E. The Objective of the Study
The objective of the study is to find out the empirical evidence whether or not the use of photograph is effective
towards students’ skill in writing recount text.
F. The Significance of the Study
The result of this study hopefully will give contribution to English teaching and learning not only theoritically but also practically go to:
1. Teacher This study will give contribution to English teacher to use photograph as a visual
medium in teaching writing recount text. It will become a guide for the teacher to teach in interesting and better way.
2. Students This study will make the students more enthusiastic and interested in learning
English language skill especially in writing skill and their writing skill in recount
text hopefully will get improvement.
3. Writer This study will give the writer a new knowledge and experience in teaching
writing recount text through photograph, beside fulfilling of the requirement for the degree of S.Pd. in English language education.
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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Writing 1. The Definition of Writing
Writing is one of the ways in communicating. Writing may take a form of diary, personal letter, E-Mail, Short Message Service SMS and many more.
According to Kent “writing is expression and that successful expression is dependent upon the continuity and clarity of the thought”.
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From the statement, it can be known that when the writer needs to write something, heshe has to know
what heshe needs to deliver about and expresses hisher ideas clearly in order to make the readers understand about hisher writing. Another expert, Hyland
defined, “Writing is a way of sharing personal meanings and writing courses emphasize the power of individual to construct hisher own views on a t
opic”.
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In conclusion, writing is as a medium for the writer to expresses hisher ideas in
written form.
2. The Process of Writing
There are many conceptions about writing process. Oshima and Hongue stated that there are four steps in writing process: pre-writing, organizing, writing,
and polishing: revising and editing.
3
Harmer mentioned that the stages of writing process included: planning, drafting, editing reflecting and revising, and final
draft.
4
Langan also explained the process of writing as follows:
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1
Sherman Kent, Writing History, New York : Appleton Century Crofts, 1941, Second Edition, p. 56.
2
Ken Hyland, Second Language Writing, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 9.
3
Alice Oshima and Ann Hongue, Introduction to Academic Writing, New York: Pearson Education Inc., 2007, Third Edition, p. 15
—18.
4
Jeremy Harmer, How to Teach Writing, Longman, p. 4 —6.
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John Langan, College Writing Skills with Readings, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005, Six Edition, pp. 23
—34.
a. Prewriting, as a starting point in writing activity to develop the topic that will be discussed by the writer in hisher writing. There are five techniques in
prewriting stage that can be applied by the writer such as freewriting, questioning, making a list, clustering and preparing a stratch outline.
b. Writing a first draft, the writer is just focused on what heshe wants to write about, keeps on the fluency of hisher writing and does not worry yet about
grammatical and writing mechanic. c. Revising, the writer rewrite hisher paper based on what has already been
written by himher. The goal is to make hisher writing be stronger. d. Editing, as the last stage in writing process. The writer will identify and correct
hisher writing for mistakes and errors in grammatical and mechanic of writing that covering punctuation and spelling.
In summary, all the experts’ explanation above have similar ideas dealing
with the process of writing. In producing a writing product, there are some steps that should be done by writer as explained above. The writer will go through those
steps until heshe finished hisher final draft.
3. The Purpose of Writing
There are many experts who explain about the purpose of writing, among them Penny Ur, Halliday, and Ann Raimes
. The first, Penny Ur said that “The purpose of writing, in principal, is the expression of ideas, the conveying of a
message to the reader; so the ideas themselves should arguably be seen as the most important aspect of writing”.
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The second, according to Halliday in Nunan, the written language is used for: action for example, public signs, product labels
and instructions, recipes, maps, television and radio guides, bills, menus, telephones directories, ballot papers,computer manuals, information for
example, news and current affairs magazines, hobby magazines, non fiction books, public notices, advertisement, political pamphlets, reports, entertainment
for example comic strips, fiction books, poetry and drama, newspaper features,
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Penny Ur., A Course in Language Teaching: Practice and Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 163.
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