a. Formality Scale
It stated that the utterance of the language users should not have any sense of forcing and arrogance in order to make all of the language users feel
comfort in communicating activity. Example : “Excuse me, could you open the door, please?”
b. Hesitancy Scale
This scale shows that in order the speaker and the listener feel comfort during communicating both of sides, speaker and listener have to give
some options of speaking. Example : “If you don’t mind, please bring this suitcase into my room”
c. Equality Scale
It stated that to be able polite, one should be generous and be intimate with others which means that one should consider that others are his or her
friend, so between the speaker and the listener are equal or make the listener feel well.
Example : “Just feel at home, buddy”.
2.4. Maxims
Maxims is included in one of the study of pragmatic. The politeness principle is a series of maxims, which Geoffrey Leech has proposed as a way of
explaining how politeness operates in conversational exchanges. Leech defines
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politeness as forms of behaviour that establish and maintain comity1983:175. That is the ability of participants in a social interaction to engage in interaction in
an atmosphere of relative harmony.
Not all of the maxims are equally important. For instance, tact influences what we say more powerfully than does generosity, while approbation is more
important than modesty. And also that speakers may adhere to more than one maxim of politeness at the same time. Often one maxim is on the forefront of the
utterance, with a second maxim being invoked by implication. If politeness is not communicated, we can assume that the politeness attitude is absent.
Leech states that maxims devided into six like tact maxim, generosity maxim, approbation maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim and sympathy
maxim.
2.4.1. Tact Maxim
Leech 1983:206 says tact maxim means minimize cost to other and maximize benefit to other in communicating. And according to Searle’s directive
and commisive which is only applicable in illocutinary functions classified as ‘impositive’, examples : ordering, requesting, commanding, advising,
recommending, and ‘commisive’,examples: promoting, vowing, offering are applied in tact maxim, for example:
You know, I really do think you ought to sell that car. Its costing more and more money in repairs and it uses up far too much fuel
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Tact maxim is adhered to by the speaker minimizing the cost to addresse by using two discourse markers, one to appeal to solidarity, you know, and the
other as a modifying hedge, really, one attitudinal predicate, i do think, and one modal verb, ought. On the other hand, the speaker maximizes the benefit to the
addresses in the second part of the turn by indicating that shehe saves a lot of time and money by selling the car.
2.4.2.The Generosity Maxim
According to Searle in Leech 1983:164, the classification of politeness in illocutionary function are impositives and commissives. Impositives like ordering,
requesting, commanding, advising, recommending and commissives like promoting, vowing and offering. But the two of politeness are referred to
generosity maxim by Leech. Leech 1983:209 said generosity maxim means minimizing the benefit and maximizing the cost to self, for example :
1 You can land me your car impolite
2 I can lend you my car
The offer 2 is presumed to be polite for two reasons: firstly, beacuase it imply benefit to other, and secondly less crucially, because it imply cost to self.
And in 1 the relation between self and other on both scales is reversed. Benefit to other but does not imply any cost to self apart from the verbal effort to giving the
advice itself.
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2.4.3. Approbation Maxim
Leech 1983:206 says that approbation maxim involves minimizing dispraise and maximizing praise to hearer. Approbation maxim is only applicable
in Searle’s illocutionary functions classified as ‘expreesive’ ,examples : thanking, congratulating, pardoning, blamming, praising, condoling. And ‘assertives’,
example : stating, boasting, complaining, reproting. Approbation maxim is closed to politeness strategy of avoiding disagreement.
The example 1 and 2 will serve to illustrate the illocutionary functions of thanking and complaining, in which the speaker maximize praise of the
addressee in 1 and minimize dispraise in 2:
Examples : 1 Dear aunt Mabel, I want to thank you so much for the Christmas present this year. It was so very thoughtfull of you
2 I wonder if you could keep the noise from your Saturday parties down a bit. Im finding it very hard to get enough sleep over the
weekends
2.4.4 . Modesty Maxim
According to Leech 1983:207, modesty maxim means minimizing praise and maximizing praise of self. Modesty maxim is only applicable in Searle’s
expressive and assertives illocution . Modesty maxim is found in self deprecting expression.
Examples : 1 A: they were so kind to us
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B: yes, they were, weren’t they?
2 A: you were so kind to us impolite
B: yes, I was, wasn’t I?
As 1 shows, it is felicitous to agree with another’s commendation except when it is a commendation of on self. But 2 fault maxim of modesty, it is to
commit the social transgression of boasting.
2.4.5. Agreement Maxim
Leech 1983 :207 states agremeent maxim involves minimizing disagreement and maximizing agreement between self and other. Agreement
maxim is only applicable in Searle’s assertives illocution . Agreement maxim seeks agreement and avoids disagreement.
Examples: 1 A: a referendum will satisfy everybody
B: yes, definitely
2 A: it was an interesting exhibition, wasn’t it?
B: No, it was very uninteresting
As 1 shows, it is agreement maxim because agreement was happened between self and other, in 2 partial disagreement happened so agreement maxim
was fault it is often preferable to complete disagreement.
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2.4.6. Sympathy Maxim
According to Leech 1983 : 207 sympahty maxim involves minimizing antipathy and maximizing sympathy between self and other. Sympathy maxim is
only applicable in Searle’s assertives illocution.
Examples: 1 I’m was sorry to hear about your father
2 I’m was sorry to hear your father’s death impolite
Can be intrepreted that 1 as a condolence, an expression of sympathy for misfortune, and it might be preferable to say, intead of 2
Leech interpreted some points in politeness principle which are called as politeness scale. There are five politeness scales like:
1. Cost- benefit scale = representing the cost or benefit of an act to speaker
and listener, refers to how big the benefit and the cost that have been caused by speech act in speaking.
2. Optionality scale = indicating the degree of choice permitted to speaker
and listener by a specific linguistic act. The more option given by speaker in speaking ,the more polite the speech is.
3. Indirectness scale = indicating the amount of inference required of the
listener in order to establish the intended speaker meaning. The more indirect the speech, the more polite the speech is.
4. Authority scale = representing the status relationship between speaker
and the listener.
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5. Social distance scale = indicating the degree of familiarity between
speaker and the listener.
2.5. Speech
Speech is the act of speaking, expression or communication of thoughts and feelings by spoken words, the study of theory and practice of oral expression
and communication Cangara,2005 : 27. Speech is consisting of four parts according to theory of horse:
1. Exordium or introduction of speech has function to deliver the main idea
of the problem that will be discussed. It should be to the point, interesting and not too long. The goal of exordium part is to arise the audience’s
attention and interest in listening the speech. 2.
Protesis , including main topic which is displayed first by explaining the background of the problem.
3. Argument is the reasons that support all things that have been stated in
protesis part. 4.
Conclusion is the end part of a speech, as the conclusion of all preceding explanations. In concluding the speech, there will be stressing point such
as an important or key point from the whole content of the speech.
2. 6. Political Speech
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According to Mark Roelofs Nimmo , 2005:8 , political is a conversation. He stressed that politics is not just talk , also not all the talk is
political . The talks were described in a communication called political communication . Political communication is communication activities deemed
political communication based regulating consequences of human actions in the conflict conditions . Political communication is visible in the speech , as well as
through mass media campaigns . Political speech is speech which contains some political elements which
are the hallmark of politics that is the self-defense against what has been done by a politician and giving promises to the audience for the future . In terms
pragmatics Nimmo , 2005:100 , political speech is used by politicians to convince and awaken the masses or support , for improving the status , for
personal gain and to provide information to the public . To convince and arouse the masses , the politicians give assurance to the
public by using symbols to communicate . As the word detained , in Indonesia the word is changed by politicians to be secured . And also drives the
politicians in addressing a problem is to convince people that they really care about the surrounding circumstances .
To improve the status of the politicians in trying to give a political speech or make a policy on an issue that will be done if people want to give credence to it
in carrying out its duties and the community also provide full support to it . Political speeches were made also to give yourself the advantage . The
advantages gained due to the appreciation of the public that politicians are able to
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provide a change in their lives . In this, happens advantage for politicians because they will not fully perform the promises they say .
To provide information is also part of a political speech . Here will be seen if there are deviations that occur are made by politicians in addressing whether the
pledge is used for the benefit of the group or to the public interest . Thus , political speech is very important for leaders or politicians to
improve their status in the eyes of the community or its members and help convince them that they choose a leader who is a great leader and able to provide
their welfare .
2.7. Biography of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
General TNI Ret Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, popularly known as SBY, was born in Pacitan, East Java, on 9 September 1949. He graduated from the
Military Academy in 1973-top in his class. He received his fourth star in 2000. In the first-ever direct presidential election in Indonesia in 2004, Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono, running on a platform for more just, more peaceful, more prosperous, and more democratic Indonesia
, was elected as the 6th President of the Republic of Indonesia, gaining a landslide 60 of the popular vote over the
incumbent President Megawati Soekarnoputri. President Yudhoyono is also an accomplished scholar. He was educated in
the United States, where he received his Masters degree in Management from Webster University in 1991. He continued his study and earned a Doctorate
Degree in Agricultural Economics from Bogor Institute of Agriculture, West Java,
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Indonesia, in 2004. President Yudhoyono was awarded with two honorary doctorates in 2005, respectively in the field of law from his alma mater, Webster
University, and in political science from Thammasat University in Thailand. During his 27-year distinguished military service, President Yudhoyono
took an extensive range of training, education and courses, both in Indonesia and overseas. President Yudhoyono also held numerous important posts and positions
as troop and territorial commander, staff officer, trainer and lecturer. He served both in the field and at headquarters, as well as missions overseas. He was the
Commander of the United Nations Military Observers and Commander of the Indonesian Military Contingent in Bosnia-Herzegovina from 1995-1996.
For his outstanding service, President Yudhoyono was decorated with 24 medals and awards, including the UNPKF Medal, the Bintang Dharma, the
Bintang Mahaputera Adipurna and the Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipurna, the
highest national medal for excellent service beyond the calls of duty. Prior to being elected, President Yudhoyono held various important
government positions, including Minister of Mining and Energy and Co- ordinating Minister for Political, Social, and Security Affairs in the National
Unity Cabinet under President Abdurrahman Wahid. He again served as Co- ordinating Minister for Political, Social, and Security Affairs in the Gotong
Royong Cabinet under President Megawati Soekarnoputri. It was in his capacity
as Coordinating Minister that he became internationally recognized for leading Indonesias counter-terrorism efforts.
President Yudhoyono is also known for his activities in various civil society organizations. He served as Co-Chairman of the Governing Board of the
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Partnership for the Governance Reform, a joint Indonesian-international organization focused on the improvement of governance in Indonesia. He also
served as Chairman of the Advisory Board of the Brighten Institute, an institution devoted to studying the theory and practice of national development policy.
President Yudhoyono is a keen reader and has authored a number of books and articles including: Transforming Indonesia: Selected International Speeches
2005, Peace deal with Aceh is just a beginning 2005, The Making of a Hero 2005, Revitalization of the Indonesian Economy: Business, Politics and Good
Governance 2002, and Coping with the Crisis - Securing the Reform 1999.
Taman Kehidupan Garden of Life is his anthology published in 2004. President
Yudhoyono speaks English fluently. President Yudhoyono is a devoted Moslem. He is married to Madam Ani
Herrawati. The first couple is blessed with two sons. The oldest is First Lieutenant Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono, who graduated top in his class from the Military
Academy in 2000 and is now serving at the elite 305th Airborne Battalion of the Army Strategic Reserves Command KOSTRAD. The youngest, Edhie Baskoro
Yudhoyono, earned his degree in Economics from Curtin University, Australia.
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
3.1. Research Design
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