word orderfunction, articles, pronouns, prepositions andor fragments, run-ons,
deletions. Meaning confused or obscured. 10
—5 VERY POOR: virtually no mastery of
sentence construction rules. Dominated by errors. Does not communicate. Or not enough
to evaluate. Mechanic
5 EXCELLENT
TO VERY
GOOD: demonstrates mastery of conventions. Few
errors of
spelling. Punctuation.
Capitalization. Paragraphing. 4
GOOD TO AVERAGE: occasional errors of spelling.
Punctuation. Capitalization.
Paragraphing. Meaning not obscured 3
FAIR TO POOR: frequent errors of spelling. Punctuation. Capitalization. Paragraphing.
Poor handwriting. Meaning confused or obscured.
2 VERY POOR: no mastery of conventions.
Dominated by errors of spelling. Punctuation. Capitalization. Paragraphing. Handwriting
illegible. Or not enough to evaluate.
F. The Technique of Data Analysis
The researcher analyzed the data by using statistical analysis. In analyzing the data, the t-test was used to find out the effectiveness of using photograph towards
students’ skill in writing recount text. The formula of t-test is as follows:
5
t = M − M
SEᴍ − SEᴍ
5
Anas Sudjono, Pengantar Statistik Pendidikan, Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada 2014,p. 314.
M : Mean of the score of experimental class
M : Mean of the score of control class
SE ᴍ : Standard error of experimental class
SE ᴍ : Standard error of control class
The steps that must be done in calculation are: 1. Determining mean of variable X, with the formula as follows:
M = Σx
N M
: Mean of the score of experimental class Σx
: Sum of the students’ score of experimental class N
:
Number of the students of experimental class 2. Determining mean of variable Y, with the formula as follows:
M = Σy
N
M : Mean of the score of control class
Σy : Sum of the students’ score of control class
N
:
Number of the students of control class 3. Determining standard of deviation score of variable X, with formula as follows:
SD = √ Σx²
N SDx
: Standart deviation score of experimental class 4. Determining the standard deviation score of variable Y, with formula as
follows:
SD = √ Σy²
N
SDy : Standard deviation score of control class 5. Determining standard errors of mean of variable X, with the formula as
follows: SEᴍ =
SD √N −
SE
Mx :
Standard error of experimental class 6. Determining standard errors of mean of variable Y, with the formula as
follows: SEᴍ =
SD √N −
SE
My :
Standard error of control class 7. Determining of standard errors of different mean variable X and variable Y,
with the formula as follows: SEᴍ − ᴍ = √SEᴍ ² + SEᴍ ²
8. Determining
t
o,
with the formula as follows: t =
M − M SEᴍ − SEᴍ
Mx : Mean of the score of experimental class
My : Mean of the score of control class
SEMx : Standard error of experimental class SEMy : Standard error of control class
9. Determining
t-
table with the degree of freedom df in significant level 5 and 1 with the formula as follows:
Df = N + N −
Df : Degree of freedom
N : Number of students of experimental class
N : Number of students of control class
G. The Statistical Hypothesis
The hypothesis of statistic that used in this research is: H
: μ
1
= μ
2
H
a
: μ
1
≠ μ
2
H :
Null Hypothesis H
a
: Alternative Hypothesis μ
1
: The s tudents’ achievement in writing recount text, who are taught by using
photograph. μ
2
: The s tudents’ achievement in writing recount text, who are taught without
using photograph.
The assumption of the hypothesis as follows: 1. If t-test t-table in significant level of 5 and 1, the null hypothesis is
rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted. It means that there is significant differen
ce between the students’ score in learning writing recount text by using photograph and the students’ score in learning writing recount
text without using photograph at the eight year students of SMP Nusantara Plus Ciputat
μ
1
≠ μ
2
. The use of photograph is effective towards students’
skill in writing recount text. 2. If t-test t-table in significant level of 5 and 1, the null hypothesis is
accepted and the alternative hypothesis is rejected. It means that there is no significant difference
between the students’ score in learning writing recount text by using photograph and the students’ score in learning writing recount
text without using photograph at the eight year students of SMP Nusantara Plus Ciputat
μ
1
= μ
2
. The use of photograph is not effective towards students’
skill in writing recount text.
