4. Test
Test is used for getting data of study result and student’s activity in teaching and learning. The tests used in this research are pre-test and post-test.
The pre-test is done before implementing Substitution Drills, the researcher gave 20 items; it consists of 20 items in multiple choices. Meanwhile, the post-test is
implemented after using Substitution Drills. The students would be tested by giving them 20 items; it consists of 20 items in multiple choices. And it was
conducted on every second meeting of each cycle.
The test is used to measure students’ understanding of the simple present tense and to know the effectiveness of substitution drills to improve students’
understanding of the simple present tense.
H. The Technique of Data Analysis
The researcher tried to get the mean of student’s score in learning simple present
tense in analyzing the numerical data. It is used to know the students’ understanding and mastery about the material that has been taught. It used the
formula:
2
X = x
n
X = Mean
x = Individual score
n = numbers of students.
To get the class percentage which passes the minimum mastery criterion- Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimal KKM 65 sixty five, the researcher uses the
formula:
3
2
Sudjana, Metode Statistika, Bandung: PT. Tarsito, 2002, p.67.
3
Anas Sudijono, Pengantar Statistis Pendidikan, Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 2008, p.43.
P = F X 100 N
P = The class percentage F = Total Percentage score
N = Number of students The last, in analyzing students’ improvement scores from pre-test up to
post-test score in cycle 1 and cycle 2, the researcher uses formula:
4
P = y1-y X 100 y
P = Percentage of student’s improvement
y = Pre-test result y1 = Post-test I
P = y2-y X 100 y
P = Percentage of student’s improvement
y = Pre-test result y2 = Post-test II
The researcher used qualitative data in this study; it consists of observation of student’s activities in teaching learning process, field note, and interview which
are done before and after implementation of CAR.
4
David E. Meltzer, The Relationship between Mathematics Preparation and Conceptual Learning Gains in Physics: A Possible Hidden Variable in Diagnostic Pretest Scores, Iowa:
Department of Physics and Astronomy, 2008, p. 3.
