3. Code Switching and Code Mixing
Mixing and switching probably occur to some extent in the speech of all bilinguals. Bilinguals often switch between their two languages in
the middle of conversation. These code-switches can take place between or even within sentences, involving phrases or words or even parts of the
words. So that there is a sense in which a person capable of using more than one languages.
26
Where speakers competent in more than one language are present, language contact takes place. The result of such contacts are various, some
of them are nonce-borrowing, quotation, interference, mixed discourse, pidginization, or code switching.
27
The term code mixing emphasizes hybridization, and the term code switching emphasizes movement from one language to another. So that it
is not always easy to distinguish code switching from code mixing. We also have to see the process from a lexical item to a sentence, social
condition, the communicant and other factor beyond the grammatical of the sentence only.
28
McLaughin 1984 emphasizes in Hoffmann the distinction between switching and mixing by referring to code-switches as a language changes
26
Bernard Spolsky. op.cit. p.46
27
Florian Coulmas, op.cit p.108
28
Franḉ oisGrosjean, op.cit. p.11
occurring across phrase or sentence boundaries, whereas code-mixes take place within sentence and usually involve single lexical items.
29
Code switching occurs where speakers are aware of the two varieties being distinct and are able to keep them apart, although they may not do so
habitually and may not be conscious of every switch they make.
30
Code switching happens spontaneously, not in a rehearsed fashion. A fairly
fluent command of first language and second language is generally considered a defining characteristic of speakers who engage in code
switching. It is similarly MaurielSaviel-Troike
said in his book that “code switching may be quite unconscious, and the fact of switching itself may
be as meaningful in expressing a closer or more informal relationship as the referential content or specific forms used”.
31
However, some common features stick out. Ideal code switchers speak at least two languages which are habitually spoken in their
community. They are fluent in both languages, although they may not be completely balanced bilinguals.
As Oksaar points out in Coulmas, “their linguistic repertoire encompasses not just two main systems, first language L1 and second
languageL2, but at least three, L1, L2 and LX, which is directly
29
Charlotte Hoffmann. An Introduction to Bilingualism New York: Longman, 1991 p.110
30
Charlotte Hoffmann, ibid. p110
31
Muriel Saviel-Troike, op.cit. p.63
connected with code switching.” Switching, is a linguistic skill in its own right rather than a makeshift solution to an anomalous communication
problem. Code switchers accommodate to each other. They possess a wider repertoire of adaptive strategies and modification devices than
monolingual speakers.
32
Here is an example of code switching, as follows, [The italic is the Korean words.
THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITAL
] Hanbyul
: Alright..alright. Let’s talk a bit with Kai. I’m gonna ask
Kai. What is it like...meeting your fans for video chat off stage like this? Mudaemalgo, jinjjapidioreuldeungeseo
[ALL] [SAY] [REALLY] [VIDEO] [ETC.]
paeneureulmanhabonikka, eottaeyo?
[FANS] [MANY] [SEE] [HOW IS IT?]
Mudaemalgo, jinjjapidioreuldeungeseopaeneureulmanhabonikka,
eottaeyo?=They said, all of your fans are seeing your video for many times, how is your feeling?
The text above is the example of code switching because the speaker speak in English in the beginning and switch into Korean at the
end of the utterance. This is called as code switching because there is a language changes occurring across sentence boundaries.
Different from code switching, code mixing is a linguistic process that incorporates material from a second language into a base language,
adding morphological
markers of
the base
to introduced
32
Florian Coulmas, op.cit. p.113
elements.
33
Redlinger and Park write as quoted in Hoffman“code mixing
refers to the combining of elements from two languages in a single utterance.”
34
There are some definitions regarding the term of code mixing.Grosjean explains that code mixing transfer elements of all
linguistic levels and units ranging from a lexical item to a sentence.
35
Talking about definitions, Genesee 1989 suggests in Troike that it is desirable to extend the definition of mixing to include single word
utterances from two languages during the same stretch of conversation between the speakers.
36
Bhatia and Richie said that code mixing refers to the mixing of various linguistic units morphemes, words, modifiers, phrases, clauses
and sentences primarily from two participating grammatical systems within a sentence. More specifically, code mixing is intra-sentential and is
constrained by grammatical principles. It may also be motivated by social psychological factors.
37
Moreover, with regard to function words, there seems to be a wide range of possibilities: articles, prepositions, conjunctions and adverbs were
33
Nancy Bouvillain, Language, Culture and Communication, The Meaning Messages 4
th
Edition New Jersey: Pretice Hall, 2003 p.360
34
Charlotte Hoffmann. op.cit. p.105
35
Franḉ oisGrosjean, op.cit. p.11
36
MaurielSavielTroike, op.cit. p.105
37
Bhatia T.K and Ritchie W.C. Social and Psychological Factors in Language Mixing: Hanbook of Bilingualism UK: Blackwell Publishing, 2004 p.336-352
all observed to have been mixed in various ways.
38
On the other side, here is an example of code mixing, as follows, [The italic is the Korean words.
THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITAL
] Eric Nam : Keuromyeoncould you show us it a little bit?
[SO]
This text above is the example of code mixing because the speaker mix Korean conjunction with English. Keuromyeonin English means
„so’. Code switching and code mixing can express a lack of competence in
the base language such as, lexical items, and in this case code switching and code mixing can compensate for this deficiency. However, as for code
switching and code mixing can be bilingual’s specific code which enables the speakers to express attitudes, intention, roles and to identify with a
particular group.
4. Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing
Kategori