all observed to have been mixed in various ways.
38
On the other side, here is an example of code mixing, as follows, [The italic is the Korean words.
THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITAL
] Eric Nam : Keuromyeoncould you show us it a little bit?
[SO]
This text above is the example of code mixing because the speaker mix Korean conjunction with English. Keuromyeonin English means
„so’. Code switching and code mixing can express a lack of competence in
the base language such as, lexical items, and in this case code switching and code mixing can compensate for this deficiency. However, as for code
switching and code mixing can be bilingual’s specific code which enables the speakers to express attitudes, intention, roles and to identify with a
particular group.
4. Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing
Muriel Saville-Troike identified two types of code switching and code mixing, they are situational and metaphorical. It is based on Bloom
and Gumpezs’s research in Hemnesberget’s language in Norway. Situational code switching and code mixing occurs when the
language change accompanies a change of topics or participants, or any time the communicative situation is redefined.
39
One speaker may speak a different language depending on the situation, but the language spoken in
that particular situation does not vary. In this situation, many features
38
Muriel SavielTroike, op.cit. p.106
39
Muriel SavielTroike, op.cit. p.62
relating to social factors are involved in determining which language is to be used. In addition, the notion of situational switching assumes a direct
relationship between language and social situation. In supporting these views of situational code switching and code
mixing, Holmes argues that people sometimes switch code when there is some obvious change in the situation, such as the participants and the
status relation between people or formality of their interaction.
40
Within a single conversation, Navajo teachers usually speak English to one another
when discussing matters related to school, for instance, but may switch to Navajo to discuss their families, or rodeos and other community activities.
They may situationally switch into English if non-Navajo speakers join the conversation, so the new arrivals will not be excluded.
Dealing with this, Wardhaugh has explained that situational code switching and code mixing occurs when the languages used change
according the situations in which the conversantfind themselves. They speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. The
speakers switch code to signal identities or to change the relations in the roles of the participants in the conversation.
41
This is an example of situational code switching and code mixing. [The italic is the Korean words.
THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITAL
] Eric Nam
: He said so happy to talk to the fans like this and he really likes talk to you guys for a long time. Keurigo to
40
Janet Holmes, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics 2
nd
Edition England: Pearson Education Limited, 2001 p.35
41
Wardhaugh, op.cit. p. 103
[ALSO] [AGAIN]
oseyodwaelgotgatayo?
[COME][HAVE POSSIBILITY?]
Keurigo to oseyodwaelgotgatayo? = Also, is there any possibility for you guys to come back again?
This is an example of situational code switching because there is a topic and situational change in the utterance.
Metaphorical code switching and code mixing occurs within a single situation, but adds meaning to such components as the role
relationships which are being expressed. Since speaking different languages is an obvious marker of differential group membership, by
switching languages bilinguals often have the portion of choosing which group to identify with in a particular situation, and thus can convey the
metaphorical meaning which goes along with such choice as well as whatever denotative meaning is conveyed by the code itself.
42
Holmes views metaphorical switching as the type of switching that “each of the codes represents a set of social meanings, and the speaker
draws on the associations of each, just as people use metaphors to represents complex meaning. The term also reflects the fact that this kind
of switching involves rhetorical skill. Skilful code switching operates like metaphor to enrich the communication.”
43
He also adds that switching can
42
Muriel Saviell-Troike, op.cit. p.62-63
43
Janet Holmes, op.cit p.41
achieve arrange of interesting rhetorical effects. The use of ethnic tags signaled ethnic group membership for speakers in the utterances.
44
In other hand this is an example of metaphorical code switching. [The italic is the Korean words.
THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITAL
] Hanbyul
: Before you go, we have to take a picture, look at the camera, I’ll count into three and do a pose. Hana, dul, set.
[
ONE, TWO, THREE
]
This is an example of metaphorical code switching because there is change of topic and situation while the speaker switch from English to
Korea.
5. The Influential Factors of Code Switching and Code Mixing
