achieve arrange of interesting rhetorical effects. The use of ethnic tags signaled ethnic group membership for speakers in the utterances.
44
In other hand this is an example of metaphorical code switching. [The italic is the Korean words.
THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITAL
] Hanbyul
: Before you go, we have to take a picture, look at the camera, I’ll count into three and do a pose. Hana, dul, set.
[
ONE, TWO, THREE
]
This is an example of metaphorical code switching because there is change of topic and situation while the speaker switch from English to
Korea.
5. The Influential Factors of Code Switching and Code Mixing
According to Holmes, there are four factors that may influence people to switch code, they are:
1. Participants. The participants that use code switching to his or
her partners because they have certain will and goal. If a group of people are talking in one language and a non-speaker enters, they
will switch code or topic or both. Viewing from the personality of the participant, there are will and goal of codeswitching such
as the speaker who wants to change the situation without any information in time and space.
Look at the conversation below as the example
44
Janet Holmes, op.cit. p.39
[The Maori is in italics.
THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITAL
]
Sarah : I think everyone’s here except Mere.
John : She said she might be a bit late but actually I think that’s
her arriving now.
Sarah : You are right. Kia ora Mere. Haeremai. KKeitepeheakoe? [
HI MERE. COME IN. HOW ARE YOU
] Mere : Kia ora e hoa. Kei tepai. Have you started yet?
[
HELLO MY FRIEND. I’M FINE
]
In the conversation above, code switching appears between English and Maori. People sometimes switch code within a
domain or social situation. When there is some obvious change in the situation, such as the arrival of a new person, it is easy to
explain the switch. Mere is Maori and although the rest of the meeting will be conducted in English.
45
2. Solidarity affective function. A speaker may similarly to another
language as a signal of group membership and shared ethnicity with the addressee. Even speaker who is not very proficient in a
second language may use brief phrases and words for this purpose. Scottish Highlanders who are not proficient speakers of
45
Janet Holmes, op.cit. p.35
Gaelic nevertheless express their identification with the local Gaelic speech community by using Gaelic tags and phrases in
this way too, whether their knowledge of Maori is extensive or not. Such switches are often very short and they are made
primarily for social reasons – to signal the speakers ethnic
identity and solidarity with the addressee.
46
The conversation below is the example of solidarity
[The italic word is Korean and THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITAL]
Kate : I’m not sure about these things, Maybe it’s like
controversy or something. Mi Yun: Uhnee,
you don’t know about these things?
[OLDER SISTER]
Kate : Mmm..
This conversation is taken Amy E. Pagano’s paper about the code switching in Korean case. Kate and Mi Yun are her research
participants who come from South Korea and have been living in Australia for years. On the conversation below, Mi Yun code
switches f rom Korean to English with the utterance „Uhnee’. Mi
Yun’s utterance acts as an announcement that marks Kate’s
46
Janet Holmes, op.cit. p.35
higher age status.
47
The use of ethnic tags signaled ethnic group membership for the speakers because Mi Yun still use Korean
address term even though she has been living in Australia for years.
48
3. Social Context. A switch may also reflect a change in the other
dimensions, such as the status relationship between people or the formality of their interaction. Who is talking to whom e.g. wife-
husband, customer-shop keeper, boss-worker is an important factor. The setting or social context e.g. home, work, school is
generally relevant factor too. More formal relationship, which sometimes involve status difference on the other way, friendly
relationship involving minimal social distance.
49
4. Topic. According to Holmes, people may switch code within a
speech event to discuss a particular topic. Bilingual often find it easier to discuss particular topics in one code rather than another.
And in some cases the topic has proved an influence on language choice. University students in countries which use English for
tertiary education, such as Tanzania, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, often find it easier to discuss their university subjects
using English, for example, just as the students from
47
Amy E. Pagano, “Code switching: A Korean Case Study”, Griffith Working Papers in Pragmatics and Intercultural Communication, vol.1 no.3 2010, p.22-38. Accessed on May 5
th
, 2014 http:www.griffith.edu.au__dataassetspdf_file00182444223.-Pagano-Codeswitching-in-
Korean.pdf
48
Janet Holmes, op.cit. p.39
49
Janet Holmes, ibid. p.8
Hemnesberget used standard Norwegian rather than the local dialect to discuss national politics.
50
Similar with this, Hoffmann says that people sometimes prefer talk about a particular topic in
one language rather than in another. Sometimes, a speaker feels free and more comfortable to express their emotional feelings in
a language that is not their everyday language.
51
50
Janet Holmes, ibid.
51
Charlotte Hoffmann. op.cit. p.116
30
CHAPTER III DATA ANALYSIS
