2. The kinds of Substitutions Drills
The substitution may be supplied orally by the teachers or cued by gestures, pictures, phrase cards, or other devices.
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Substitution drills have many varieties and types, there are:
a. Simple substitution drill.
Simple substitution drills are the easiest to prepare and to manipulate.
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All the replacements suggested by the teachers fit the same slot in frame. In other
name simple substitution drills is single-slot substitution drills in which the students will repeat a sentence from the dialogue and replace a word or phrase in
the sentence with the word or phrase the teacher gives them.
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The students are then required to substitute different items in a given place in the sentence. As it requires the substitution of only item this drill is also rather
simple. For example, the teacher gives them the basic sentence pattern, „I am
going to the post office.’ Following this she shows the students a picture of a bank and says the phrase,
’The bank.’ She pauses, and then says, „I am going to the bank.’
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From the teachers’ example the students knows that they supposed to take the cue phrase The bank, which the teachers gives, and put it into its proper
place in the sentence. Then, the teachers gives them the other cues phrase, „The
drugstore’, together the students respond, „I am going to the drugstore.’
21
17
FE R. Dacanay J. Donald Bowen, Techniques and Procedures in …, p.112.
18
FE R. Dacanay J. Donald Bowen, Techniques and Procedures in …, p.112.
19
Diana Larsen-Freeman, Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, Second edition, p. 37.
20
Diana Larsen-Freeman, Techniques and Principles in…, Second edition, p. 37.
21
Diana Larsen-Freeman, Techniques and Principles in…, Second edition, p. 38.
b. Double substitution drills
Double substitution drills are similar to simple substitution drills except that instead of replacing only one item, two somewhat related items are
replaced.
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For example: Model sentence
: If I find it I’ll give it to you. Cue
: If you want it Response
: If you want it I’ll give it to you.
Cue :
he’ll sell it to you Response
: If you want it he’ll sell it to you.
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c. Correlative substitution drills
Correlative substitution drills each substitution requires correlative change to be made elsewhere in the model sentence.
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And in drill the students is given a cue; its use requires a change in other part of the sentence.
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For example: Prompt:
Students: I was at school.
I was at school. John
John was at school. John and Mary
John and Mary were at school.
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According Wilga M. Rivers and Mary S. Temperley the function of correlative substitution drills as following:
This type of drill is useful for learning such things as possessives, reflexives, the
–s ending of the third person singular verb in the present tense, the changing forms of the verb be, irregular verbs, the inflection of
22
Dennis Cokely and Charlotte Baker-Shenk, American Sign Language: A Teacher’s Resource Text on Curriculum, Methods, and Evaluation, Washington: Gallaudet University Press,
1980, p. 92.
23
Wilga M. Rivers and mary S. Temperley, A practical Guide to the Teaching of English as a second or Foreign Language, New York: Oxford University Press, 1978, p. 127.
24
Wilga M. Rivers and mary S. Temperley, A practical Guide to the…, p. 128.
25
FE R. Dacanay J. Donald Bowen, Techniques and Procedures in …, p.113.
26
John Haycraft, An Introduction to English Language Teaching, London: Longman, 1978, p. 37.
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