the verb after relative pronoun, the forms of the plural and possessive morpheme, an certain sequences of tenses in related clauses.
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d. Multiple substitution drills
Multiple substitution drills are a testing device to see whether students can continue to make a certain grammatical adjustment they have been learning while
they are distracted by other preoccupations –in case, thinking of the changing
meaning of successive sentences so as to make substitutions in different slots.
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Example: The teacher
: I am going to the post office. The students
: I am going to the post office. The teacher cue
: to the park The students
: I am going to the park.
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The teacher cue : They
The students : They are going to the park.
C. Teaching Simple Present Tense by Using Substitution Drills
The teachers must arrange the drills from the simple to the complex one, so that the students more easy to understand about the meaning and the new
structure in English, especially in tenses. The simple present tense can taught through using substitution drills. In substitution drills the students can understand
about the pattern and formation in simple present tense. The teacher begins the practice with one of the structural items included in
presentation.
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If the presentation was clear and the students understood about the structure, they can repeat or produce in other sentence. After the presentation, the
27
Wilga M. Rivers and Mary S. Temperley, A practical Guide to the…, p. 128.
28
Wilga M. Rivers and Mary S. Temperley, A practical Guide to the…, p. 129.
29
Diana Larsen-Freeman, Techniques and Principles in…, Second edition, p. 39.
30
FE R. Dacanay J. Donald Bowen, Techniques and Procedures in …, p.98.
teachers must choose a drills type that is appropriate to the structure. Substitution drills is one of the drill types that can use in teaching grammar.
In general outline, all drill procedures are similar, they have three elements: a model, a cue, and a response.
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For example:
MODEL
I am going to the park.
CUE
She
RESPONSE
She is going to the park.
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There are pointers can guide the teachers when they want to explants about the tense through substitution drills:
1. Plan the drills well. Be fully familiar with the drill procedures to be used.
Other memorize or write down sequences, cues, etc.
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2. The utterances used in the drills should be authentic, e.g. those that a
native speaker would use; those that make sense; those that are relevant to the students’ interest and lives.
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3. Use short sentences that pupils will be able to repeat easily.
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4. The drills start with the class listening to the teacher and imitation her, the
imitation includes intonation, stress, rhythm, and correct production of the sequence of sounds in the sentence.
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5. You should give at least five examples –after the two you will do with
your students.
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31
FE R. Dacanay J. Donald Bowen, Techniques and Procedures in …, p.106.
32
Diana Larsen-Freeman, Techniques and Principles in…, Second edition, p. 39.
33
FE R. Dacanay J. Donald Bowen, Techniques and Procedures in …, p.106.
34
Mary Finocchiaro, Ph. D., English as a Second Language from…, New Edition, p. 63.
35
FE R. Dacanay J. Donald Bowen, Techniques and Procedures in …, p.106.
36
FE R. Dacanay J. Donald Bowen, Techniques and Procedures in …, p.111.
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Mary Finocchiaro, Ph. D., English as a Second Language from…, New Edition, p. 63.
6. Be careful of the kinds of substitution you give. Every resulting sentence
should be meaningful.
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And you should avoiding giving students jumble words to be placed in the correct order, especially if they are printed in
linear sequence.
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7. Use visual aids to cue substitution if you can. These included not only
objects and pictures, but also gestures, facial expression, pantomime, charts, etc.
40
38
FE R. Dacanay J. Donald Bowen, Techniques and Procedures in …, p.106.
39
Mary Finocchiaro, Ph. D., English as a Second Language from…, New Edition, p. 64.
40
FE R. Dacanay J. Donald Bowen, Techniques and Procedures in …, p.106.
