Data 12: He said so happy to talk to the fans like this and he really likes talk to you guys for a long time. Keurigo to oseyo dwaelgotgatayo.
41:27 Data 13: Keuromyeon could you show us it a little bit? 42:09
Data 14: Alright, thank you so much for showing us on air. Cheoeumero
keugosin gojyo keureohke? 43:33 Data 15: Oh thank you. We are Kungfu Master gatayo.44:54
Data 16: One last request. Ok, can you write a letter to your fans, one year
later from now. It’s like a…oh this is what we want to be..this is EXO..yeah something like this. Ok, il nyeon e yeongsang 46:57
B. Data Analysis
The data above are some utterances from Hanbyul and Eric Nam who are the hosts of After School Club which have been chosen by the writer as the
sample of utterances containing code switching and code mixing. There are 16 data will be analyzed by the writer. The translation of Korean to English is
using free translation method. The further description of the data is under the table. [The italic is the Korean words.
THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITAL
]
Table 3.1
Data 1 Host : Hanbyul
Playback Time: 11:23
Just one thing about Exo, all my friends and all my lady friends, they are fans of Exo and they are just going crazy to me. Jinjja jein da
paenieyo jeongmallo.
Jinjja jein da paeniyeyo jeongmallo
[REALLY] [ALL] [FANS] [FOR REAL]
Jinjja jein da paenieyo jeongmallo =Really all of them are your fans Code Choice
Code Switching Code Mixing
√
Type Situational
Metaphorical
√
Influential Factor Participant
Solidarity Status
Topic
√
Analysis: The utterance above is counted as code switching because a language
changes occurring across phrase or sentence boundaries. Also this includes in metaphorical code switching because this utterance happened in a single
situation where Hanbyul talks a topic about some of his friends are going crazy and being fans to Exo. He also strengthens the topic by changing from
English to Korean by saying “
Jinjja jein da paenieyo jeongmallo” which means
„Really all of them are your fans for sure’. In Korean, jinjja 진짜 and jeongmallo
정말로 have a similar meaning that is „really’. These words are used to make sure or redefine about something.
Table 3.2
Data 2 Host : Hanbyul
Playback Time 12:09
Six thousand? It’s more than money that I have. Igeon cheoeum issneundaeyo.
Igeon cheoeum issneundaeyo
[THIS] [FIRST TIME] [THE]
Igeon cheoeum issneundaeyo.= This is the very first time. Code Choice
Code Switching Code Mixing
√
Type Situational
Metaphorical
√
Influential Factor Participant
Solidarity Status
Topic
√
Analysis: This utterance happened when Hanbyul knows that there are almost six
thousand applicants of Google hangout because the guest star is Exo that has a huge popularity nowadays and it is the most applicants ever compared with
the previous episodes of After School Club. Hanbyul’s utterance is code
switching because it has two varieties of language across sentence boundaries within the same speech event. This is also called as metaphorical code
switching because Hanbyul uses a metaphor of an amount of applicants of
Google hangout with money that he has where it is the topic that influence him to switch the codes.
Table 3.3
Data 3 Host : Hanbyul
Playback Time 15:20
D.O ssi Open Arms noraereul bulleo su isseulkkayo ? He’s got it…
He’s got it. Everyone has to be quiet. ssi noraereul bulleo su isseulkkayo?
[ADDRESS TERM] [SONG] [SING] [CAN YOU?]
D.O ssi Open Arms noraereul bulleo su isseulkkayo?=D.O, can you sing Open Arms song?
Code Choice Code Switching
Code Mixing
√
Type Situational
Metaphorical
√
Influential Factor Participant
Solidarity Status
Topic
√ √
√
Analysis: This data is classified as code switching because it emphasizes
movement from one language to another across the sentence. Hanbyul asks D.O to sing a song in Korean, then when D.O agree to do it, Hanbyul gives
instruction to the others participants to be quite since D.O is going to sing.It is considered as situational code switching because Hanbyul changes the
situation when he said “D.O ssi Open Arms noraereul bulleo su isseulkkayo
?” that he asks D.O to sing a song then he change the topic by saying “He’s got it..he’s got it. Everyone has to be quiet.” The term ssi
씨 in
first sentence, is an addressed term in Korean that addressed to a person that do not have a close relationship to each other in the conversation and it is the
formal term in speaking. It also can be considered as solidarity. This data also the example of status that Hanbyul as the host of this show asks D.O as the
guest star to sing a song.
Table 3.4
Data 4 Host : Hanbyul
Playback Time 15:37
Listen… oh na bogo deureurae. na bogo deureurae
[I] [WANT] [LISTEN]
Na bogo deureurae =I want to listen. Code Choice
Code Switching Code Mixing
√
Type Situational
Metaphorical
√
Influential Factor Participant
Solidarity Status
Topic
√
Analysis: In the video, Hanbyul previously speaks in English but suddenly D.O
says “listen..” with a husky voice and it makes Hanbyul surprised because he did not expect D.O’s voice would be like that. Because, the situation in the
studio becomes full of laugh and clap of hands from the others because of D.O’s voice, and it is called as situational code mixing. This utterance
considered as code mixing because Hanbyul mixes an English word within a sentence while the rest of it are in Korean. D.O’s-voice-effect is the topic that
makes Hanbyul do a code mixing.
Table 3.5
Data 5 Host : Hanbyul
Playback Time23:07
Alright..alright. Let’s talk a bit with Kai. I’m gonna ask Kai. What is it like...meeting your fans for video chat off stage like this? Mudae
malgo, jinjja pidioreul deungeseo paeneureul manha bonikka, eottaeyo?
Mudae malgo, jinjja pidioreul deungeseo paeneureul manha
[ALL] [SAY] [REALLY] [VIDEO] [ETC.] [FANS] [MANY]
bonikka, eottaeyo?
[SEE] [HOW IS IT?]
Mudaemalgo, jinjja pidioreul deungeseo paeneureul manha bonikka, eottaeyo?= They said, all of your fans are seeing your video for
many times, how is your feeling?
Code Choice Code Switching
Code Mixing
√
Type Situational
Metaphorical
√
Influential Factor Participant
Solidarity Status
Topic
√ √
Analysis: This utterance classified as code switching because two varieties of
language take place between sentences. Hanbyul is speaking with Kai, as the participant of the conversation, with two different languages because Kai is a
Korean native so Hanbyul employs Korean to strengthen the topic. First, Hanbyul asks Kai about his feeling to have video chat with his fans in
English and then switch it to Korean in order Kai will understand well with his question. The topic
of the conversation is Kai’s feeling about having video chat with his fans and knowing that his fans watch his video a lot. It is
classified as metaphorical code switching because there is no situational changes in the conversation.
Table 3.6
Data 6 Host : Hanbyul
Playback Time 34:33
Deudieo what’s your name? Where are you from?
Deudieo
[FINALLY]
Code Choice Code Switching
Code Mixing
√
Type
Situational Metaphorical
√
Influential Factor Participant
Solidarity Status
Topic
√ √
Analysis: The utterance above is considered as code mixing because there seems to
be a wide range of possibilities: articles, prepositions, conjunctions, and adverbs were all observed to have been mixed in various ways. There is a
mixing of Korean adverb “deudieo” which means „finally’ within a single utterance. The type of code mixing is metaphorical because it is happened in
a single situation. The topic is one of the sessions in After School Club where the fans could interact directly with the guest stars by video chat through
Google Hangout. In the middle of video chat, one of the video chatters participant got a technical problem with her voice that makes Hanbyul and
Eric Nam greet her repeatedly. After a long waiting for participant’s technical problem, finally Hanbyul could greet her.
Table 3.7
Data 7 Host : Hanbyul
Playback Time 48:38
Before you go, we have to take a picture, look at the camera, I’ll count into three and do a pose. Hana, dul, set.
Hana dul set
[ONE] [TWO] [THREE]
Code Choice Code Switching
Code Mixing
√
Type Situational
Metaphorical
√
Influential Factor Participant
Solidarity Status
Topic
√ √
Analysis: This utterance considered as code switching because there is a language
change occurring across sentence boundaries. At the beginning Hanbyul gives the instruction in English
by saying “Before you go, we have to take a picture, look at the camera. I’ll count into three and do a pose.”Then he
switches it to Korean while counting “Hana dul set”. This is a metaphorical
code switching because Hanbyul counts in Korean not in English in the same situation where they want to take a photo. The topic is counting before taking
a photo. The participants in this conversation are Exo members.
Table 3.8
Data 8 Host : Eric Nam
Playback Time 48:38
…so I’ll count until three and we are gonna do this pose. Hana, dul ,set hamyeon i pojeu halkedasi.
Hana, dul ,set hamyeon i pojeu halke dasi
[ONE][TWO][THREE] [IF] [THIS] [POSE] [DO] [AGAIN]
Hana, dul ,set hamyeon i pojeu halke dasi=If I count one, two, three, let’s do this pose once again.
Code Choice Code Switching
Code Mixing
√
Type Situational
Metaphorical
√
Influential Factor Participant
Solidarity Status
Topic
√ √
Analysis: Similar with the explanation of data 7, the utterance above also classified
as code switching because there is a change of two languages across sentences. Both Hanbyul and Eric seem always use Korean when counting.
They always say hana, dul, set rather than one, two, three even they speak English at the beginning. That why this data classified as metaphorical code
switching. Participant is one of the factors in this data because Eric is directing Exo members to do a pose after he counts into three. Another factor
is status, Eric as the host is directing the guest star to take a photo together.
Table 3.9
Data 9 Host : Eric Nam
Playback Time 23:46
Well, we have something else prepared for Exo as well. We had so many fans who sent the fan art, fan videos like way too many. So,
we picked a couple of them. Jinjja yongsanghago paenateuga
eomjeong manhi deurowassneunde, sigani eobseoseo myeotgaeman ppobasseoyo. Bosil junbi dwaesyeossnayo?
Jinjja yongsanghago paenateuga eomjeong manhi
[REALLY] [VIDEO] [FAN][ART] [VERY] [A LOT OF]
deurowassneundae, sigani eobseoseo myeot gaeman ppobasseoyo.
[COME IN] [TIME] [NO] [SOME] [ONLY] [PULLED]
Bosiljunbidwaesyeossnayo?
[SEE][READY] [ENOUGH]
Jinjja yongsanghago
paen ateu
ga eomjeong
manhi deurowassneundae, sigani eobseoseo myeot gaeman ppobasseoyo.
Bosil junbi dwaesyeossnayo= We already received a number of videos and fan arts, because of the limited time, so we picked some
of them. Are you guys ready to see?
Code Choice Code Switching
Code Mixing
√
Type Situational
Metaphorical
√
Influential Factor Participant
Solidarity Status
Topic
√ √
√
Analysis: Eric switches from English to Korean across the sentence boundaries so
it is an example of code switching. This is can be classified as metaphorical code switching because it happens in a single utterances.
Eric’s status here as the informant that gives information to Exo as the participant here, that their
fans sent a lot of fan videos and fan arts to th em. Eric’s information about
Exo fans can be considered as topic.
Table 3.10
Data 10 Host : Eric Nam
Playback Time 23:46
So we got five members of EXO that said doenjang jjigae was their favorite food. And the second place was hanwoo. Hanwoo jeongmal
masisseo, keujyo?
doenjang jjigae hanwoo jeongmal masisseo keujyo?
[SOYBEAN PASTE STEW] [BEEF] [REALLY][DELICIOUS][RIGHT question tag]
Hanwoo jeongmal masisseo, keujyo?= Korean beef is very delicious, right?
Code Choice Code Switching
Code Mixing
√
Type Situational
Metaphorical
√
Influential Factor Participant
Solidarity Status
Topic
√ √
Analysis: Bhatia and Ritchie said that code mixing refers to the mixing of various
linguistic units morphemes, words, modifiers, phrases, clauses and sentences. There are some words from different language mixed in a single
utterance so this is considered as code mixing. The word dwaenjang jjigae means “soybean paste stew” and hanwoo means Korean beef this is
considered as the topic. Eric still uses Korean food term while speaking in English and this is an example of metaphorical code mixing because there is
no topic change within the sentence, they still talking about food. There also the use of ethnic tags that signaled ethnic group membership for speakers in
utterances. In this case, most of the participants in this conversation are Korean.
Table 3.11
Data 11 Host : Eric Nam
Playback Time 37:41
So I heard, I think you won the lottery, majimak sungan e hangout e chugaduddaeyo, you just got addedto hangout. So congratulations.
I’ll give you thirty seconds to say or do whatever you want to Exo. majimak sungan e hangout-e chugaduddaeyo
[LAST] [MINUTE] [ADDED]
majimak sungan e hangout e chugaduddaeyo= you just got added in the rest time of hangout session
Code Choice Code Switching
Code Mixing
√
Type Situational
Metaphorical
√
Influential Factor Participant
Solidarity Status
Topic
√ √
√
Analysis: This is an example of code mixing because there is a combination of
elements from two languages in a single utterance. This is can be classified as
situational code mixing because there is a change of topic when Eric congratulates the girl in video chat on the last minute of hangout session.
Then, he changes the topic by giving her time to speak to Exo. There are some factors that influence this mixing. Eric’s status is as the informant who
informs a girl in the video chat that she is the last one to get a chance to talk with Exo. Eric mixes from English to Korean because he also wants to
inform that to Exo as another participant. The topic is the girl who talks in the video chat.
Table 3.12
Data 12 Host : Eric Nam
Playback Time 41:27
He said so happy to talk to the fans like this and he really likes talk to you guys for a long time. Keurigo, to oseyo dwaelgotgatayo?
Keurigo, to oseyo dwaelgotgatayo?
[ALSO] [AGAIN][AGAIN] [POSSIBILITY]
Keurigo, to oseyo dwaelgotgatayo? = Also, is there any possibility for you guys to come back here again?
Code Choice Code Switching
Code Mixing
√
Type Situational
Metaphorical
√
Influential Factor Participant
Solidarity Status
Topic
√ √
Analysis: The utterance above is classified as code switching because there is a
language change occurring across the sentence boundaries. The situation changes when Eric firstly talks in English to the viewers of After School Club
then he switch it when ask to Exo if they can come back soon to this show or not. It means that the participant to whom Eric speaking is influencing him to
switch code. The topic also influences him to do code switching. There is a topic and situational change in this conversation hence this is an example of
situational code switching.
Table 3.13
Data 13 Host : Eric Nam
Playback Time 42:09
Keuromyeon, could you show us it a little bit? Keuromyeon
[SO]
Code Choice Code Switching
Code Mixing
√
Type Situational
Metaphorical
√
Influential Factor Participant
Solidarity Status
Topic
√
Analysis: This utterance happened when Eric requests Exo to show their dance
movement on air. By looking at the utterance above, there is a Korean conjunction „keuromyeon’ which means „so’ mixes with English during the
same stretch of conversation. It is can be considered as code mixing. Eric mixes the Korean conjunction because he speaks to Exo that he knows they
also speak Korean well so they will understand well even he mixes the words. This is can be classified as metaphorical code mixing. So, participant is the
main factor that influences Eric to mix codes.
Table 3.14
Data 14 Host : Eric Nam
Playback Time 43:33
Alright, thank you so much for showing us on air. Cheoeumero keugosin gojyo keureohke?
Cheoeumero keugosin gojyo keureohke?
[FIRST TIME] [THAT] [LIKE THAT]
Cheoeumero keugosin gojyo keureohke? = Is that the first time you guys showing it?
Code Choice Code Switching
Code Mixing
√
Type Situational
Metaphorical
√
Influential Factor Participant
Solidarity Status
Topic
√ √
Analysis: This is an example of code switching. Eric speaks in two languages and
is able to keep the apart. The type of this switching is metaphorical code switching because this utterance happened in a single situation. Eric is talking
to EXO members after they show a little dance movement to the hosts and After School Club viewers. So in this case, participant is influencing Eric to
switch codes from English to Korea. Another influential factor is topic, Eric want to make sure EXO that this is the first time they show the dance move
on air by switching the language.
Table 3.15
Data 15 Host : Eric Nam
Playback Time 44:54
Oh thank you. We are Kungfu Master gatayo. gatayo
[LOOK LIKE]
Code Choice Code Switching
Code Mixing
√
Type Situational
Metaphorical
√
Influential Factor Participant
Solidarity Status
Topic
√ √
Analysis: The utterance above is considered as code mixing because it is involve
single lexical item during the same stretch of conversation. Eric use a Korean phrase in the utterance above while talking to the viewers and EXO so this
utterance can be said as metaphorical code switching because there is no situational changes during the conversation. The participants in the
conversation also become the factor why Eric mixes codes. Eric knows this show is airing not only in Korea but also in some countries and also the guest
star of this show is a Korean boy band that most of them are Korean native so he often mixes from English to Korea back and forth.
Table 3.16
Data 16 Host : Eric Nam
Playback Time 46:57
One last request. Ok, can you write a letter to your fans, one year later from now. It’s like a…oh this is what we want to be..this is
EXO..yeah something like this. Ok, il nyeon e yeongsang
il nyeon-e yeongsang
[ONE] [YEAR] [VIDEO]
il nyeon e yeongsang= a video for one year later
Code Choice Code Switching
Code Mixing
√
Type Situational
Metaphorical
√
Influential Factor Participant
Solidarity Status
Topic
√ √
Analysis: In the video, Eric was requesting Kris, one of Exo members, to say some
words that represent Exo ’s resolution in one year later and will be recorded in
a video topic. From the data above, it is classified as code mixing because Eric mixes a Korean phrase among English in a sentence. This is an example
of metaphorical code switching because no topic change in Eric’s utterance.
Because talking to Kris, who also can understand Korea, Eric mixes from English to Korean with no doubt. It means that participant is influencing Eric
to mix codes.
51
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
