined up with Boots Riley and formed the rap rock group Street Sweeper Social Club, which released its debut self-titled album in June 2009.

Meanwhile, de la Rocha had been working on a solo album collaboration with DJ Shadow, Company Flow, and The Roots' Questlove, but dropped the project in favor of working with Nine Inch Nails' Trent Reznor. Recording was completed, but the album will probably never be released. A collaboration between de la Rocha and DJ Shadow, the song "March of Death" was released for free over the World Wide Web in 2003 in protest against the imminent invasion of Iraq, and the 2004 soundtrack Songs and Artists that Inspired Fahrenheit 9/11 included one of the collaborations with Reznor, "We Want It All". In late 2005, de la Rocha was seen singing and playing the jarana with Son Jarocho band Son de Madera on multiple occasions.

Members of the band had been offered large sums of money to reunite for concerts and tours, and had turned the offers down. Rumors of bad blood between de la Rocha and the other former band members subsequently circulated, but Commerford said that he and de la Rocha saw each other often and went surfing together, while Morello said he and de la Rocha communicated by phone, and had met up at a September 15, 2005 protest in support of the South Central Farm.

Political views and activism

Integral to their identity as a band, Rage Against the Machine voice revolutionary viewpoints highly critical of the domestic and foreign policies of current and previous US governments. Throughout its existence, RATM and its individual members participated in political protests and other activism to advocate these beliefs. Especially the lead singer Zack de la Rocha and Tom Morello had their experiences about racism when they were children. Zack, son of Roberto "Beto" de la Rocha, played an integral part in his son's cultural upbringing. Beto was a muralist and member of Los Four — the first Chicano art collective to be exhibited at a museum (LACMA, 1973). De la Rocha's grandfather was a Sinaloan revolutionary who fought in the Mexican Revolution and an agricultural laborer in the US. Later, de la Rocha would see the hardships his grandfather endured reflected in the struggles of the Zapatistas (also known as EZLN). When de la Rocha was a year old,

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his parents separated. He and his German-Irish mother, Olivia de la Rocha, moved from East Los Angeles to Irvine, California, where she attended the University of California at Irvine and earned a Ph.D. in Anthropology. Zack described Irvine as;

"one of the most racist cities imaginable. If you were a Mexican in Irvine, you were there because you had a broom or a hammer in your hand."

Tom morello had his experiences as witness of discrimination in America since he worked in the office of California Democratic Senator Alan Cranston. However, the experience was a negative one for Morello, who decided not to pursue a professional career in politics. One of them was the fact that 80 per cent of the time he spent with the Senator, he was on the phone asking rich people for money. It just made the understanding that the whole business was dirty and he had experience of some people who phoned the office talking about racial discrimination in their place. Morello said of wage slavery in America:

“America touts itself as the land of the free, but the number one freedom that you and I have is the freedom to enter into a subservient role in the workplace. Once you exercise this freedom you've lost all control over what you do, what is produced, and how it is produced. And in the end, the product doesn't belong to you. The only way you can avoid bosses and jobs is if you don't care about making a living. Which leads to the second freedom: the freedom to starve”

At the Coachella 2007 performance, de la Rocha made an impassioned speech during "Wake Up", citing a statement by Noam Chomsky regarding the Nuremberg Trials and subsequent actions by US presidents, as follows:

“ A good friend of ours once said that if the same laws were applied to U.S. presidents as were applied to the Nazis after World War II [...] every single one of them, every last rich white one of them from Truman on, would have been hung to death and shot— and this current administration is no exception. They should be punished. As any war criminal should be”.

On August 24, RATM played Alpine Valley in Wisconsin. They made another speech during Wake Up;

“We played this show at Coachella Pavilion. It was our first show back. I said a few things from the stage, and the next day Fox News ran this whole piece about us saying that the Presidents should be assassinated. But those fascists always get it wrong when they just want to pin a band in the corner for standing up.

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What we said was that the whole Bush Administration should be put on trial for war crimes and then hung and then shot, that's what we said.

But besides that it made me think about something. It made me think, "what are they so afraid of?" It made me think about what scares them. Is it really four musicians from Los Angeles who've got a point of view? Is it really just this music and these rhythms and these words? Is that what they're scared of? I thought I'd think about it and you know what? My conclusion is this: nah, they ain't scared of us, they're scared of you! They're scared that you might come election time and throw Bush and Cheney and all them fascists out of power! That's what they're scared of!

And let me say this: the Democrats are scared of you too! Because they know that you see through their lies too. Because when Bush was wiretapping, spying on citizens, torturing innocent people – they were supposed to be the people to defend us from them, and they didn't do that! So the Democrats are scared of you too. Why? Because they know they're coming to power and they're taking it all for granted, but they're scared because they know that if they don't start pulling troops from Iraq that you're going to go and burn down every office of every Senator that doesn't do the job. Well I will say this, that the world is watching us now. The whole world is watching us. The brothers and sisters in South America who are dealing with this imperialist violence have got their eyes on us. Our brothers and sisters in Iraq got their eyes on us. Because we are the ones that are prepared to, and going to, put and end to this nonsense. So Wake Up. Come on, Wake Up! Wake Up!”

Subsequently, de la Rocha added Tony Blair, the British Prime Minister who supported and facilitated George Bush's 2003 invasion of Iraq, to the list of those who ought to be tried and hanged at the Reading Festival on August 22, 2008. The Reading and Leeds Festivals organizer announced after the 2008 festival that Zack had requested Friday and Saturday slots specifically so he could be back in the US for the Democratic and Republican conventions taking place in the week of the 25th.

On August 27, 2008, Rage Against the Machine played a free concert in Denver at the Denver Coliseum during the 2008 Democratic National Convention in protest against the war in Iraq. After the concert, the band joined members of The Coup and Flobots in an anti-war protest march from the Denver Coliseum to the Pepsi Center led by Iraq Veterans Against the War.

The analysis of figure in rage against the machine songs lyries' (bullet in the head, no shelter)

ENGLISH LETTER DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

“SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”

JAKARTA

2010

ENGLISH LETTER DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

“SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”

JAKARTA

2010

THE ANALYSIS OF FIGURE OF SPEECH IN RAGE AGAINTS

THE MACHINE SONGS LYRICS

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

“SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”

JAKARTA

2010

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDINGS

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION

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